Composition Of Bacterial Flora Research Articles

OPTIMIZING GUT HEALTH: THE ROLE OF NABHI MARMA (NAVEL VITAL POINT) STIMULATION IN CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE

The human gut, often referred to as the “second brain,” plays a crucial role in a person's overall well-being. There is a growing interest in integrating ancient Indian sciences with modern pharmaceutical systems, such as Marma Chikitsa (Marma Therapy), which includes Nabhi Marma (the vital point at the navel). This review paper aims to discuss key aspects of Nabhi Marma (the crucial point at the navel) and its relevance to modern medicine. The research involved the use of published articles from PubMed and Google Scholar to establish the effectiveness of Nabhi Marma stimulation, its mechanisms, and its compatibility with modern medical practices. The paper considered the historical and anatomical perspectives of Nabhi Marma, as well as recent research findings, which indicated that stimulation of Nabhi Marma may affect gut motility, enzyme secretion, gut-brain axis, and bacterial flora composition. Proposed mechanisms include the modulation of the autonomic nervous system, activation of the enteric nervous system, neuroendocrine activity, and psychological factors. The results suggest potential benefits of incorporating Marma (vital points) therapy into integrative medical models, promoting interprofessional collaboration, and considering individualized medical treatment concepts. Nabhi Marma stimulation may be used as a complementary approach for treating functional gastrointestinal disorders and post-treatment care. Further extensive studies should be conducted in the future to evaluate the therapeutic benefits of ozone auto-probing and to understand their underlying effects on the gut and microbiome.

Peri-weaning cholera toxin consumption suppresses chemically-induced carcinogenesis in mice.

Gastrointestinal bacteria are known to have an impact on local and systemic immunity, and consequently either promote or suppress cancer development. Following the notion that perinatal bacterial exposure might confer immune system competency for life, we investigated whether early-life administration of cholera-toxin (CT), a protein exotoxin of the small intestine pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae, may shape local and systemic immunity to impart a protective effect against tumor development in epithelia distantly located from the gut. For that, newborn mice were orally treated with low non-pathogenic doses of CT and later challenged with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), known to cause mainly mammary, but also skin, lung and stomach cancer. Our results revealed that CT suppressed the overall incidence and multiplicity of tumors, with varying efficiencies among cancer types, and promoted survival. Harvesting mouse tissues at an earlier time-point (105 instead of 294 days), showed that CT does not prevent preneoplastic lesions per se but it rather hinders their evolution into tumors. CT pretreatment universally increased apoptosis in the cancer-prone mammary, lung and nonglandular stomach, and altered the expression of several cancer-related molecules. Moreover, CT had a long-term effect on immune system cells and factors, the most prominent being the systemic neutrophil decrease. Finally, CT treatment significantly affected gut bacterial flora composition, leading among others to a major shift from Clostridia to Bacilli class abundance. Overall, these results support the notion that early-life CT consumption is able to affect host's immune, microbiome and gene expression profiles toward the prevention of cancer.

Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide are linear molecules that alter the abundance and composition of intestinal microbiota in Sprague Dawley rats.

The macromolecular polysaccharide Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide (IOP) is composed of various monosaccharides, and it could modulate the composition and diversity of intestinal flora. However, its impact on the intestinal flora in rats of different genders remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the structural changes of IOP and its effects on the intestinal flora after administration in male and female rats. In this study, the molecular weight and purity of IOP were analyzed by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and phenol sulfuric acid method, and NMR was used to confirm the chemical structure of IOP. Sex hormone [testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2)] levels and intestinal microbial changes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 16S rRNA, respectively, after gavage of IOP (100 mg/kg) in male and female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. HPGPC analysis showed that the average molecular weight (Mw) of IOP was 4,828 Da, and the total sugar content of the purified IOP was 96.2%, indicating that the polysaccharide is of high purity. NMR revealed that IOP is a linear macromolecule with an α-D-type glucose backbone. The results of ELISA and 16S rRNA showed that the IOP increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Clostridia_UCG-014 and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31, and reduced that of harmful bacteria, such as Colidextribacter and Desulfobacterota in the intestine of both male and female rats, and IOP changed the levels of sex hormones in male and female rats. Further analyses revealed that the increase in alpha diversity was higher in male than female rats. α diversity and β diversity revealed a significant difference in the composition of cecal microbiota between male and female rats in the control group, but IOP intake reduced this difference. Meanwhile, α analysis revealed a change in the composition of bacterial flora was more stable in male than female rats. This study enhances our comprehension of the IOP structure and elucidates the alterations in intestinal flora following IOP administration in rats of varying genders. Nonetheless, further investigation is warranted to explore the specific underlying reasons for these discrepancies.

