Fat Composition Research Articles

Leucine improves the growth performance, carcass traits, and lipid nutritional quality of pork in Shaziling pigs

Leucine is involved in promoting fatty acid oxidation and lipolysis, mediating lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, thus it has been widely used in livestock production. However, the effects of leucine on fat deposition and nutrition in Shaziling pigs remain unclear. A total of 72 Shaziling pigs (150 days old, weight 35.00 ± 1.00 kg) were randomly divided into 2 groups and fed with basal diet (control group) or basal diet containing 1% leucine (leucine group) for 60 days. The results showed that leucine significantly increased the average daily feed intake but decreased the ratio of feed to gain (P < 0.05), increased the loin muscle area and serum glucose content (P < 0.05) of Shaziling pigs. Besides, leucine regulated the re-distribution of fatty acids from adipose tissue to muscle as it significantly increased the contents of C18:1n-9 and C22:6n-3 (DHA) in the longissimus thoracis while decreased the contents of C22:5n-3 (DPA), C20:5n-3 (EPA), and DHA in the adipose tissue of Shaziling pigs (P < 0.05). Lipidomic analysis showed that the contents of phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), cardiolipins (CLs), and phosphatidylglycerols (PGs) in the longissimus thoracis and the contents of lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs), ceramides (Cers), phosphatidylinositols (PIs) in adipose tissue of Shaziling pigs were decreased in leucine group (P < 0.05). Collectively, this study clarified that dietary addition of 1% leucine have a better effect on growth performance and the deposition of beneficial fatty acids in the muscle of Shaziling pigs, which is conductive to the production of high quality and healthy pork. In addition, leucine altered the lipid composition of muscle and fat in Shaziling pigs. The related results provide a theoretical basis and application guidance for regulating fat deposition in Shaziling pigs, which is important for the healthy breeding of Shaziling pigs.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Assessment of Pancreatic Fat Strongly Correlates With Histology-Based Assessment of Pancreas Composition.

The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based estimation of pancreatic fat and histology-based measurement of pancreatic composition. In this retrospective study, MRI was used to noninvasively estimate pancreatic fat content in preoperative images from high-risk individuals and disease controls having normal pancreata. A deep learning algorithm was used to label 11 tissue components at micron resolution in subsequent pancreatectomy histology. A linear model was used to determine correlation between histologic tissue composition and MRI fat estimation. Twenty-seven patients (mean age 64.0 ± 12.0 years [standard deviation], 15 women) were evaluated. The fat content measured by MRI ranged from 0% to 36.9%. Intrapancreatic histologic tissue fat content ranged from 0.8% to 38.3%. MRI pancreatic fat estimation positively correlated with microanatomical composition of fat (r = 0.90, 0.83 to 0.95], P < 0.001); as well as with pancreatic cancer precursor ( r = 0.65, P < 0.001); and collagen ( r = 0.46, P < 0.001) content, and negatively correlated with pancreatic acinar ( r = -0.85, P < 0.001) content. Pancreatic fat content, measurable by MRI, correlates to acinar content, stromal content (fibrosis), and presence of neoplastic precursors of cancer.

Effects of reduced levels of organic trace minerals in proteinate forms and selenium yeast in the mineral mix on lactation performance, milk fatty acid composition, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant status in dairy goats.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of replacing inorganic trace minerals (ITM) with reduced levels of organic trace minerals (OTM) in proteinate forms and selenium yeast (Se-yeast) in the mineral premix of prepartal and lactating dairy goats on lactation performance, milk fatty acid (FA) composition, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant status. Xinong Saanen dairy goats (n = 40) were blocked by parity and body weight, and randomly assigned to either ITM or OTM treatments from 4wk prepartum to 8 mo of lactation. Both groups received the same basal diet except for the trace mineral supplement. The ITM supplement included Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn as sulfates, and Se as selenite to meet the recommendations. The OTM supplement included Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn as proteinates at 50% of ITM supplement levels, and Se as Se-yeast at 100% of ITM supplement level. Sampling and measurements were performed in the first, second, fourth, and eighth month of lactation. Data were summarized by month and treatment, and analyzed using the Mixed Model of SPSS with repeated measures. OTM group showed lower milk fat (P = 0.02) and higher milk Se (P = 0.03) with no compromised effects on milk yield and milk protein compared to ITM group. Furthermore, OTM decreased the content of C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0 (P < 0.05) and increased the content of odd- and branched-chain FAs in milk fat due to greater content of C15:0 (P = 0.01) and anteiso C15:0 (P = 0.07). OTM led to greater total tract digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.03), crude protein (P = 0.07), ether extract (P = 0.03), and acid detergent fiber (P = 0.05). OTM goats showed less fecal excretion of Fe (P = 0.01), Cu (P < 0.01), and Zn (P = 0.08) compared to ITM goats. There was a tendency for greater serum GSH-Px activity (P = 0.09) with OTM. Overall, the long-term substitution of reduced levels of OTM for ITM can change milk fat and FA composition while maintaining milk yield, digestibility, and antioxidant status.

