Composition Of Electrolyte Solution Research Articles

SURFACE QUALITY AND CORROSION RESISTANCE OF 316L STAINLESS STEEL ELECTROPOLISHED USING PHOSPHORIC – SULFURIC ACIDS

Electropolishing is an electrochemical surface finishing technique. It is commonly applied to equipment that requires a gleaming finish. This surface property is frequently required in 316L stainless steel (SS) medical implants. Electropolishing removes a thin layer from the metal's surface through electrochemical processes. This results in a very clean, smooth, and bright metal surface. The process parameters, such as electrolyte solution, electrical current, and electropolishing time, influence surface roughness and glossiness. The dissolution of metallic ions during the process may also affect the corrosion resistance of the treated material in addition to producing a shiny surface. This study investigated the surface glossiness, surface roughness, and corrosion of electropolished 316L SS. Electropolishing experiments on 316 SS were carried out using various H3PO4 (50%) and H2SO4 (32%) electrolyte solution compositions. The influences of electrolyte solution composition, electric current, and electropolishing time were studied. The results showed that increasing the H2SO4 content of the mixture and electropolishing the 316L SS for a longer period of time improved the surface roughness and glossiness. Under 10 Amp electric currents, the best surface glossiness was discovered. A corrosion test revealed that the electropolishing produced a Cr and Ni-rich layer that improved the corrosion resistance of the samples.

Plasma Electrolytic Modification of Zirconium and Its Alloys: Brief Review.

The review focuses on the surface modification of Zr and its alloys, which is necessary to expand the applications of these kinds of materials. Data on the properties of pure zirconium and its alloys are presented. Since surface engineering and the operation of the above materials are in most cases associated with the formation of oxide coatings, information on the characteristics of ZrO2 is given. In addition, attention is paid to phasing in the zirconium-oxygen system. It is noted that the most effective method of surface engineering of Zr and its alloys is plasma electrolytic modification (PEM) technology. Specific examples and modes of modification are described, and the reached results are analyzed. The relevance, novelty and originality of the review are determined by the insufficient knowledge about a number of practical features concerning the formation of functional oxide coatings on Zr and some of its alloys by the technology of PEM. In particular, the information on the phase composition and possibilities of stabilization of the tetragonal and cubic modifications of ZrO2, the effects of the component composition of electrolyte solutions and electrolyte suspensions, and the specifics of the treatment of additive shaping and deformed materials are rather contradictory. This review aims to collect recent advances and provide insights into the trends in the modification of Zr and its alloys, promote the formulation of practical recommendations and assess the development prospects.

Coupling capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with sheathless interface for drug analysis

Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry （CE-MS） combines the advantages of capillary electrophoresis， such as the high separation efficiency and low sample consumption， and the high detection sensitivity of mass spectrometry and the ability for providing the structural information for structure elucidation of unknown components. However， the interface technology for coupling capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry is still not well resolved. In the present work， we explored the application of the sheathless CE-MS interface which was prepared by gold foil-wrapped CE separation column tip directly as a spray electrode for the analysis of five tyrosine kinase inhibitors， namely sunitinib， imatinib mesylate， gefitinib， dasatinib and erlotinib. This interface integrates separation and electrospray ionization in one capillary， which is easy to manufacture， low in cost， and can be produced in batches. We found that using the nonaqueous CE separation mode can not only achieve baseline separation of five tyrosine kinase inhibitors， but also obtain stable mass spectrometry signals. First， we investigated the effect of the electrolyte solution composition on the separation. The optimized background electrolyte composition was obtained： 2% （v/v） acetic acid and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate in acetonitrile-methanol （80∶20， v/v）. Under optimized conditions， the five kinase inhibitors could be baseline separated， meantime， the sheathless interface could also maintain stable electrospray for a long time. The relative standard deviation （RSD） values of the intraday and interday repeatability of the analyte retention times were less than 0.5% and 0.8%， respectively， and the RSD value between interface batches is less than 2.6%. Compared with CE-MS with aqueous phase， the separation column efficiency of the five tyrosine kinase inhibitors under nonaqueous phase conditions is higher， the detection sensitivity is higher， and the absolute detection limit reaches amol level. In addition， we evaluated the sheathless interface with various organic acids， such as palaflin A， salvianolic acid C， and rosmarinic acid， as well as hydrophobic macrolide antibiotics， azithromycin， erythromycin， and sporin A， good separation effect and mass spectrometric detection results can be obtained.