Intravitreal injections primary prevention: a case-control study.

Intravitreal injections (IVI) of therapeutic substances are one of the most common procedures in ophthalmology and, for sure, the most feared complication of them is endophthalmitis. Nowadays, a precise prophylactic protocol does not exist to avoid these infections, and the role of new antiseptic drops is an interesting field of research in this regard. In this article we are going to discuss the tolerability and the efficacy of a new antiseptic drop based on a solution of hexamidine diisethionate 0.05% (Keratosept®; Bruschettini Srl, Genoa, Italy). This was a single-center, case-control study, comparing the in vivo effect of hexamidine diisethionate 0.05% with povidone iodine 0.6% solution during IVI program. Ocular bacterial flora composition was analyzed with a conjunctival swab on day 0. After injection patients underwent antibacterial prophylaxis with Keratosept for 3 days or povidone iodine 0.6%. A second conjunctival swab was collected on day 4 and patients were asked to fulfill a questionnaire based on the OSDi model, to investigate the ocular tolerability of the drug administered. Efficacy was tested on 50 patients, 25 of whom received hexamidine diisethionate 0.05% drops and the other 25 received povidone iodine 0.6% solution drops, 100 total conjunctival swabs, 18 positive swabs before and 9 after treatment for the first group and 13 before and 5 after for the second one. Tolerability was tested on 104 patients, 55 underwent Keratosept therapy and 49 povidone iodine one. Keratosept demonstrated a good efficacy profile with better tolerability against povidone iodine in the analyzed sample.

Influence of Microgravity on the Physiology, Pathogenicity and Antibiotic Efficacy of Microorganisms

Exploration beyond low earth orbit is a major challenge during space missions. The journey brings deleterious changes to the composition of bacterial flora of the spacecraft and compromises the immune system of the crew members significantly. Space exploration reduces immunological competence in crew members and is expected to create harmful alterations in the bacterial flora of the nasal, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts, increasing the susceptibility to disease. The pathogenicity character traits of bacteria and other microorganisms that pollute the material of the International Space Station as well as other flight platforms may be modified by the space flight environment, which may affect their vulnerability to antibiotics, which are important ingredients of flights medical setups. In conclusion susceptibility of microbes to antibiotics was affected and measures need to be studied in order to establish precautionary methods for future space missions. In this review we discussed the effect of spaceflights on microbial physiology; various challenges faced by the crew members and spacecraft equipment, and also highlighted methods to overcome these challenges during space flights for ensuring safety of the crew.

Analysis of bacterial flora of indigo fermentation fluids utilizing composted indigo leaves (sukumo) and indigo extracted from plants (Ryukyu-ai and Indian indigo)