The role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the development of obesity. Modulation of enzyme activity by high fat diet and dietary fiber

Interest to the tissue-specific intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (IAP) has increased in recent years due to eating disorders that have led to widespread obesity and diet-related diseases. Obesity is considered as an inflammation of low intensity, which is accompanied by the manifestation of various metabolic complications and a disturbance of intestinal homeostasis. IAP is one of the participants in the mechanism of the macroorganism protection against inflammatory and infectious processes, carrying out enzymatic detoxification of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (the trigger of the inflammatory process). Deficiency of IAP activity contributes to the risk of obesity, inflammatory diseases. The objective of the research was to summarize the current understanding of the role of IAP involved in the molecular mechanism of diet-induced obesity and to evaluate the impact of dietary components - fats and dietary fiber on IAP activity. Material and methods. A literature search on the role of IAP in the development of obesity was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, RSCI databases. Results. IAP prevents the development of the inflammatory process by participating in the detoxification of toxic bacterial products, limiting the translocation of pathogenic bacteria from the intestine to various tissues and organs of the macroorganism. The enzyme maintains the integrity of the intestinal barrier, influencing the synthesis and proper localization of tight junction's proteins between intestinal epithelial cells, promotes changes in the composition of the microbiota, decreasing pathogenic bacteria and increasing the population of the community of beneficial microorganisms. IAP is involved in the regulation of fatty acid absorption and influences on the adipogenesis. Monitoring the activity of IAP present in human stool can predict the early development of such complications associated with obesity as metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, Some nutrients modulate IAP activity. Depending on the amount, type, composition of fats and the duration of their consumption, either an increase or decrease in the IAP activity are observed, while dietary fibers stimulate the activity of the enzyme. Conclusion. IAP activity can be considered as an early predictor of the risk of obesity. Deficiency of IAP activity contributes to the development of obesity caused by high-fat diet. The high activity of the enzyme contributes to the support of intestinal homeostasis and limits transepithelial movement of bacteria, weakening the inflammatory process induced by lipopolysaccharides, the excess concentration of which is detected in obesity. Stimulating enzyme activity through dietary intervention reduces the risk of obesity and metabolic complications.

Lessons learned from using wild-caught and captive-reared lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) in captive experiments.

Waterfowl are housed in captivity for research studies that are infeasible in the wild. Accommodating the unique requirements of semi-aquatic species in captivity while meeting experimental design criteria for research questions can be challenging and may have unknown effects on animal health. Thus, testing and standardizing best husbandry and care practices for waterfowl is necessary to facilitate proper husbandry and humane care while ensuring reliable and repeatable research results. To inform husbandry practices for captive-reared and wild-caught lesser scaup (Aythya affinis; hereafter, scaup), we assessed body mass and fat composition across two different aspects of husbandry, source population (captive-reared or wild caught), and housing densities (birds/m2). Our results suggest that housing scaup at low densities (≤0.6 m2/bird, P = 0.049) relative to other species can minimize negative health effects. Captive-reared scaup were heavier (P = 0.027) with greater body fat (P < 0.001) and exhibited fewer signs of stress during handling than wild-caught scaup. In our experience, scaup which are captive-reared from eggs collected in the wild were better for long-term captivity studies as they maintained body mass between and recovered lost body mass following trials. Researchers would benefit from carefully evaluating the tradeoffs of using short- and long-term captive methods on their research question before designing projects, husbandry practices, and housing facilities for waterfowl.