The Efficiency of Black Mass Preparation by Discharge and Alkaline Leaching for LIB Recycling

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are dangerous to recycle, as they pose a fire hazard when cut and contain various chemical hazards. If recycled safely, LIBs provide a rich secondary source for metals such as lithium and cobalt, while reducing the environmental impact of end-of-life LIBs. Discharging the spent LIBs in a 5 wt.% NaCl electrolyte at room temperature enables their safe dismantling. A sludge was observed to form during the LIB discharging, with a composition of 34.9 wt.% Fe, 35 wt.% O, 17.7 wt.% Al, 6.2 wt.% C, and 4.2 wt.% Na. The average electrolytic solution composition after the first discharge cycle contained only 12.6 mg/L Fe, 4.5 mg/L Li, 2.5 mg/L Mn, and trace amounts of Ni and Co. Separating the active cathode powder from the aluminum cathode with a 10 wt.% NaOH leach produced an aqueous filtrate with an Al metal purity of 99.7%. The leach composition consisted of 9558 mg/L Al, 13 mg/L Li, 8.7 mg/L Co, and trace amounts of Mn and Ni. The hydrometallurgical sample preparation processes in this study enables the production of a pure black mass with less than 0.05 wt.% Co, 0.2 wt.% Li, 0.02 wt.% Mn, and 0.02 wt.% Ni losses from the active cathode material.

3D CVD N-Doped Graphene Coated Cu Foam As Electro-Catalyst Towards CO2 Reduction Reaction (CO2RR)

At present, carbon dioxide emission is a significant environmental problem and cause of global climate change. Therefore, the utilization and conversion of CO2 should be an integral part of carbon management. One of the promising approaches to convert this greenhouse gas into value-added or commodity products is an electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide via a path of carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). Nevertheless, CO2 is an inert molecule that requires more energy to activate the chemical bond. Moreover, the reduction of CO2 is a complex reaction due to many paths of electron transfers on the electrocatalyst surface. Generally, the conversion of CO2 reduction relates to the composition and structure of electrode, electrolyte solution, and experimental condition. Herein, we use N-doped graphene on copper foam (N-GP/CuF) as a catalyst prepared by CVD process. To understand the electrochemical performances of synthesized catalyst for CO2 reduction, we electrochemical characterized by using linear sweep (LSV) and gas chromatography (GC) techniques. The nitrogen doped on the few-layer graphene catalyst not only reduces the onset potential but also improves the current density. These benefits help opening the new perspective in the field of electrochemical conversion of CO2 catalyst.

Redox-active water-soluble carbon nanomaterials generated from graphite

The cyclic voltammetric response of the anolyte generated under strong polarization of graphite electrodes in a phosphate solution was investigated to evaluate the intrinsic electrochemical activity of water-soluble carbon-based nanomaterials contained in it. Two electroreducible oxygen-containing functional groups were identified: quinone and epoxide. Since the nanomaterial was found to be surface-bounded to the electrode, the surface coverage of quinone and epoxide groups was quantified to appraise the effect of synthesis experimental conditions on the relative amounts of the two functionalization groups. The synthesis conditions were investigated in terms of the electrolytic solution composition (ionic strength and pH) and duration of the graphite polarization under galvanostatic polarization. Most appropriate experimental conditions to generate quinone rather than epoxide moieties (Γ quin /Γ ep = 2.5) were found when the nanomaterial was generated in a 3 h-assay using a neutral pH phosphate solution with low ionic strength (I = 0.1). These results may be taken as a guideline to modulate the redox-active water-soluble carbon nanomaterial functionalization, opening new perspectives to its application in sensing, energy storage, and nanomedicine.

