Adipose Tissue Composition Research Articles

Myosteatosis is an independent risk factor for overt hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting.

The relationship between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue compositions and risk of overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) treatment needs to be investigated. A total of 282 patients were collected from two medical centres. The median time of follow-up was 48.23 + 1.36 months and the first-year results of all patients after TIPS therapy were collected. The muscle and adipose tissue indices were quantified at the third lumbar vertebra level. Sarcopenia and myosteatosis were defined according to previous researches. Receiver operating characteristic curves, chi-square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to investigate the potential association between muscle and adipose indices, sarcopenia, myosteatosis and the risk of developing post-TIPS OHE. All skeletal muscle indices, adipose tissue indices and sarcopenia had limited associations with post-TIPS OHE. Myosteatosis (148 cases, 52.5%, 55 with OHE, 37.2%) was identified as an independent risk factor for post-TIPS OHE. with P < 0.001 in Chi-square test, P < 0.001, odds ratio (OR): 2.854, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.632-4.993 in univariate logistic regression analyses, and P = 0.007, OR: 2.372, 95% CI: 1.268-4.438 in multivariate logistic regression analyses, respectively. Our results showed that myosteatosis was proven as an independent risk factor for the development of post-TIPS OHE.

Association between polyunsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue and mortality of colorectal cancer patients

IntroductionNutritional intake and dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism play a role in the progression of various tumors, but the consumption of fatty acids is difficult to assess accurately with dietary questionnaires. Biomarkers can objectively assess intake, storage and bioavailability. ObjectiveWe studied the association between the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (good indicator of dietary intake over 2–3 years) and all-cause mortality. MethodsIn the multicenter AGARIC study, samples from 203 patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) undergoing curative surgery, were harvested from subcutaneous adipose tissue, which were then analyzed for PUFA composition. ResultsAfter a median follow-up of 45 months, 76 patients died. These patients were more often men (72.4% versus 57.5%, P = 0.04), diabetic (32.9% versus 13.4%, P = 0.001), old (median: 74.5 versus 66.6 years, P < 0.001) and with high alcohol consumption (47.4% versus 30.7%, P = 0.005). An increased risk of death was observed with higher levels of 20:2 ω-6 (hazard ratiotertile3 vstertile1 (HRT3vsT1) 2.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–4.42; p-trend = 0.04), 22:4 ω-6 (HRT3vsT1 = 3.52; 95% CI = 1.51–8.17; p-trend = 0.005), and 22:5 ω-6 (HRT3vsT1 = 3.50; 95% CI = 1.56–7.87; p-trend = 0.002). Conversely, the risk of death seemed lower when higher concentrations of 18:3 ω-6 (HRT3vsT1 = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.27–0.99; p-trend = 0.04) and the essential fatty acid, α-linolenic acid 18:3 ω-3 (HRT3vsT1 = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.24–0.93; p-trend = 0.03) were observed. ConclusionThe risk of death was increased in CRC patients with higher concentrations of certain ω-6 PUFAs and lower concentrations of α-linolenic acid in their subcutaneous adipose tissue. These results reflect dietary habits and altered fatty acid metabolism. Our exploratory results warrant confirmation in larger studies with further exploration of the mechanisms involved.

Tibetan tea consumption prevents obesity by modulating the cellular composition and metabolic reprogramming of white adipose tissue.

Obesity, a global health concern, is linked with numerous metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Tibetan tea, a traditional Chinese beverage rich in theabrownin, is investigated in this study for its potential anti-obesity effects. Our work demonstrates that Tibetan tea consumption in C57BL/6J mice significantly mitigates obesity-related phenotypic changes without altering energy intake. Computational prediction revealed that Tibetan tea consumption reconstructs gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT), promoting lipid catabolism and thereby increasing energy expenditure. We also note that Tibetan tea suppresses inflammation in WAT, reducing adipocyte hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, Tibetan tea induces profound metabolic reprogramming, influencing amino acid metabolic pathways, specifically enhancing glutamine synthesis, which in turn suppresses pro-inflammatory chemokine production. These findings highlight Tibetan tea as a potential candidate in obesity prevention, providing a nuanced understanding of its capacity to modulate the cellular composition and metabolic landscape of WAT.