Chemical composition and storage temperature influence on textural characteristics of bakery fats derived from plant sources

Abstract Edible fats obtained from plant sources, characterized by their higher proportion of saturated fatty acids, typically exist in solid or semi-solid states and present different physical properties. The quality of solid or semi-solid vegetable edible fats plays a crucial role in the food production sector and for consumers alike. Attributes such as fat hardness and spreadability are significant factors for both industry and consumers, as these textural properties are directly influenced by the constituents of the fats. The chemical composition and fatty acid content of fats derived from plant sources correlated with textural characteristics such as hardness, plasticity, adhesiveness, viscosity, and also spreadability properties were investigated. The total color differences of fat samples varied from 7.06 to 45.50. Among the saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid occurred as the predominant one across palm oil, and margarine samples, while the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid with an average of 36.41% for palm oil and 26.46% for margarine samples. The puncture test performed with three different penetrometers, and the spreadability test, conducted at two different temperatures, showed a differentiation of the analyzed fat samples.

Study of the influence of cow breed on the fatty acid composition of milk fat and the characteristics of its melting

Study of the influence of cow breed on the fatty acid composition of milk fat and the characteristics of its melting

Trajectory correction enables free-running chemical shift encoded imaging for accurate cardiac proton-density fat fraction quantification at 3T

BackgroundMetabolic diseases can negatively alter epicardial fat accumulation and composition, which can be probed using quantitative cardiac chemical shift encoded(CSE) MRI by mapping proton-density fat fraction (PDFF). To obtain motion-resolved high-resolution PDFF maps, we proposed a free-running cardiac CSE-MRI framework at 3T. To employ faster bipolar readout gradients, a correction for gradients imperfections was added using the gradient impulse response function (GIRF) and evaluated on intermediate images and PDFF quantification. MethodsTen minutes free-running cardiac 3D radial CSE-MRI acquisitions were compared in vitro and in vivo at 3T. Monopolar and bipolar readout gradients schemes provided 8 echoes (TE1/ΔTE = 1.16/1.96ms) and 13 echoes (TE1/ΔTE = 1.12/1.07ms), respectively. Bipolar-gradients free-running cardiac fat and water images and PDFF maps were reconstructed with or without GIRF-correction. PDFF values were evaluated in silico, in vitro on a fat/water phantom, and in vivo in 10 healthy volunteers and three diabetic patients. ResultsIn monopolar mode, fat-water swaps were demonstrated in silico and confirmed in vitro. Using bipolar readout gradients, PDFF quantification was reliable and accurate with GIRF correction with a mean bias of 0.03% in silico and 0.36% in vitro while it suffered from artifacts without correction, leading to a PDFF bias of 4.9% in vitro and swaps in vivo. Using bipolar readout gradients, in vivo PDFF of epicardial adipose tissue was significantly lower than in subcutaneous fat (80.4±7.1% vs 92.5±4.3%, P<0.0001). ConclusionAiming for an accurate PDFF quantification, high-resolution free-running cardiac CSE-MRI imaging proved to benefit from bipolar echoes with k-space trajectory correction at 3T. This free-breathing acquisition framework enables to investigate epicardial adipose tissue PDFF in metabolic diseases.

Can Gender-Specific Renal and Visceral Fat Be Evaluated by CT Predict Fuhrman Nuclear Classification of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma?

Evidence of the association between obesity and renal cell carcinoma progression is contradictory. The effects of renal cell carcinoma on fat distribution are still unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the ability of various forms of fat deposition to predict the Fuhrman nuclear grade of clear cell renal cell carcinoma [ccRCC]. This retrospective study included 320 patients with pathologically proven ccRCC [215 men and 105 women; 263 low-grade ccRCC and 57 highgrade ccRCC]. Based on computed tomography scans, adipose tissue in various body regions was classified into the perirenal fat area [PFA], visceral fat area [VFA], total fat area [TFA], subcutaneous fat area [SFA], and hepatic steatosis [HS]. Subsequently, the relative VFA [rVFA] was computed. Age, sex, body mass index, and maximal tumor diameter were also regarded as clinical factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression studies were conducted to evaluate whether there was an association between body fat composition and the Fuhrman classification and whether it was related to gender. After correcting for age, males with low-grade ccRCC exhibited higher TFA [257.6 vs. 203.0, p = 0.002], VFA [151.6 vs.115.5, p = 0.007], SFA [106.0 vs. 87.5, p = 0.015], PFA [55.1 vs. 30.4, p < 0.001], and HS [18% vs. 0%, p = 0.031] than those with high-grade ccRCC. There was no significant difference among rVFA in males. In females, there was no significant difference in any of the parameters. VFA and PFA remained independent predictors for high-grade ccRCC in males in both the monovariate [VFA: odds ratio [OR] 0.992, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.987-0.997, p = 0.004; PFA: OR 0.949, 95% CI 0.930-0.970, p < 0.001] and multivariate [VFA: OR 1.028, 95% CI 1.001-1.074, p < 0.001; PFA: OR 0.878, 95% CI 0.833-0.926, p < 0.001] models. Gender-specific adipose tissue in different locations demonstrated varied values for predicting high-grade ccRCC and may be utilized as an independent predictor of high-grade ccRCC in male patients.