Investigation of Ionic Conductive Behavior of SL-Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte and Interfacial Property of Li / Gel Polymer Electrolyte

IntroductionLithium-Sulfur (Li-S) batteries are attracting attention as high energy density rechargeable battery. Elemental sulfur (S8) has high theoretical capacity (1,672 mAhg-1) as positive electrode active material. However, S8 electrode is degraded by redox shuttle effect of lithium-polysulfide (Li2S n ), which are generated during charge-discharge reactions. To solve this problem, many electrolyte designs were proposed. Sulfolane (SL) based high Li salt concentration electrolyte solution was reported as low solubility electrolyte of Li2S n [1]. The aim of this concept is chemically protection of Li2S n dissolution into electrolyte solution. Therefore, we proposed new polymer electrolyte, which protects chemically and physically dissolution and diffusion of Li2S n . In this study, we prepared SL-based solid gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), ionic conductive property and time dependence of Li/GPEs interfacial resistance were evaluated.ExperimentalSulfolane (SL), LiN(SO2CF3)2 (LiTFSA), and polyether-based P(EO/PO) macromonomer (EO/PO=8/2) were used as electrolyte materials for GPEs. First, electrolyte solution samples were prepared by mixing LiTFSA and SL at each molar ratio of SL : LiTFSA = x : 1 (x=1, 1.5 and 2, respectively). Next, prepared electrolyte solution and P(EO/PO) macromonomer were mixed at weight ratio of electrolyte solution is 70, 80, 90 wt%, respectively, and added DMPA as photo initiator. After that, these materials were radical polymerized by UV irradiation. Temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of prepared GPEs were investigated by AC impedance measurements (353～217 K). Impressed voltages were changed from 100mV to 500 mV under 258 K. Also, [Li | GPE | Li] symmetrical cells were assembled, and impedance measurements of these cells were carried out to investigation of Li/GPE interfacial resistance at 333 K.Results & DiscussionFig.1 shows temperature dependence of ionic conductivity (s) of GPEs. Conventional polyether-based solid electrolyte ([Li]/[O]=0.1: black circle) was showed for comparison. s of all GPEs indicated higher value compared with [Li]/[O]=0.1. s increased with electrolyte solution composition or decrease of Li salt composition. These should be related with mobility of polymer chain or microscopic viscosity of GPEs, like a T gs. Also, s observed at around or less than T gs by changing impressed voltage. At this area, temperature dependence was changed inconsecutively. Therefore, ionic transport mechanism changes with segmental motion of polymer chain might be occurred below T g.Fig.2 shows time dependence of Li/GPE interfacial resistance (R Li) at 333 K. R Li moderately increased over time, which wasn’t stabilized over 1000 h. (Measurement was interrupted temporary at broken line.) R Li of general polyether based solid electrolyte reported as ca. 100 W cm2 [2],[3]. However, R Li indicated quite low values of 30～40 W cm2 at 1000 h. Therefore, favorable SEI formation might be occurred between Li metal and GPE. In presentation, temperature dependence of R Li and lithium cation transport number (t Li+) will be discussed.

The Origin of the Non-Constancy of the Bulk Resistance of Ion-Selective Electrode Membranes within the Nernstian Response Range.

The dependence of the bulk resistance of membranes of ionophore-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) on the composition of mixed electrolyte solutions, within the range of the Nernstian potentiometric response, is studied by chronopotentiometric and impedance measurements. In parallel to the resistance, water uptake by the membranes is also studied gravimetrically. The similarity of the respective curves is registered and explained in terms of heterogeneity of the membranes due to the presence of dispersed aqueous phase (water droplets). It is concluded that the electrochemical equilibrium is established between aqueous solution and the continuous organic phase, while the resistance refers to the membrane as whole, and water droplets hamper the charge transfer across the membranes. In this way, it is explained why the membrane bulk resistance is not constant within the range of the Nernstian potentiometric response of ISEs.