Le tissu adipeux dans tous ses états : dernières avancées: The different colours and functions of adipose tissue: what’s new?

Obesity represents a growing global health issue today. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the formation, growth, and function of adipose tissue is crucial in combating this disease and its associated complications, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In France, obesity is on the rise, particularly among young adults and children. In this review, we discuss the cellular composition of white adipose tissue, highlighting recent advances in the characterisation of various cell populations. We also explore the metabolic implications of body fat distribution, emphasizing the importance of brown and beige adipose tissues in metabolism regulation. These thermogenic tissues offer significant metabolic benefits, opening up promising opportunities in research and development of therapeutic strategies to address obesity-related metabolic disorders. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between cellular senescence and obesity-related metabolic dysfunction, along with new research in the field of intercellular communication and mitochondrial recycling. Finally, this review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the understanding of obesity at adipose cells level.© 2023 Société francophone nutrition clinique et métabolisme (SFNCM).Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Body Mass Index, but not Visceral Abdominal Obesity and Insulin Resistance, Negatively Impacts White Matter Microstructure in Midlife

AbstractBackgroundMidlife obesity, as evidenced by high body mass index (BMI), is increasingly understood as a risk factor for development of Alzheimer’s disease. Importantly, visceral fat, by producing adipokines, contributes to inflammation as well as insulin resistance, mechanisms involved in development of Alzheimer’s disease. Herein, we aimed to assess association of white matter microstructure, measured by Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), with obesity and abdominal adipose tissue composition at midlife.MethodA total of 34 middle‐aged (age: 51.27 ± 6.12 years, BMI: 32.28 ± 6.39 kg/m2), cognitively normal participants, underwent bloodwork, brain and abdominal MRI. Insulin resistance status was assessed using Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT, SAT) were automatically segmented using VOXel Analysis Suite (Voxa) and VAT/SAT ratio was calculated. A diffusion spectrum imaging scheme with a total of 98 diffusion samplings and a voxel size of 2 mm was acquired. Using DSI studio (https://dsi‐studio.labsolver.org/), the diffusion data were reconstructed using generalized q‐sampling imaging and the tensor metrics were calculated. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean, axial, and radial diffusivity (MD, AD, RD, respectively) for white matter tracts were compared across study groups using one‐way ANOVA. Multiple regression models with sex, age, and education as covariates were used to assess the association of BMI, VAT/SAT ratio, and HOMA‐IR with DTI metrics.ResultOur data showed that BMI was negatively associated with AD values in right inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus, tapetum and forceps major of Corpus Callosum (CC), superior and middle cerebellar peduncle, and bilateral reticular tract. The negative association of BMI with AD values in tapetum of CC was significant only in women. Right reticular tract MD and superior cerebellar peduncle MD and RD values were also significantly associated with BMI. There were no significant associations between neither of diffusion metrics and VAT/SAT ratio or HOMA‐IR.ConclusionAssociation of midlife obesity with lower axonal diffusivity, reflective of lower white matter integrity, with differential patterns in men and women especially in CC, is in line with previous findings in healthy individuals. Reduced axonal diffusivity in reticular and brain stem pathways could be indicative of early dysregulations observed in Alzheimer’s disease.