BODY FAT COMPOSITION IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN SKINFOLDS AND ULTRASONOGRAPHY.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with important changes in nutritional status. The aim of the study was to compare body fat composition between two anthropometric methods: skinfolds and ultrasonography, in patients with IBD. Single-center cross-sectional study with IBD patients in remission or active disease. For the agreement analysis between the body fat assessment methods, the Bland Altman method was used. A total of 101 patients with IBD were included, 75 with Crohn's disease and 26 with ulcerative colitis. Approximately 56% of the patients with Crohn's disease and 65.4% of those with ulcerative colitis had a body fat composition above normal levels, with no significant difference between the diseases (P=0.63). The Bland-Altman concordance analysis showed that the methods for assessing the percentage of fat by the adipometer and ultrasound were not in full agreement (P=0.001), despite both presented good correlation (CC 0.961; P=0.000). The analysis of body fat percentage in patients with IBD was different between the skinfolds and ultrasound. Both methods can be used to assess the of body fat percentage of patients with IBD. However, monitoring of body fat sequentially and longitudinally should always be performed using the same method throughout the disease course. Prospective longitudinal studies are warranted to precisely define the role of these two methods of measuring body composition in patients with IBD. • Inflammatory bowel diseases are associated with changes in nutritional status. • Skinfolds measurements and ultrasound are valid methods for assessing body composition and body fat. • These methods despite comparable are not identical and are useful in clinical nutritional practices in IBD.

КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ СИСТЕМЫ КОРМЛЕНИЯ ВЫСОКОПРОДУКТИВНЫХ КОРОВ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ЖИДКОЙ ЭКД

Due to on black-and-white cows scientific-and-economic experience, the liquid energy feed additive (EKD) feeding’s scheme and technology have been worked out. An integrated assessment conducted during this additive’s testing of the animals’ metabolic processes positive changes in the physiology and biochemistry and health improving had showed. The EKD using in the cows highyielding nutrition during transition period in order to the ration’s energy nutritional value increasing had a positive effect on milk chemical composition, physical and technological properties at average daily milk yield natural fat content of 31,1 and 31,8 kg; 33,3 and 33,2 kg for cows of control and experimental groups respectively, at the 1-st and 2-nd month of lactation. At milk of 4% fat composition counting, the daily milk yields’ average differences was increased and amounted, respectively, 38,0 and 33,8 kg in the control; in the experiment 39,1 and 38,5 kg at the 1-st and 2-nd month of lactation. In the cows milk treated with EKD, the average fat content for 2 months of lactation was 4,8%, protein - 3,5%, versus 4,5% and 3,0%, respectively in controls. This allowed as additional 6,9 kg of fat and 9,4 kg of protein per 1 head during this period obtaining, that was in 8,0% and 16,3% more than in the control groups respectively. The cows milk with EKD receiving was differed positively both in acidity in °T according to Kabyshev, and in thermal stability, rennet-fermentation sample and it had in 2,3 times fewer somatic cells. At the same time, the EKD gave the intensity of protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism increasing, negatively the functional state of the liver and free radical oxidation of lipids in the first month of lactation with a significant improvement in this condition in the second affecting. The inclusion of dry and newbodied EKD in the cows’ rations is physiologically and economically feasible.

Androgen signaling inhibits de novo lipogenesis to alleviate lipid deposition in zebrafish.