Hexafluorophosphate Intercalation into the Graphite Electrode from Mixed Cyclic Carbonates

The storage of anions in the graphite electrode depends upon the composition of electrolyte solutions. LiPF6 and cyclic carbonates are the most common components of nonaqueous electrolyte solutions...

Effect of State of Charge on Physical Properties of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)s consist of two half-cells separated by an electrolyte/membrane through which ions migrate in order to maintain charge balance.1 Nafion, a perfluorinated polymer with sulfuric acid functional groups that facilitate proton transport, is a widely utilized membrane for both flow battery and fuel cell technologies. Parasitic vanadium crossover measurements can take into account the correlation between the composition of electrolyte solutions and the membrane properties. In the case of VRFB based on vanadium sulfate, vanadium concentration, sulfuric acid concentration, and state of charge (SOC) are three main factors describing electrolyte composition. Electrolyte solutions with higher H2SO4 concentration have been found to corresponded to lower VO2+ membrane permeability.2 In previous crossover-diffusion experiments,3 the permeability of VO2+ with respect to the counter ion followed the trend H+ > VO2 + > VO2+. Absorption of vanadium species in the membrane followed the order V3+ ≈ VO2+> VO2 + at all concentrations of H2SO4. The state of charge (SOC) of the electrolyte, expressed as a percentage from 0% to 100%, describes the extent of oxidation that has occurred in each electrolyte. In the case of this study, 0% SOC consists of all VO2+ and 100 % SOC consists of all VO2 + while the intermediate SOCs consist of mixtures of the two and probe the electrochemical reactions of the positive electrode in the VRFB. The characterization of mass transfer in the operating VRFB has yet to fully investigate the role of SOC on diffusion and other properties. Here, we study the relationship between SOC and properties of the electrolyte solutions using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy4,5 6, cyclic voltammetry,7 and gravimetrics. References M. Skyllas-Kazacos, L. Cao, M. Kazacos, N. Kausar, and A. Mousa, ChemSusChem, 9 (2016).J. S. Lawton, A. Jones, and T. Zawodzinski, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, 697–702 (2013).J. S. Lawton, A. M. Jones, Z. Tang, M. Lindsey, and T. Zawodzinski, J. Electrochem. Soc. , 164, A2987–A2991 (2017) http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/164/13/A2987.abstract.J. S. Lawton, E. S. Smotkin, and D. E. Budil, J. Phys. Chem. B, 112, 8549–8557 (2008).J. S. Lawton and D. E. Budil, J. Phys. Chem. B, 113, 10679–10685 (2009).J. S. Lawton and D. E. Budil, Macromolecules, 43, 652–661 (2009).J. S. Lawton, S. M. Tiano, D. J. Donnelly, S. P. Flanagan, and T. M. Arruda, Batteries, 4, 1–14 (2018).

Preparation and Evaluation of Polymer Electrolytes with Low-Solubility of Lithium-Polysulfide