Mitochondrial Common Deletion Level in Adipose Tissue Is Not Associated with Obesity but Is Associated with a Structural Change in Triglycerides as Revealed by FTIR Spectroscopy

Objective: Several studies have shown that mitochondrial metabolism may be disrupted if the rate of the specific 4,977 bp deletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) reaches a threshold. This study aimed to investigate the possible associations between the mtDNA4977 deletion load and obesity-related metabolic abnormalities in the adipose tissue. Methods: The study included thirty obese individuals, who underwent bariatric surgery, and twelve control subjects. mtDNA4977 deletion, adenine nucleotides, and lactate levels, which show the bioenergetic status were evaluated in visceral adipose tissues. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the structural variations and composition of adipose tissues in the context of deletion load. Results: There were no differences between the two groups in terms of mtDNA4977 deletion, adenine nucleotides, and lactate levels. The FTIR spectra indicated a few obesity-related alterations in adipose tissues that were not related to the mtDNA deletion load. Also, statistical analysis showed a correlation between the deletion load and a band shift of 1,744 cm−1, which assigns C = O stretching of the carbonyl group of the ester group in triglycerides and other esterified fatty acids, although it is not associated with obesity. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the mtDNA4977 deletion in visceral adipose tissues of obese individuals do not have a significant impact on the bioenergetic status. However, the increased accumulation of deletion may be associated with a specific change in the ester bond, indicating structural differences in the lipids. These findings shed light on our understanding of the tissue-specific distribution of mtDNA deletions and obesity-related adipose tissue pathogeneses.

Sustainable utilization of unsaleable walnut kernel in substitution for corn grain in the diet of fattening lambs improves growth performance and meat quality.

As a cost-effective typical co-product of walnut processing; this study aimed to investigate the effects of feeding poor quality, unsaleable walnut kernel, also known as wasted walnut (WW) kernel, on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid (FA) composition of fattening lambs. The experiment was conducted using 24 fattening lambs (27 ±1.07 kg initial BW) assigned to two total mixed concentrate-based diets, over a 80-day experimental period on a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were: 1) WW (10% WW), and 2) CON (without WW). Average daily and total gain, and final weight increased with WW inclusion (P < 0.05). Also, a significant enhancement in feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) and carcass cooler shrink loss (P = 0.03) were observed by feeding WW. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not influenced by feeding WW as did carcass prime cuts, meat, bone and fat-tail; however, the backfat thickness was increased (P = 0.01). WW inclusion reduced cholesterol and increased protein load in muscle tissue (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, this inclusion led to higher concentration of vaccenic acid (VA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and C20 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA), total n3 and n6 PUFA in muscle and fat-tail (P ≤ 0.05). Due to enhanced animal performance, also chemical and FA composition of muscle and adipose tissue, WW can be included in fattening lamb diets as a rich source of protein and PUFA.

Integrative Analysis of Transcriptomic and Lipidomic Profiles Reveals a Differential Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Mechanism among Ningxiang Pig and Berkshires, and Their Offspring.

Adipose tissue composition contributes greatly to the quality and nutritional value of meat. Transcriptomic and lipidomic techniques were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the differences in fat deposition in Ningxiang pigs, Berkshires and F1 offspring. Transcriptomic analysis identified 680, 592, and 380 DEGs in comparisons of Ningxiang pigs vs. Berkshires, Berkshires vs. F1 offspring, and Ningxiang pigs vs. F1 offspring. The lipidomic analysis screened 423, 252, and 50 SCLs in comparisons of Ningxiang pigs vs. Berkshires, Berkshires vs. F1 offspring, and Ningxiang pigs vs. F1 offspring. Lycine, serine, and the threonine metabolism pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism-related pathways were significantly enriched in comparisons of Berkshires vs. Ningxiang pigs and Berkshires vs. F1 offspring. The DEGs (PHGDH, LOC110256000) and the SCLs (phosphatidylserines) may have a great impact on the glycine, serine, and the threonine metabolism pathway. Moreover, the DEGs (FASN, ACACA, CBR4, SCD, ELOV6, HACD2, CYP3A46, CYP2B22, GPX1, and GPX3) and the SCLs (palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and icosadienoic acid) play important roles in the fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism of fatty acids. Thus, the difference in fat deposition among Ningxiang pig, Berkshires, and F1 offspring may be caused by differences in the expression patterns of key genes in multiple enriched KEGG pathways. This research revealed multiple lipids that are potentially available biological indicators and screened key genes that are potential targets for molecular design breeding. The research also explored the molecular mechanisms of the difference in fat deposition among Ningxiang pig, Berkshires, and F1 pigs, and provided an insight into selection for backfat thickness and the fat composition of adipose tissue for future breeding strategies.