Testosterone is closely associated with lipid metabolism and known to affect body fat composition and muscle mass in males. However, the mechanisms by which testosterone acts on lipid metabolism are not yet fully understood, especially in teleosts. In this study, cyp17a1-/- zebrafish ( Danio rerio) exhibited excessive visceral adipose tissue (VAT), lipid content, and up-regulated expression and activity of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) enzymes. The assay for transposase accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) results demonstrated that chromatin accessibility of DNL genes was increased in cyp17a1-/- fish compared to cyp17a1+/+ male fish, including stearoyl-CoA desaturase ( scd) and fatty acid synthase ( fasn). Androgen response element (ARE) motifs in the androgen signaling pathway were significantly enriched in cyp17a1+/+ male fish but not in cyp17a1-/- fish. Both androgen receptor ( ar)-/- and wild-type (WT) zebrafish administered with Ar antagonist flutamide displayed excessive visceral adipose tissue, lipid content, and up-regulated expression and activity of hepatic de novo lipogenesis enzymes. The Ar agonist BMS-564929 reduced the content of VAT and lipid content, and down-regulated acetyl-CoA carboxylase a ( acaca), fasn, and scd expression. Mechanistically, the rescue effect of testosterone on cyp17a1-/- fish in terms of phenotypes was abolished when ar was additionally depleted. Collectively, these findings reveal that testosterone inhibits lipid deposition by down-regulating DNL genes via Ar in zebrafish, thus expanding our understanding of the relationship between testosterone and lipid metabolism in teleosts.

Effect of seasonal variation and farming systems on the properties of Nile tilapia gelatin extracted from scales

Although fish gelatin has become a research hotspot in recent years, researchers and manufacturers are still looking for high-quality sources of fish galatin to meet the commercial demand for safer gelatin.became This study aimed to evaluate the impact of seasonal variation and farming systems on the properties of gelatin extracted from Nile tilapia scales. Gelatin extracted from farmed tilapia had lowest impurities, higher clarity as well as desirable color characteristics (L* = 65.95 and a* = −0.33). The protein and fat composition of Wild (91.00 ± 0.00c) and 1.94 ± 0.05a respectively were higher than farmed gelatin of protein (91.00 ± 0.00c) and fat (0.84 ± 0.08b) but gelatin from the farmed type were clearer (98.30 ± 0.28a) than wild type (94.60 ± 0.28b). In addition, the XRD analysis confirmed its amorphous structure (2θ = 11°, 21°. 29°, and 31°). The gelatin extracted from wild tilapia showed an average yield of 1.98 % and good physicochemical and functional properties. Furthermore, FTIR indicated a strong bond positioned in the amide I region (1650.88 cm-1) of the wild tilapia gelatin. Partial Least Square (PLS) confirmed that viscosity is positively correlated with melting temperature upon a unit change in gelatin yield. This work highlights the significance of farming systems and seasonal variation in extraction conditions and great parameter to comprehensively navigate the functional, biochemical, and physical properties of Nile tilapia gelatin for broadening both food and non-food industrial appliactions.

Effect of residual methane emission on physiological characteristics and carcass performance in Japanese Black cattle.

This study investigated the physiological characteristics and carcass performance associated with residual methane emissions (RME), and the effects of bull differences on CH4-related traits in Japanese Black cattle. Enteric methane (CH4) emissions from 156 Japanese Black cattle (111 heifers and 45 steers) were measured during early fattening using the sniffer method. Various physiological parameters were investigated to clarify the physiological traits between the high, middle, and low RME groups. CH4-related traits were examined to determine whether bull differences affected progeny CH4 emissions. Ruminal butyrate and NH3 concentrations were significantly higher in the high-RME group than in the low-RME group, whereas the propionate content was significantly higher in the low-RME group. Blood urea nitrogen, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and insulin concentrations were significantly higher, and blood amino acids were lower in the high-RME group than in the other groups. No significant differences were observed in the carcass traits and beef fat composition between RME groups. CH4-related traits were significantly different among bull herds. Our results show that CH4-related traits are heritable, wherein bull differences affect progeny CH4 production capability, and that the above-mentioned rumen fermentations and blood metabolites could be used to evaluate enteric methanogenesis in Japanese Black cattle.