BackgroundLithium-Sulfur (Li-S) batteries are attracting attention as high energy density rechargeable battery. Elemental sulfur (S8) have high theoretical capacity (1,672 mAhg-1) as positive electrode active material. However, S8 electrode is degraded by redox shuttle effect of lithium-polysulfide (Li2S n ), which are generated during charge-discharge reactions. To solve this problem, many electrolyte designs were proposed. Sulfolane (SL) based high Li salt concentration electrolyte solution was reported as low solubility electrolyte of Li2S n [1]. The aim of this concept is chemically protection of Li2S n dissolution into electrolyte solution. Therefore, we proposed new polymer electrolyte, which protects chemically and physically dissolution and diffusion of Li2S n . In this study, we prepared SL based solid gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), and thermal and ionic conductive properties of the samples were evaluated. Furthermore, Li-S batteries containing GPEs were prepared and evaluated by charge-discharge measurements.ExperimentalSulfolane (SL), LiN(SO2CF3)2 (LiTFSA), and polyether-based P(EO/PO) macromonomer were used as electrolyte materials for GPEs. First, electrolyte solution samples were prepared by mixing LiTFSA and SL at each molar ratio of SL : LiTFSA = x : 1 (x=1, 1.5 and 2, respectively). Next, prepared electrolyte solution and P(EO/PO) macromonomer were mixed at each weight ratio of electrolyte solution : polymer = y : (10-y) (y=7, 8 and 9, respectively), and added DMPA as photo initiator. After that, these materials were radical polymerized by UV irradiation. In this research, GPEs are expressed as (x),yEl+(10-y)Po. Thermal property and ionic conductivity of prepared GPEs were investigated by TG-DTA, DSC and AC impedance measurements. Coin cells were assembled by Li metal negative electrode, GPE ((1.5),8El+2Po) and S8-based positive electrode. At the time, small amount of electrolyte solution (x=1.5) were dropped onto S8 based positive electrode. Assembled cells were evaluated by constant current charge-discharge tests at 303 K, and current density was set C/18.Results & DiscussionFig.1 shows ionic conductivity of prepared GPE samples. All GPEs exhibited high ionic conductivity (σ) compared withgenuine solid polymer electrolyte (black circle) at all measured temperature. From results, σ increased with decrease of Li salt concentration (inverse of x). Also, σ increased with electrolyte solution composition at low temperature region. Especially, lowest polymer composition (y=9) samples exhibited specific behavior. At x=2 and 1.5, lowest polymer composition samples exhibited higher σ compared with other samples at 303 K. On the other hands, samples were contrary tendency at x=1. Therefore, ionic transport mechanism should be affected by Li salt concentration and electrolyte solution amount into GPE.Fig.2 shows charge and discharge profiles of prepared cell until 100 cycles. In the case of discharge curves, 1st plateau and 2nd plateau were observed at between 2.2 to 2.3 V and 2.0 to 2.1 V respectively. Therefore, appropriate reaction between S8 and Li+ should be occurred. Initial discharge capacity indicated 1,146 mAhg-1. Charge and discharge capacities decreased until 20 cycles, and the capacities stabilized approximately 520 mAhg-1. Coulombic efficiency also exhibited remarkable behavior, which indicated 99.7 % at 100 cycles. Therefore, sulfolane based GPE may restrict dissolution of Li2S x and improve performance of Li-S batteries.Reference[1] A. Nakanishi et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 123, 14229-14238 (2019). Figure 1

The Effect of Electrolytic Solution Composition on the Structure, Corrosion, and Wear Resistance of PEO Coatings on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

Plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings were prepared in aluminate, phosphate, and silicate-based electrolytic solutions using a soft-sparking regime in a multi-frequency stepped process to compare the structure, corrosion, and wear characteristics of the obtained coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloy. The XRD results indicated that all coatings consist of MgO and MgF2, while specific products such as Mg2SiO4, MgSiO3, Mg2P2O7, and MgAl2O4 were also present in specimens based on the selected solution. Surface morphology of the obtained coatings was strongly affected by the electrolyte composition. Aluminate-containing coating showed volcano-like, nodular particles and craters distributed over the surface. Phosphate-containing coating presented a sintering-crater structure, with non-uniform distributions of micro-pores and micro-cracks. Silicate-containing coating exhibited a scaffold surface involving a network of numerous micro-pores and oxide granules. The aluminate-treated sample offered the highest corrosion resistance and the minimum wear rate (5 × 10−5 mm3 N−1 m−1), owing to its compact structure containing solely 1.75% relative porosity, which is the lowest value in comparison with other samples. The silicate-treated sample was degraded faster in long-term corrosion and wear tests due to its porous structure, and with more delay in the phosphate-containing coating due to its larger thickness (30 µm).

Specific Features of Dichloroacetic Acid Hydration

The structure of hydrated ions of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is established by electrospraying aqueous solutions of DCA into the vacuum chamber of a mass spectrograph. At an acid concentration of 0.01 mol/L, the number of hydrated ions decreases monotonically with an increase in the degree of their hydration. The resulting mass spectrum provides information on the distribution of hydrated ions in solution, which makes the mass spectrographic method of spraying electrolytes in a vacuum applicable for determining the composition of electrolyte solutions in environmental studies.