Enhancing long-term memory through strength training: An experimental study in adult and middle-aged rats

The study aimed to explore the impact of strength training on long-term memory in adult and middle-aged rodents, specifically male Wistar rats aged 9 and 20 months. These rats were divided into two groups: one sedentary (SED) and the other trained (ST) for a period of 12 weeks. The strength training involved squatting exercises using adapted equipment, while the sedentary group maintained their regular, non-exercised routine. Behavioral tasks assessing mobility, anxiety, and multiple facets of memory, such as object recognition memory (ORM), social recognition memory (SRM), and object location memory (OLM), were conducted post-training. The findings were promising, revealing a generally beneficial impact of strength training on memory tasks across both age groups. Specifically, the ORM tasks showed facilitated and improved learning in both adult and middle-aged rats that underwent training. In contrast, OLM displayed only a facilitatory effect in both age groups, meaning that while the trained rats learned the task, they did not outperform the sedentary group. For SRM, a facilitatory effect was observed only in the adult group. In addition to the cognitive benefits, strength training was found to have an anxiolytic effect in the 9-month-old rats and positively affected body mass and adipose tissue composition. Notably, the study correlated the strength gains from the training with improved performance in memory tasks. These outcomes provide crucial insights into the potential of exercise-based interventions to bolster cognitive health and mitigate age-related cognitive decline.

O.4.3-3 Optimising time-use data to determine the optimal balance between 24-hour movement behaviours for the prevention of childhood obesity

Abstract Purpose This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the associations between 24-hour movement behaviours and adiposity and to determine optimal durations for sleep, sedentary behaviour (SB), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MPVA) for preventing childhood obesity. Methods The study involved 659 Czech children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years, whose 24-hour movement behaviours were measured using wrist-worn accelerometers. Data on sleep duration and time spent in SB, LPA, and MPVA were derived from raw acceleration data recorded for seven consecutive days. Healthy adiposity status was defined as any value of the adiposity indicator below the 85th percentile. The study employed compositional regression analysis to investigate the association between movement behaviour composition and adiposity. An 'optimal day' was defined as the compositional mean of all compositions that were associated with a healthy adiposity status. Results We found a significant association between the composition of movement behaviours and visceral adipose tissue (F = 3.672, p = 0.013) in children and the percentage of fat mass (F = 2.733, p = 0.044) in adolescents. The optimal durations of movement behaviours differed across various age groups. For children, the optimal balance of movement behaviours consisted of 8.5 hours of sleep, 10.8 hours of SB, 3.9 hours of LPA, and 0.8 hours of MVPA. For adolescents, the 'optimal day' consisted of 7.5 hours of sleep, 12.4 hours of SB, 3.5 hours of LPA and 0.5 hours of MVPA. Conclusions It seems crucial to optimise the duration of sleep, SB, and physical activity of varying intensities to prevent excess adiposity. Additionally, age-specific variations should be considered while suggesting the most appropriate durations for 24-hour movement behaviours to prevent childhood obesity. Funding source This research was funded by research grants from the Czech Science Foundation (18-09188S and 22-02392S).

Adipose tissue composition determines its computed tomography radiodensity.