Work intensity and fat mass percentage are associated with asymptomatic morphometric vertebral fractures in knee osteoarthritis patients: A cross-sectional study.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common condition with a prevalence of 365 million individuals globally, and it is an independent risk factor for falls and fractures, notably asymptomatic morphometric vertebral fractures (AMVF). The high prevalence of knee OA, the severity of AMVF, and their combined impacts on quality of life underscore the need for early detection, appropriate treatment and management. To address this, our cross-sectional study aims to identify potential predictive factors associated with AMVF in knee OA patients. Our cohort consisted of 76 patients diagnosed with knee OA, predominantly female (84.2%), of Malay ethnicity (84.2%), and obese (55.3%). In univariable analysis, significant association was found between occupation (moderate or heavy work) and AMVF (p<0.001). Diabetes mellitus comorbidity (p = 0.016) and fat mass percentage (p = 0.027) also demonstrated a significant association with AMVF in knee OA patients. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that an increase in fat mass percentage resulted in decreased AMVF incidence (HR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.70-0.97; p = 0.018), while occupation (moderate or heavy work) remained a highly significant predictor (HR: 57.76, 95% CI: 4.23-788.57; p = 0.002). These findings support the potential importance of considering occupational activities and body fat composition in managing AMVF among knee OA patients, but further research is required to establish causal relationships.

Correlation of Measurable Body Fat and Muscle Composition Parameters and Visceral Adipose Tissue on Computed Tomography with COVID-19 Severity

Background/Aims: Obesity increases the risk of having COVID-19. To evaluate the relationship between body fat, muscle composition, and visceral adipose tissue on computed tomography (CT) with COVID-19 outcome. Materials and Methods: 149 patients were included who had chest CT and a positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test. We measured the epicardial adipose tissue thickness (EAT) and liver density (LD), thoracic subcutaneous adipose tissue /pectoralis major (TSAT/PMJ), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue /psoas major muscle (ASAT/PSM), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue/erector spina muscle (ASAT/ESM) thickness ratios from thorax CT. Lymphocyte, platelet, neutrophil count, lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio, and CRP were recorded. Results: The mean EAT was high in the patients with a poor clinical course (in severe patients: 7.06±2.39 mm, in critical patients: 7.89±2.08 mm). The mean EAT of the ICU group was 7.70±2.14 mm, it was 8.50±2.10 mm in the deceased patients. TSAT/PMJ was lower in deceased patients (0.90±0.36, p=0.038). ASAT/PSM and ASAT/ESM were also higher in the moderate group (2,27±1,60 and 0,51±0,25) (p=0.003. and p=0.019) than mild one (1.59±1.80, and 0.40±0.26). There was no difference in terms of DM, malignancy, or gender. Conclusion: EAT was high in ICU-admitted and deceased patients and can be used as a predictor of poor prognosis.

Physiology and Mechanism of Milk Fat Globules Secretion in Dairy Animals: A Review

Milk fat globules (MFGs) are a complex compound secreted in the mammary gland, composed of triglycerides; phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) phosphatidylcholine (PC) with unclear mechanism and the fused lipid droplets enclosed by inner layer derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and outer bilayer is directly derived from the apical plasma membrane as the lipid droplets bud out from the cell. The core components of MFGs, triglycerides are synthesized via the de novo fatty acid pathway and LCFA was directly taken from serum. The de novo fatty acid pathway was significantly dependent on the enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA), fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2 (ACSS2) to synthesize short and medium-chain fatty acids, whereas the bio-hydrogenation pathway is a principal pathway for the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. Following this, the milk fat globules coated by the membrane are released from the MEC to the lumen with or without other milk components and the membrane that surrounds the fat globule stabilize the milk fat in its dispersed state, prevent flocculation and globule coalescence, and protects against the deleterious effects of lipases. Even though the secretion mechanism of lipid droplets is controversial hormonal and molecular mechanisms are involved. Moreover, the fat globule size and composition are determined by factors such as stage of lactation, physiological state of the animal, Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase1 (DGAT1) activity, and PC/PE ratio along with breed and animal species. While some studies were conducted on milk synthesis and secretion, the molecular mechanism behind lipid droplet fusion, secretion in the apical membrane and how MFGM is formed and the mechanism of MFG synthesis regulation are undiscovered. Therefore, it needs advanced investigation.

Quantitative MR Analysis of Changes in the Radius Bone Marrow in Osteoporosis.