Electrochemical Behavior of m-Nitrosulfonic Acid of Benzene in Aqueous Solutions of Different Composition

The electrochemical behavior of m-nitrosulphonic acid of benzene was studied by polarography, voltammetry at glassy carbon electrode, electrolysis at the controlled potential, and electrolysis in galvanostatic mode. A distinguishing feature of the m-nitrosulphonic acid of benzene electroreduction, as compared with that of aromatic nitro-compounds, both on mercury dropping electrode and glassy carbon electrode, is shown to be a strong dependence of parameters and shape of the polarization curve on the supporting electrolyte solution composition and рН in neutral and alkaline solutions. The two waves observed are bound to the reduction of undissociated m-nitrosulphonic acid of benzene molecule and its anion; the reduction intermediately product is hydroxylaminesulphonic acid of benzene. The wave of its further reduction to m-aminosulfonic acid of benzene is camouflaged by the supporting-electrolyte discharge. Ammoniac-buffered solutions can be recommended for preparative electrosynthesis of m-aminosulfonic acid of benzene because its yield in the electrolysis at nickel cathode in galvanostatic mode in these solutions is as high as 92.8%, with current efficiency of 82.0%.

Prediction of CO2 solubility in multicomponent electrolyte solutions up to 709 bar: Analogical bridge between hydrophobic solvation and adsorption model

Prediction of CO2 solubility in electrolyte solution is important for the design of various industrial processes using CO2. A large amount of experimental data is needed to predict the solubility accurately, as a consequence of the complex composition of electrolyte solution. 1384 experimental CO2 solubility data in various electrolyte solutions (containing mostly Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, SO42−, and Cl−) from 30 references were used as training and validation data for developing a solubility model. According to the analogy between the hydrophobic solvation of CO2 and the adsorption phenomena, the novel solubility model with only four parameters (m0, α, k0, and k1) was developed to predict the CO2 solubility in solution with various ions. The model was correlated with the CO2 pressure and system temperature. The effect of dissolved electrolytes on the CO2 solubility was indicated by the concentration of electrostricted water molecule (ha) in the model, which was calculated using the concentration and hydration number of dissolved ions. The developed model with four parameters—obtained from experimental CO2 solubility data in water and single-salt solutions—reproduced the CO2 solubility well in complex electrolyte solutions, including the solutions after CO2–brine–rock reactions. Of the 1384 data, 94% were within a 95% prediction interval of the model. The model parameters can be used to estimate the heat of CO2 solvation, maximum CO2 solubility in water, and decay constant of the CO2 solubility with respect to the ha value. The developed model was further validated with single-salt solutions containing minor ions such as Li+ or Br−.

Electrophoretic Co-Deposition of Graphene/Metal Oxide Platelets for Composite Electrode Fabrication

Graphene-metal oxide composites have been recently introduced as promising materials for energy storage and heterogeneous catalysis. The synergy between graphene and metal oxide enhances the performance of these composite materials in comparison to their individual components.1 Improved electrochemical properties such as high capacity and cycling stability makes graphene-NiCo2O4 composite a promising supercapacitor electrode.2 In this work, we assemble the composite electrode by electrophoresis on graphite electrode. We firstly disperse graphene sheets in the electrolyte solution by electrochemical exfoliation3 of the graphite electrode. NiCo2O4 platelets, separately prepared from Ni and Co salts by chemical synthesis route4, were then added into the electrolyte solution to form graphene sheet-NiCo2O4 platelet mixture suspension. Finally, graphene sheets and NiCo2O4 platelets are assembled on the exfoliated surface of the original graphite electrode in one electrophoretic deposition step. Deposition parameter-composite microstructure relationship was studied in detail. Controlled parameters include nominal input mass ratio of the two components, magnitude of the electrical field, and electrolyte solution composition. The final composite electrode were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to estimate its functionality for supercapacitor application. Wu, Zhong-Shuai et al., Nano Energy 1, 107 (2012).Wang, Huanlei et al., Nano Research 5, 605 (2012).Parvez, Khaled et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 6083 (2014).Joshi, Nirav et al., RSC Advances 6, 92655 (2016).