Indigo is a fabric dye that requires reduction by microbial activity or chemical reagents to render it soluble in water. Sources of indigo for fermentation are primarily divided into composted indigo-containing plants and indigo extracted from plants. To elucidate the factors responsible for bacterial diversity, and for sustaining reduced state of indigo in different preparations, this study assessed fermentation-derived fluids using composted plant leaves, sukumo, and extracted indigo (Ryukyu-ai paste, and Indian indigo cake) prepared using different procedures. Regardless of the indigo source, obligate anaerobic bacteria, including the families Proteinivoraceae and Tissierellaceae, predominate (16.9-46.1%), suggesting their high affinity for this fermentation ecosystem (hyperalkaline and low redox potential). Moreover, bacterial communities in sukumo fermentations are more diverse than those from indigo extracts with the diversity tending to increase based on the fermentation period. Our results further suggest that the microbiota composition in sukumo fermentation is associated with the various bacterial nutrients derived from sukumo, including seed microorganisms. In addition, the debris derived from sukumo can reduce the pH stress experienced by the microorganisms. Further, regardless of 5.4 years difference in the fermentation age, the bacterial flora in two Ryukyu-ai batches exhibit similar features with low microbial diversities. The uniformity of the nutrient, along with the simple, yet strong, bacterial network in Ryukyu-ai fluids may be responsible for the stable bacterial flora composition. Taken together, these results indicate that the microbiota in indigo fermentation is highly influenced by the seed culture, the nutrient derived from raw materials, and the fermentation conditions.

An integrated overview of the bacterial flora composition of Hyalomma anatolicum, the main vector of CCHF.

The microbial flora associated with Hyalomma anatolicum ticks was investigated using culture-dependent (CD) and independent (next generation sequencing, NGS) methods. The bacterial profiles of different organs, development stages, sexes, and of host cattle skins were analyzed using the CD method. The egg and female gut microbiota were investigated using NGS. Fourteen distinct bacterial strains were identified using the CD method, of which Bacillus subtilis predominated in eggs, larval guts and in adult female and male guts, suggesting probable transovarial transmission. Bacillus velezensis and B. subtilis were identified in cattle skin and tick samples, suggesting that skin is the origin of tick bacteria. H.anatolicum males harbour lower bacterial diversity and composition than females. The NGS analysis revealed five different bacterial phyla across all samples, Proteobacteria contributing to >95% of the bacteria. In all, 56611sequences were generated representing 6,023 OTUs per female gut and 421 OTUs per egg. Francisellaceae family and Francisella make up the vast majority of the OTUs. Our findings are consistent with interference between Francisella and Rickettsia. The CD method identified bacteria, such B. subtilis that are candidates for vector control intervention approaches such paratransgenesis whereas NGS revealed high Francisella spp. prevalence, indicating that integrated methods are more accurate to characterize microbial community and diversity.

Modulation of trypanosome establishment in Glossina palpalis palpalis by its microbiome in the Campo sleeping sickness focus, Cameroon.

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors involved in vector competence by analyzing whether the diversity and relative abundance of the different bacterial genera inhabiting the fly's gut could be associated with its trypanosome infection status. This was investigated on 160 randomly selected G. p. palpalis flies - 80 trypanosome-infected, 80 uninfected - collected in 5 villages of the Campo trypanosomiasis focus in South Cameroon. Trypanosome species were identified using specific primers, and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria was targeted for metabarcoding analysis in order to identify the bacteria and determine microbiome composition. A total of 261 bacterial genera were identified of which only 114 crossed two barriers: a threshold of 0.01% relative abundance and the presence at least in 5 flies. The secondary symbiont Sodalis glossinidius was identified in 50% of the flies but it was not considered since its relative abundance was much lower than the 0.01% relative abundance threshold. The primary symbiont Wigglesworthia displayed 87% relative abundance, the remaining 13% were prominently constituted by the genera Spiroplasma, Tediphilus, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas. Despite a large diversity in bacterial genera and in their abundance observed in micobiome composition, the statistical analyzes of the 160 tsetse flies showed an association with flies' infection status and the sampling sites. Furthermore, tsetse flies harboring Trypanosoma congolense Savanah type displayed a different composition of bacterial flora compared to uninfected flies. In addition, our study revealed that 36 bacterial genera were present only in uninfected flies, which could therefore suggest a possible involvement in flies' refractoriness; with the exception of Cupriavidus, they were however of low relative abundance. Some genera, including Acinetobacter, Cutibacterium, Pseudomonas and Tepidiphilus, although present both in infected and uninfected flies, were found to be associated with uninfected status of tsetse flies. Hence their effective role deserves to be further evaluated in order to determine whether some of them could become targets for tsetse control of fly vector competence and consequently for the control of the disease. Finally, when comparing the bacterial genera identified in tsetse flies collected during 4 epidemiological surveys, 39 genera were found to be common to flies from at least 2 sampling campaigns.