Adipose tissue radiodensity in computed tomography (CT) performed before surgeries can predict surgical difficulty. Despite its clinical importance, little is known about what influences radiodensity. This study combines desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) with machine learning to unveil how chemical composition of adipose tissue determines its radiodensity. Patients in the study underwent abdominal surgeries. Before surgery, CT radiodensity of fat near operated sites was measured. Fifty-three fat samples were collected and analyzed by DESI-MSI, ESI, and histology, and then sorted by radiodensity, demographic parameters, and adipocyte size. A non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm was developed to differentiate between high and low radiodensities. No associations between radiodensity and patient age, gender, weight, height, or fat origin were found. Body mass index showed negative correlation with radiodensity. A substantial difference in chemical composition between adipose tissues of high and low radiodensities was observed. More radiodense tissues exhibited greater abundance of high molecular weight species, such as phospholipids of various types, ceramides, cholesterol esters and diglycerides, and about 70% smaller adipocyte size. Less radiodense tissue showed high abundance of short acyl-tail fatty acids. This study unveils the connection between abdominal adipose tissue radiodensity and its chemical composition. Because the radiodensity of the fat around the surgical site is associated with surgical difficulty, it is important to understand how adipose tissue composition affects this parameter. We conclude that fat tissue with a higher content of various phospholipids and waxy lipids is more CT radiodense. This study establishes the connection between the CT radiodensity of adipose tissue and its chemical composition. Clinicians may use this information for preoperative planning of surgical procedures, potentially modifying their surgical approach (for example, performing partial nephrectomy openly rather than laparoscopically). • Adipose tissue radiodensity values in computed tomography images taken prior to the surgery can potentially predict surgery difficulty. • Fifty-three human specimens were analyzed by advanced mass spectrometry, molecular imaging, and machine learning to establish the key features that determine Hounsfield units' values of adipose tissue. • The findings of this research will enable clinicians to better prepare for surgical procedures and select operative strategies.

Lipid remodeling of adipose tissue in metabolic health and disease.

Adipose tissue is a dynamic and metabolically active organ that plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis and endocrine function. Recent advancements in lipidomics techniques have enabled the study of the complex lipid composition of adipose tissue and its role in metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In addition, adipose tissue lipidomics has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders and identifying bioactive lipid mediators and potential therapeutic targets. This review aims to summarize recent lipidomics studies that investigated the dynamic remodeling of adipose tissue lipids in response to specific physiological changes, pharmacological interventions, and pathological conditions. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of lipid remodeling in adipose tissue and explore the recent identification of bioactive lipid mediators generated in adipose tissue that regulate adipocytes and systemic metabolism. We propose that manipulating lipid-mediator metabolism could serve as a therapeutic approach for preventing or treating obesity-related metabolic diseases.

Dietary methylmercury and fatty acids affect the lipid metabolism of adipose tissue and liver in rainbow trout

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a pervasive environmental contaminant in aquatic ecosystems that can reach elevated concentrations in fish of high trophic levels, such as salmonids. The present study aims at investigating the individual and combined impacts of dietary MeHg and fatty acids on lipid metabolism in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a focus on two key organs, adipose tissue and liver. MeHg and fatty acids are both known to act on energy homeostasis although little is known about their interplay on lipid metabolism in fish. Fish were fed diets enriched in linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6), α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) for ten weeks, with the addition of MeHg to the diets during the last six weeks (0, 2.4 or 5.5 mg MeHg/kg dry matter). LA and ALA are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) typical of plant-derived oils whereas EPA and DHA are n-3 long chain PUFA largely found in fish oil, all used in feed formulation in aquaculture. The results showed that the LA-enriched diet induced a higher whole-body lipid content compared to the three other diets. On the contrary, the addition of MeHg led to a significant reduction of the whole-body lipid content, regardless of the diet. Interestingly, the adipocytes were larger both in presence of LA, compared to EPA and DHA, or MeHg, indicating a lipogenic effect of these two compounds. No effect was, however, observed on lipid accumulation per gram of adipose tissue. The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and liver was significantly modified by the dietary lipids, reflecting both the fatty acid composition of the diets and the high bioconversion capacity of the rainbow trout. Exposure to MeHg selectively led to a release of n-6 PUFA from the hepatic membranes of fish fed the LA-enriched diet, showing a disruption of the pathways using n-6 PUFA. This study highlights the significant impact of MeHg exposure and dietary fatty acids on lipid metabolism in fish. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to explore the potential involvement of other organs.