Oral electrolyte therapy for diarrhoeic calves — how to pick the right electrolyte product

Oral rehydration therapy is a proven and cost-effective treatment for calves suffering from diarrhoea. The key components of an efficient oral electrolyte product are adequate concentrations of sodium, chloride and potassium, an energy source like glucose or glycine to facilitate water absorption, and sufficient concentrations of alkalinising substances to correct metabolic acidosis. A thorough understanding of the composition of commercial oral electrolyte solutions is important for practitioners to make informed treatment recommendations. Continued milk feeding is another cornerstone in the resuscitation of diarrhoeic calves since withholding milk can exacerbate dehydration and malnourishment.

Enhancement Surface Coating Stainless Steel And Copper Using Ultrasonic Batch

Electrodeposition is considered an easy and cost effective technique for the manufacture of alloy layers. Various properties for coatings can be achieved by selecting various electrodeposition parameters. These materials have the advantage of corrosion resistance but relatively expensive. They will need alternative materials that can easily obtained and replace these materials. This paper discusses the process of coating stainless steel AISI 304 and copper with Ni. Electric current and coating time is used in the electroplating coating process of Ni to Ni thickness supported by ultrasonic batch. AISI 304 stainless steel and copper coated using nickel (Ni) with variable time and fixed electric current parameters. The electric current used 1.5 ampere, the time of plating process of 60 seconds, 120 seconds, and 180 seconds. The composition of nickel electrolyte solutions using nickel sulfate 300 gr/L, nickel chloride 30 gr/L, and sour borax 30 gr/L with brighteners added one (I) 15 mL and brighteners two (II) 1 mL. Measurement of thickness is done by using optical microscope assisted by imageraster software. The best process used 1.5 amperes of electric current and time of 180 seconds. The value of copper thickness is 26.50 (μm) using ultrasonic batch.

Advanced online mass spectrometry detection of proteins separated by capillary isoelectric focusing after sequential injection.

Capillary isoelectric focusing hyphenated with mass spectrometry detection, following the sequential injection of the carrier ampholytes and the sample zone, is highly efficient for the characterization of proteins. The main advantage of the sequential injection protocol is that ampholytes, with pH ranges, which are not supposed to cover the isoelectric points of the sample components, can be used for separation. The method then allows online mass spectrometry detection of separated analytes either in the absence (substances that have left the pH gradient) or in the presence of low-level ampholytes (substances that are migrating within the pH gradient). The appearance of the substances within, or outside the pH gradient depends on, e.g., the composition of the ampholytes (broad or narrow pH range) or on the composition of electrolyte solutions. The experiments performed in coated capillaries (with polyvinyl alcohol or with polyacrylamide) show that the amount and the injection length of the ampholytes influence the length of the pH gradient formed in the capillary.

Alachlor removal performance of Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 anodes prepared from ionic liquid solution

Electrochemical processes have a considerable impact on the treatment of contaminated water and wastewater, since water reuse is becoming increasingly necessary. One of the most important variables in electrochemical degradation of organic substances is the electrode material. Several materials have been used successfully as anodes, highlighting those of boron-doped diamond and mixed metal oxide (MMO). The first one is characterized by the high generation of hydroxyl radicals while the second is well known for generating different oxidant species depending on the electrolyte solution composition. The present work aims to develop MMO anodes through thermal decomposition using 1-butylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, an ionic liquid, as solvent in the precursor solution preparation. The ionic liquid prepared anodes characterization was performed by different techniques such as, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry, and their electrocatalytic performance was evaluated by the electrochemical degradation of alachlor. The commercial electrode presented larger internal area than the electrodes produced by the alternative method, but its efficiency was ca. 16% lower and its energy consumption was 16% higher than the laboratory-made electrode and calcined at 550 °C. Based on SEM results, this behavior can be attributed to the distribution of RuO2 on the surface of the laboratory-made electrodes in comparison to the commercial one. Furthermore, the ionic liquid prepared electrodes showed an increase at least 8% in the voltammetric charge in the stability tests.