High Salt Elicits Brain Inflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction, Accompanied by Alternations in the Gut Microbiota and Decreased SCFA Production.

Excessive salt intake is considered as an important risk factor for cognitive impairment, which might be the consequence of imbalanced intestinal homeostasis. To investigate the effects of dietary salt on the gut microbiota and cognitive performance and the underlying mechanisms. Adult female C57BL/6 mice were maintained on either normal chow (control group, CON) or sodium-rich chow containing 8% NaCl (high-salt diet, HSD) for 8 weeks. Spatial learning and memory ability, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations, gut bacterial flora composition, blood-brain barrier permeability, and proinflammatory cytokine levels and apoptosis in the brain were evaluated. The mice fed a HSD for 8 weeks displayed impaired learning and memory abilities. HSD significantly reduced the proportions of Bacteroidetes (S24-7 and Alloprevotella) and Proteobacteria and increased that of Firmicutes (Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae). SCFA concentrations decreased in the absolute concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the fecal samples from the HSD-fed mice. The HSD induced both BBB dysfunction and microglial activation in the mouse brain, and increased the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression levels in the cortex. More importantly, the degree of apoptosis was higher in the cortex and hippocampus region of mice fed the HSD, and this effect was accompanied by significantly higher expression of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-3, and caspase-1. The HSD directly causes cognitive dysfunction in mice by eliciting an inflammatory environment and triggering apoptosis in the brain, and these effects are accompanied by gut dysbiosis, particularly reduced SCFA production.

Soluble beta-glucan salecan improves vaginal infection of Candida albicans in mice

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is one of the most common infections in women. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a water-soluble β-glucan salecan to protect against Candida albicans (C. albicans) vaginal infection. The model was reproduced with intravaginal inoculation of yeast blastoconidia in pseudoestrus mice. We found that mice that received salecan (0.5 mg per mouse) after infection had 85% fewer CFU than infected mice given saline. Compared with the C.albicans group, salecan reduced the migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the vagina, decreased mRNA levels of cytokines IL23, IL22, IL17a, and IL17f, anti-candidal genes S100a8 and S100a9 and C.albicans pattern recognition receptor Dectin1. The analysis for vaginal microbial community composition at different taxa levels revealed that the bacterial flora composition in the vagina of the salecan-treated mice was similar to that of the uninfected mice, and distinguished from the infected mice. The vaginal lavages from the salecan treated group had more Enterococcus and its metabolite lactate. Our results suggest salecan might be a potential therapeutic agent for vaginal infection of C.albicans.

The composition and abundance of bacterial communities residing in the gut of Glossina palpalis palpalis captured in two sites of southern Cameroon

BackgroundA number of reports have demonstrated the role of insect bacterial flora on their host’s physiology and metabolism. The tsetse host and vector of trypanosomes responsible for human sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis, HAT) and nagana in animals (African animal trypanosomiasis, AAT) carry bacteria that influence its diet and immune processes. However, the mechanisms involved in these processes remain poorly documented. This underscores the need for increased research into the bacterial flora composition and structure of tsetse flies. The aim of this study was to identify the diversity and relative abundance of bacterial genera in Glossina palpalis palpalis flies collected in two trypanosomiasis foci in Cameroon.MethodsSamples of G. p. palpalis which were either negative or naturally trypanosome-positive were collected in two foci located in southern Cameroon (Campo and Bipindi). Using the V3V4 and V4 variable regions of the small subunit of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, we analyzed the respective bacteriome of the flies’ midguts.ResultsWe identified ten bacterial genera. In addition, we observed that the relative abundance of the obligate endosymbiont Wigglesworthia was highly prominent (around 99%), regardless of the analyzed region. The remaining genera represented approximately 1% of the bacterial flora, and were composed of Salmonella, Spiroplasma, Sphingomonas, Methylobacterium, Acidibacter, Tsukamurella, Serratia, Kluyvera and an unidentified bacterium. The genus Sodalis was present but with a very low abundance. Globally, no statistically significant difference was found between the bacterial compositions of flies from the two foci, and between positive and trypanosome-negative flies. However, Salmonella and Serratia were only described in trypanosome-negative flies, suggesting a potential role for these two bacteria in fly refractoriness to trypanosome infection. In addition, our study showed the V4 region of the small subunit of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was more efficient than the V3V4 region at describing the totality of the bacterial diversity.ConclusionsA very large diversity of bacteria was identified with the discovering of species reported to secrete anti-parasitic compounds or to modulate vector competence in other insects. For future studies, the analyses should be enlarged with larger sampling including foci from several countries.

Inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-α and peritoneal fluid flora were associated with infertility in patients with endometriosis.

To investigate the correlations of inflammatory factors, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and composition of bacterial flora in the peritoneal fluid with infertility in endometriosis patients. A total of 55 patients diagnosed with endometriosis and infertility in the Gynecology Clinic of our hospital from June 2014 to July 2017 were selected as observation group, and another 30 non-endometriosis and non-infertility patients were enrolled as control group. The peritoneal fluid was extracted from patients in both groups, and the total white cell count and the percentage of leukocyte subset were determined. The total genome deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of microorganisms in peritoneal fluid was extracted, and the composition of microorganisms was analyzed using the Ion Torrent PGM platform (BGI). The levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and TNF-α in peritoneal fluid were detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, the correlations of inflammatory factors in the peritoneal fluid with endometriosis complicated with infertility were analyzed via Logistic regression analysis. The total white cell count, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils in endometriosis patients complicated with infertility were significantly higher than those in control group (p<0.05). Results of ELISA showed that the levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and TNF-α in peritoneal fluid of endometriosis patients complicated with infertility were significantly higher than those in control group (p<0.05). In peritoneal fluid of patients in both groups, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were mainly dominated, followed by Actinobacillus, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Tenericutes, and there was no significant difference in the Eumycota between the two groups (p>0.05). Logistic regression analysis results showed that there were significant correlations of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and TNF-α) with endometriosis complicated with infertility. There are many kinds of Eumycota in the peritoneal fluid of endometriosis patients complicated with infertility, but they are not the main pathogenic factors. Inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and TNF-α) can be used as important reference indexes for the diagnosis of endometriosis complicated with infertility.