This pilot study aimed to explore the feasibility of scanning the human distal radius bone marrow in vivo to detect osteoporosis-related changes using magnetic resonance and evaluate whether the radius may serve as an accessible probing site for osteoporosis. This may lead in the future to the use of affordable means such as low-field MRI scanners for the monitoring of disease progression. A clinical trial was performed using a 3T MR scanner, including 26 women assigned into three study groups: healthy-premenopausal (n = 7; mean age 48.6 ± 3.5 years), healthy-postmenopausal (n = 10; mean age 54.5 ± 5.6 years), and osteoporotic-postmenopausal (n = 9; mean age 61.3 ± 5.6 years). Marrow fat composition was evaluated using T2 maps, a two-compartment model of T1, and a Dixon pulse sequence. The osteoporotic group exhibited higher fat content than the other two groups and lower T2 values than the healthy-premenopausal group. Osteoporosis-related changes in the composition of the distal radius bone marrow may be detected in vivo using MRI protocols. The scanning protocols chosen here can later be repeated using low-field MRI scanners, thus offering the potential for early detection and treatment monitoring, using an accessible, affordable means that may be applied in small clinics. This trial is registered with MOH_2018-05-23_002247, NCT03742362.

Genetic Architecture of Body Fat Composition in Mice

Body fat composition is a quantitative measure of obesity, a major health concern in humans. Laboratory mice are considered an excellent model for dissecting the genetic basis of obesity due to the genetic variation present in inbred strains for body size and fat composition, as well as their historical use as a model organism for human disease studies. To identify the loci controlling fat pad weights and body weight in mice, we performed a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of 513 (SM/J x NZB/BINJ) F2 individuals fed a high-fat diet for 14 weeks. Our analysis separated fat composition genetic effects from those affecting overall body sizes in mouse. Composite interval mapping (CIM) results showed that body weight was conditioned by three major additive QTLs, explaining 3 to 30% of the phenotypic variation. One significant QTL on chromosome 19 conditioned all fat pads with the exception of the inguinal fat weight, which was controlled by a different QTL also on chromosome 19. Significant QTLs associated with fat compositions were detected on chromosomes 17 and 19 and differed from those of body weight. The fat pad QTLs also showed mainly additive gene effects and they explained 2 to 7% of variation in fat composition. Joint analysis of correlated traits detected five additional large effect QTLs on five different linkage groups. These findings have indicated that fat composition and body weight in mouse are conditioned by one to three major additive genes and can therefore be potentially manipulated in controlling obesity.

Влияние пребиотических добавок на состав и свойства курдючного жира баранчиков калмыцкой породы

Purpose. Study of the influence of prebiotic feed additives on the physicochemical parameters of fat-tail fat of Kalmyk breed rams. Materials and Methods. When fattening animals using lactulose-containing additives in their diets, the generally accepted VIJ method was used, and the phyco-chemical properties and composition of fat-tail fat were carried out in certified laboratories according to the methods provided for by GOSTs. The resulting digital material was processed using the statistical package Microsoft Excel, and the reliability of the data was checked using the Student's criterium. Results. Feeding prebiotic additives “Laktuvet-1” and “LaktuSuper” to fattening rams affected the melting point of fat-tail fat of both 4- and 7-month-old animals. A decrease in the melting temperature of fat was recorded in experimental group I by 0.14 and 0.26°C (P≤0.05), in experimental group II – by 0.21 and 0.32°C (P≤0.01) compared with the control group. The iodine number of fat significantly increased in animals of the experimental groups of 4 months of age by 0.39 (P≤0.05) and 0.51 (P≤0.05), of 7 months of age – by 0.58 (P≤0.05). 01) and 0.76 (P≤0.01) compared to the control group. In the fat-tail fat of 4-month-old rams, compared with the control, the content of unsaturated fatty acids increased in experimental group I by 1.72% (P≤0.05), essential fatty acids in experimental group II – by 2.26% (P≤0.01), the total level of saturated fatty acids decreased in both experimental groups. At the age of 7-month rams in experimental groups I and II, among monounsaturated fatty acids, a significant difference compared to the control was obtained only in the content of oleic acid in fat-tail fat, which was 0.34 (P≤0.05) and 0.42% (P≤0.01). The amount of unsaturated fatty acids significantly exceeded this indicator in the control group by 0.53 (P≤0.01) and 0.83% (P≤0.01). The decrease in the amount of saturated fatty acids in the experimental groups was ensured by a significant decrease in the content of palmitic acid in fat-tail fat by 0.31 (P≤0.05) and 0.44% (P≤0.01) and stearic acid by 0.20 (P≤0.05) and 0.27% (P≤0.05) compared to control. Conclusion. The feed additives “Lactuvet-1” and “LactuSuper” had an effective effect on the composition and physicochemical properties of fat-tail fat of fattening rams. The active substances of prebiotic additives helped to reduce the melting point and improve the chemical and fatty acid composition of tail fat.