Influence of nutritional status and body mass index of patients on the prognosis and course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The problem of the relationship of nutritional status with the risk of development, course features and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is of considerable scientific and practical interest, but remains poorly understood. However, in clinical practice, it is customary to calculate only the body mass index, but this indicator cannot provide a complete characterization of the nutritional status. We have reviewed the data of publications indicating the conditionality of the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by the value of the body mass index, the amount of muscle mass of the body and such parameters of adipose tissue as its distribution in the body, hormonal activity and production of systemic chronic inflammation markers. To assess the dynamics of body mass index and spirometric parameters in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 76 publications that were selected by the keywords COPD, BMI in the Scopus, PubMed, eLibrary databases for 19952022, were analyzed. Correlation analysis was carried out using Spearman's test. As a result, there was a trend towards an increase in body mass index in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in different countries and an improvement in spirographic parameters in a cohort of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease over time. The data of the reviewed studies indicate the presence of a relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and nutritional status. At the same time, the mechanisms of the relationship between the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and adipose tissue dysfunction, as well as the role of adipose tissue and body composition in the course of the disease and its prognosis, have not been sufficiently studied.

Association of Visceral Fat Index with Coronary Collateral Circulation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract: Background: Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) is a network of anastomosing channels, established by heart in response to ischemia of myocardium. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and BMI are well established risk factors for development of poor CCC. Good CCC minimizes symptoms of angina, reduce the size of infarcts and prevent adverse cardiac events. The current research study was designed to find out the association of visceral adiposity and development of CCC among patients with coronary artery disease. Materials and Methods: The prospective study, conducted in Civil Hospital Karachi, comprised of 270 patients of coronary artery disease. According to the Rentrop Cohen categorization, patients were placed into two groups: the group with good collateral circulation having Rentrop grades i2-3 (n = 140) and the group with poor collateral circulation having Rentrop grades i0-1(n = 130). Rentrop score was determined by angiography. Segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer was used to determine body fat mass and body muscle mass. Using Omron body fat and weight measurement systems, visceral fat index (VFI) was evaluated to determine the composition of visceral adipose tissue. SPSS was used for data analysis (Version 22). To assess the independent risk factor for poor CCC, logistic regression analysis was used. ROC curve was constructed to assess the efficacy of VFI in identifying CCC. Results: Overall, good collateral circulations were observed in 51.9% (n=140) of CAD patients, whereas poor collateral circulations were ound in 48.1% (n=130) of patients. Poor CCC was significantly associated with hypertension (OR=3, 95%CI= 0.111-8.231, p = .001) and VFI (OR=2, 95%CI= 1.451-3.567, p =.001). ROC analysis revealed a VFI &gt; 9 to be a potential predictor of poor CCC with AUC=0.9, sensitivity of 95.00% and specificity of 86%. Conclusion: The current study concluded that greater VFI and concomitant hypertension considerably increase the likelihood of having poor CCC, therefore, visceral adiposity can be considered as a potential target for preventing poor collateral circulation in patients with established cardiac disease.

1666-P: ScRNAseq–Based Analysis of the Stromal Immune Cell Composition in Murine Preweaning and Adult White Adipose Tissues