Dietary Arsenic and Gut Microbiome Analysis

BACKGROUNDTypical exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) in food and water is linked to cancers, toxicity, and other health effects. The extent to which dietary iAs is metabolized to mono and dimethyl arsenicals (MMA and DMA) affects toxicity. Nutritional, genetic, and other factors determine iAs methylation, but recent experiments show that the gut microbiome also plays a role. In turn, iAs alters the composition of gut microbiota in mice. We evaluated the relationship of dietary iAs exposure to changes in gut microbiota in humans and mice and potential effects of gut microbiota on iAs methylation and toxicity.METHODSUsing a cross‐over design, a controlled dietary intervention study was conducted in human subjects and mice. Human subjects consumed a low‐As diet for 6 days, followed by 5 days on a high‐iAs diet that consisted of 3 servings per day of commercial rice products (110–250 μg/kg As). After establishing a baseline, mice were fed high‐iAs chow (138 μg/kg As) for 3 weeks, then low‐As chow (14 μg/kg As) for 1 week. Urine, blood, and stool samples were collected during and after each phase and samples were analyzed for total As and iAs metabolites. Fecal microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon profiling.RESULTSIn humans, high‐As diet was generally associated with an increase in Bacteroidaceae (from 40 to 54%) and decrease in Lachnospiraceae family from 25% to 18%. The high‐As diet resulted in a doubling of urinary As metabolites. Compared to the middle tertile of the urinary %DMA (DMA/sum of As metabolites), subjects in the highest tertile showed an increase in Bacteroidaceae (26% vs 51%) and decreases in Lachnospiraceae (26% vs 20%) and Ruminococcaceae (25% vs 15%). Those changes were correlated with the middle, not the highest tertile of total blood As. Alpha‐diversity increased on the high vs. low‐As diet in the highest tertile of blood total As. There were, however, no significant differences in Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) analysis by diet or blood As. In mice fed high‐As chow, Bacteroidales S24‐7 group increased 1.54‐fold and Bacteroidaceae decreased 0.82‐fold. The highest vs. lowest tertile of %DMA was associated with a 1.4‐fold increase in Bacteroidales S24‐7 group bacteria in the mouse gut and decreases in most of the other major taxa. Contrary to human subjects, alpha diversity it was higher in mice fed low‐As chow, particularly in the highest tertile of urinary iAs excretion. The mouse microbiome showed a clear separation between mice on low‐ vs. high‐As chow in PCoA plots. The composition of bacterial flora in the guts of humans and mice overlapped, but relative abundances differed. Human subjects showed an increase in Bacteroidaceae during the high‐As diet, while in mice, Bacteroidaceae decreased sharply.CONCLUSIONThis is a preliminary assessment of the effects of dietary iAs on the mouse and human gut microbiome. High secondary methylation capacity (i.e., high %DMA) was associated with a large increase in the prevalence of Bacteroidaceae in the human gut and a large increase in Bacteroidales S24‐7 group in the mouse gut. The impact of alterations in gut microflora will require further investigation.Support or Funding InformationResearch Support: University of Arizona, Southwest Environmental Health Science Center (SWEHSC) Grant Number – P30 ES006694This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Clinical and microbiological aspects of the use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL1 strains in proctological patients with symptoms of chronic proctitis

In the entire study group, the intensity of pain after 12 weeks was significantly lower (p=0,.011) compared to baseline; the intensity of flatulence and abdominal discomfort was reduced significantly as early as after 3 weeks, with the difference reaching a highly significant level after 12 weeks (pP&lt;0,.0001). No significant difference was observed in the frequency of the reported episodes of diarrhea, constipation, as well as itching and burning in the anal region. As early as after 3 weeks of supplementation with the probiotic L. rhamnosus PL1 strain, significant qualitative and quantitative changes were observed in the composition of intestinal microbiota; the changes differed depending on the underlying disease. An increase in the total counts of the bacteria of Lactobacillus genus, particularly L. rhamnosus PL1 strain was observed regardless of the underlying disease. Tthe probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL1 strain appears to be useful in restoring appropriate ratios of bacterial populations in patients presenting with symptoms of proctitis in the course of the treatment of certain diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract.

An integrated overview of the midgut bacterial flora composition of Phlebotomus perniciosus, a vector of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in the Western Mediterranean Basin.

BackgroundThe Leishmania developmental life cycle within its sand fly vector occurs exclusively in the lumen of the insect’s digestive tract in the presence of symbiotic bacteria. The composition of the gut microbiota and the factors that influence its composition are currently poorly understood. A set of factors, including the host and its environment, may influence this composition. It has been demonstrated that the insect gut microbiota influences the development of several human pathogens, such as Plasmodium falciparum. For sand flies and Leishmania, understanding the interactions between the parasite and the microbial environment of the vector midgut can provide new tools to control Leishmania transmission.Methodology/Principal findingsThe midguts of female Phlebotomus perniciosus from laboratory colonies or from the field were collected during the months of July, September and October 2011 and dissected. The midguts were analyzed by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. A total of 441 and 115 cultivable isolates were assigned to 30 and 11 phylotypes from field-collected and colonized P. perniciosus, respectively. Analysis of monthly variations in microbiota composition shows a species diversity decline in October, which is to the end of the Leishmania infantum transmission period. In parallel, a compilation and a meta-analysis of all available data concerning the microbiota of two Psychodidae genera, namely Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia, was performed and compared to P. perniciosus, data obtained herein. This integrated analysis did not reveal any substantial divergences between Old and New world sand flies with regards to the midgut bacterial phyla and genera diversity. But clearly, most bacterial species (>76%) are sparsely distributed between Phlebotominae species.Conclusion/SignificanceOur results pinpoint the need for a more exhaustive understanding of the bacterial richness and abundance at the species level in Phlebotominae sand flies in order to capture the role of midgut bacteria during Leishmania development and transmission. The occurrence of Bacillus subtilis in P. perniciosus and at least two other sand fly species studied so far suggests that this bacterial species is a potential candidate for paratransgenic or biolological approaches for the control of sand fly populations in order to prevent Leishmania transmission.