Early postnatal adipose growth is essential to establish a functional metabolism. Conversely, proportional adipose expansion in adults results in insulin resistance. Despite adipocytes, immune cells play a pivotal role in orchestrating adipose tissue function and expansion. To this end, we performed an in-depth analysis of scRNAseq data of immune cell populations of 2 weeks (pre-weaning) and 8 weeks old (adult) murine subcutaneous and perigonadal adipose depots. Our analysis revealed 15 distinct immune cell clusters. Most immune cell types were found in all depots and ages. Among the detected T-cell populations, we only observed differences in the abundance of naïve T cells, which were predominantly found in in subcutaneous white adipose tissue, irrespective of age. Similar to human, we could define several murine macrophage subtypes. Among them, perivascular macrophages (PVM) were predominantly found in subcutaneous white adipose tissue of 2 weeks old mice. RNA-velocity analysis and pseudotime trajectory construction suggested a developmental trajectory from lipid-associated macrophages (LAM) to PVM, which was further corroborated by analysis of gene expression dynamics resolved along latent time of white adipose tissue macrophages from 2 weeks old mice. Further analysis revealed that the top-ranked 100 genes of LAM were associated with the regulation of endothelial cell migration and proliferation (Nrp1, Grn, Glul, Sash1, Ccl24), blood vessel morphogenesis (Nrp1, Tgfbr2) and the regulation of epithelial cell proliferation. In summary, we provide a comprehensive overview of the immune cell composition of pre-weaning and adults murine adipose tissues. Moreover, we provide in-depth analysis of T-cell and macrophage populations and their relationship and dependency based on mRNA expression analysis. Disclosure X. Yan: None. V. Miok: None. R. Karlina: None. A. Böttcher: None. D. Lutter: None. H. Lickert: Research Support; Eli Lilly and Company. C. Garcia Caceres: None. S. Ussar: Research Support; Novo Nordisk. Funding China Scholarship Council (201908370218)

Three-dimensional numerical evaluation of skin surface thermal contrast by application of hypothermia at different depths and sizes of the breast tumor

Background and Objective: Thermal procedures can provide improvements in the thermal contrast of thermographic images in an attempt to diagnose early cases of breast cancer. This work aims to analyze the thermal contrast of different stages and depths of breast tumors from hypothermia treatment using an active thermography analysis. The influence of variation in metabolic heat generation and adipose tissue composition on thermal contrasts is also analyzed.Methods: The proposed methodology was based on the solution of the Pennes equation for a three-dimensional model similar to the real anatomy of the breast by commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics. The thermal procedure consists of three steps: Stationary, hypothermia and thermal recovery. During hypothermia, the boundary condition of the external surface was replaced by a constant temperature of 0, 5, 10, and 15 ∘C, simulating a gel pack, for cooling times of up to 20 min. In the thermal recovery, after the removal of the cooling, the breast was submitted again to the condition of natural convection on the external surface.Results: Thermal contrasts in superficial tumors, for all hypothermia resulted in improvements in thermographs. For smallest tumor, the use of high resolution and sensitive thermal imaging cameras to acquire this thermal change may be necessary. For tumor of diameter of 10 cm, cooling from 0 ∘C can increase the thermal contrast by up to 136% compared to the passive thermography. Analyzes with deeper tumors showed very small temperature variations. Even so, the thermal contrast gain in cooling at 0 ∘C for the tumor with a diameter of 1 cm reached 37% in relation to passive thermography.Conclusions: Thus, this work contributes as an important tool in the analysis of the appropriate use of hypothermia for different cases in early stages of breast cancer, considering that long times are needed to obtain the best thermal contrast.

Functional activity of the adrenal glands in type 2 diabetes patients with different hormonal and metabolic phenotypes

Background. Clinical trials showed a number of additional phenotypes of metabolic syndrome. All of them differ in the type of metabolic disorders and the composition of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Some of phenotypes have a number of clinical and metabolic similarities with endogenous or exogenous hypercorticism syndromes. The purpose was to characterize the functional activity of the adrenal glands in type 2 diabetes depending on the phenotypic features: the degree of general obesity and the level of visceral fat. Material and methods. Our trial included 89 patients with type 2 diabetes (46 men and 43 women) aged 32 to 85 years. The examination included evaluation of anthropometric parameters, body composition by the bioelectrical impedance method, assessment of the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the level of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) in blood serum, and the activity of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) enzyme. Results. Insulin and C-peptide levels were significantly lower in the non-obese group. The cortisol/DHEAS ratio was elevated in both subgroups with high levels of visceral fat as possible marker of imbalance of anabolic and catabolic hormones. In addition, the concentration of the cortisol, measured in the blood serum of the patients after waking up, was within the normal range. However, the average value in both groups was closer to its upper ranges. This may suggest the presence of subclinical hypercortisolism caused by an increased activity of 11β-HSD, which contributes to the local production of cortisol in visceral adipose tissue. Conclusions. The hormonal and metabolic changes that we found in our groups of patients with type 2 diabetes may indicate anabolic-catabolic imbalance, which is manifested both in the features of the topography of adipose tissue and in changes of metabolic processes, i.e. form the special metabolic phenotype with a catabolic or anabolic axis. Detection the subgroups at high risk allows to develop pathogenetic approaches to the most targeted comprehensive correction of existing violations.