Investigation of the effects of oleuropein rich diet on rat enteric bacterial flora.

Oleuropein is a phenolic compound of olive leaves. Enteric bacterial flora is very important for human health and diet is a directly affecting factor of enteric bacterial flora composition. In this study, it was hypothesized that oleuropein could reduce total aerobic bacterial count in rat caecal flora. Twenty adult, male, Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups. Group C (n=10) was fed with standard rat chow and water for 30 days. Group O (n=10) received olive leaf extract 20 mg/kg/day by intragastric gavage in addition to standard rat chow and water for 30 days. One gram of caecal content was collected from each rat and then consecutive 10-fold serial dilutions were prepared with a final concentration of 10-8. Then 0.1 ml of each dilution were spread onto the surfaces of Plate Count Agar and Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar to enumerate the aerobic enteric bacteria. Total aerobic bacterial counts of Group O were significantly lower than of Group C in all agar plates inoculated with ceacal samples for every dilution (p<0.05). Adding oleuropein to enteral feeding solutions of critically ill patients may be adventageous in the presence of clinical conditions predisposing to bacterial translocation by reducing enteric bacterial counts (Tab. 1, Ref. 32).

English

This paper identified the bacterial flora composition and its influence on the microbiological spoilage process in economically important fish species: Filhote (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum) and Dourada (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii) in the Amazon region. Microbiological characterization was performed: counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria and coliforms at 35 and 45°C, respectively. Bacteria were also isolated through seeding in agar surface using Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRBG) for enterobacteria strains and Baird-Parker Agar with Egg-Yolk Tellurite for Staphylococcus species, both with incubation at 36°C for 48 h. The bacteria isolated were identified using the API 20E kit (Enterobacteria), and Gram-positive bacteria with API Staph (Staphylococci). Finally, the lag phase for strain growth was measured using spectrophotometry readings (620 nm) at different temperatures (10, 15 and 37°C). The mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts for fresh fish samples ranged from 5.21 to 7.64. The count ranges of psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria found were 5.11 – 6.91 log CFU/g. They also had an average score above 103 MPN/g for total coliforms. The most predominant were Hafnia alvei, Pseudomonas luteola, Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus lugdunensis. When subjected to temperature of 10°C, the strains achieved growth after 6 h (p<0.05). Key words: Spoilage, catfish, Brachyplatystoma filamentosum, Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii.

Особенности микробного пейзажа «пограничной» ожоговой раны в разные фазы раневого процесса