Effects of high-grain diet feeding on fatty acid profiles in milk, blood, muscle, and adipose tissue, and transcriptional expression of lipid-related genes in muscle and adipose tissue of dairy cows

BackgroundHigh-grain (HG) diets affect lipid metabolism in the liver and mammary tissue of dairy cows, but its effects on muscle and adipose tissue have not been wide evaluated. Thus, the aim of this study is to clarify this issue.MethodsTwelve Holstein cows were randomly divided into two groups: conventional diet group (CON, n = 6) and the HG diet group (n = 6). On day 7 of week 4, rumen fluid was sampled to measure pH, milk was sampled to measure components, and blood was sampled to measure biochemical parameters and fatty acid composition. After the experiment, cows were slaughtered to collect muscle and adipose tissue for fatty acid composition and transcriptome analysis.ResultsHG feeding decreased the ruminal pH, milk’s fat content and long-chain fatty acid proportion (P < 0.05) and increased the proportion of short- and medium-chain fatty acids in the milk (P < 0.05) as compared with CON diets. The concentrations of blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the HG cows were lower than those in CON cows (P < 0.05). In muscle tissue, HG feeding tended to increase the triacylglycerol (TG) concentration (P < 0.10). Transcriptome analysis revealed changes in the biosynthesis of the unsaturated fatty acids pathway, the regulation of lipolysis in the adipocytes pathway, and the PPAR signalling pathway. In adipose tissue, HG feeding increased the concentration of TG and decreased the concentration of C18:1 cis9 (P < 0.05). At the transcriptome level, the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, linoleic acid metabolism pathway, and PPAR signalling pathway were activated.ConclusionHG feeding leads to subacute rumen acidosis and a decreased milk fat content. The fatty acid profiles in the milk and plasma of dairy cows were changed by HG feeding. In muscle and adipose tissue, HG feeding increased TG concentration and up-regulated the expression of genes related to adipogenesis, while down-regulated the expression of genes related to lipid transport. These results complement our knowledge of the fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue in dairy cows and expand our understanding of the mechanisms by which HG diets affect lipid metabolism in muscle and adipose tissue.

Methodology of adipose tissue type detection in mammals

Nowadays, an interest in studying the composition, properties and functions of adipose tissue (AT) is growing among researchers, which is conditioned by its important role in the normal functioning of the body. Due to different types of adipose tissue (AT) in mammals (white, beige, brown and pink) and different physiological tasks performed by each type of AT, rapid, correct and effective detection of an AT type is highly topical. Methods used today are labor consuming and in the case of NMR and CT expensive, which limits possibilities of scientists. In this connection, the aim of this research was to develop a methodological approach allowing rapid and effective detection of an adipose tissue type. A methodology was formed based on the concept, formalized requirements for the method, step-wise structure of investigations and interpretation of results. The concept is based on differences in the structure of the adipose cell (adipocyte) of different AT types. The method is based on extraction of heme containing proteins. To this end, solvents and parameters of extraction that facilitate their better extraction have been chosen. An AT type has been determined by the total content of iron contained in the cytochrome fragment. Our own modification was selected. This modification includes preliminary mincing of a sample with the ice-cold TES buffer (pH 8.5) in a ratio of 1:5 (g: mL), homogenization at 9,000 rpm for 2 min with the following centrifugation at 10,000 g and 4 °C for 15 min. Effectiveness of the proposed method was confirmed by the histological and electrophoretic analyses. Therefore, the new methodology of identification and differentiation of adipocytes was proposed for rapid and effective detection of an adipose tissue type.