Митряшов Константин Владимирович – врач‐хирург ожогового отделения ДВОМЦ ФМБА России; e‐mail: mark498@yandex.ru FEAtUREs OF thE MICRObIAL LANDsCAPE ‘bORDER’ OF bURN wOUNDs IN DIFFERENt PhAsEs OF wOUND PROCEss K.V. Mitryashov1, S.V. Okhotina2, P.A. Griban2, E.V. Shmagunova1, G.I. Turkutyukova1, T.N. Obydennikova2, A.Yu. Kiselev3, V.V. Usov3 1 Far Eastern Regional Center of Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (161 100th anniv.of Vladivostok Ave. 690022 Russian Federation), 2 Pacific State Medical University (2 Ostryakova Ave. Vladivostok 690950 Russian Federation), 3 School of Biomedicine Far Eastern Federal University (8 Sukhanova St. Vladivostok 690950 Russian Federation) background. The research objective is an analysis of the species composition of bacterial flora of ‘border’ burn wounds in the differ‐ ent phases of wound process. Methods. It was conducted the analysis of 571 studies results of mi‐ crobiological composition of bacterial flora in surface burns in 509 patients. Time of biomaterial sampling ranged from 1 to 60 days after injury. Species identification and antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated microorganisms was determined spectrophotometrically. Results. It was found 50 species of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic flora in traumatic discharge. Microbial wounds landscape was varied and presented to gram‐positive and gram‐negative flora, but the dominant species were Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aureginosa. Dissemination of conditionally pathogenic flora to the surrounding skin on the surface of the deified is the main route of contamination of wounds in the first days after the injury. When analyzing antibiotic grams strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, sown in the first day, were susceptible to methicillin, oxacilline, cefazolin, and micro‐organisms found in the later periods were resistant to these antibiotics. Conclusions. Saprophytic and conditionally pathogenic flora, often represented by associations, less monoculture prevails in the first phase of wound process in the ‘border’ burn wound. Methicillin‐ resistant staphylococci, gram‐negative bacteria and P. aureginosa Acinetobacter baumannii dominates, and the amount of associative flora increases at the second and third phases of wound process in the ‘border’ burn wound. Most often in the ‘boundary’ burn wounds in the second and third phases of wound healing are encountered S. aureus, P. aureginosa and A. baumannii – 65,8 % of all pathogens. These pathogens are the most clinically important in the regenera‐ tion phase and the epithelialization.

The Effect of Local Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy on the Composition of Bacterial Flora in Chronic Venous Leg Ulcer.

Microbial colonisation of chronic venous ulcers and synergism between bacterial species slow down the healing process. The study aimed at performing qualitative analysis of microbial flora in venous leg ulcers treated with platelet rich plasma (PRP). Twenty two women and twelve men aged 47-90 years were treated with PRP at our department between 2012 and 2015. Ulcer cultures collected before and after PRP therapy yielded 83 and 110 microbial isolates, respectively, of Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and candida. Pseudomonas aueruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common pre- and post-treatment isolates. PRP therapy and increased the variety of microbial flora.

English

The Amazon offers great potential for fishery activities but the fish fauna&rsquo;s specific microbiota is not yet known. This paper identified the bacterial flora composition and the influence of this process on the microbiological spoilage in economically important fish species in the Amazon region: butterfly peacock bass (Cichla ocellaris) and piramutaba (Brachyplatystoma vailantii). To this end, microbiological characterization was performed: counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria and coliforms at 35 and 45&deg;C. Bacteria were also isolated through seeding in agar surface using violet red bile glucose (VRBG) for enterobacteria strains and Baird-Parker Agar with egg-yolk tellurite for Staphylococcus species, both with incubation at 36&deg;C for 48 h. The bacteria isolated were identified using the API 20E kit (Enterobacteria), and Gram-positive with API Staph (Staphylococci). Finally, the limit temperature for strain growth was tested using spectrophotometry readings at 554 nm at 10 and 15&deg;C at three different times: 0, 3 and 6 h. The mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts for fresh fish samples ranged from 6.03 - 8.23 log CFU/g for piramutaba and 4.52 - 7.24 log CFU/g for butterfly peacock bass. The count ranges of psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria found were 6.14 - 8.56 log CFU/g and 4.52 - 7.24 log CFU/g for piramutaba and butterfly peacock bass, respectively. They also had an average score above 103 MPN/g for total coliforms. Sixteen different strains were isolated. The most predominant were Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Enterobacter intermedius. When subjected to temperatures of 10 and 15&deg;C, the strains did not achieve growth for 6 h at a 95% significance level. Key words: Fish, Cichla ocellaris, Brachyplatystoma vailantii, microflora.