Composite System Research Articles

Effect of Composite Fibers and Fly Ash on the Properties of Portland–Sulfoaluminate Composite Cement-Based Grouting Sealing Materials

Current conventional cement materials are no longer able to meet the actual usage needs of geotechnical engineering. In order to improve the workability of cement materials used in geotechnical, transportation, and mining engineering, it is necessary to improve the formulation of cement materials. Polypropylene fibers (PVAF), polyvinyl alcohol fibers (PPF), and fly ash (FA) are used in this study to modify Portland–sulfoaluminate composite cement to improve the workability of the cement material system. Meanwhile, the microstructure that affects the system performance was also studied. The research results indicate that adding FA to the composite cement system can improve its fluidity. In the later stage of hydration, due to the volcanic ash reaction, the production of hydration products will increase, but it will not affect the type of hydration products. Adding PPF-PVAF can effectively improve the strength performance of the cement system. The compressive strength reached 24.61 MPa after 28 days of curing, which was 13.8% higher than the blank sample. Adding calcium hydroxide powder and FA to the system can improve the fluidity of the cement system to a certain extent and positively impact the later strength. After 28 days of curing, the compressive strength of experimental group 9 reached 30.21 MPa, which increased by 70.5% compared to after 7 days These results were found at the microscopic level, based on analyses via XRD, TG, and SEM. The Mix-EXP cured for 28 days has better hydration product content and composition arrangement of cement slurry than the O-S-C cured for 28 days.

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Forces of Production-Living-Ecological Space in Arid Ecological Transition Zone Based on Functional and Structural Perspectives: A Case Study of the Hexi Corridor

The rational allocation of land resources is crucial to ensuring human well-being, livelihood, and survival. The study of Production-Living-Ecological Space (PLES) provides new perspectives on land resource allocation. However, few studies have assessed the feasibility of PLES optimization in ecological transition zones. For this study, using the composite functional space classification method, a classification and functional utility scoring system were constructed. Various methods, including dynamic attitude, transfer matrix, and spatial autocorrelation, were employed to characterize the evolution of the quantity and quality of PLES in the Hexi Corridor. Moreover, the mechanisms driving these changes were explored using a geodetector. Our findings revealed that: (1) The distribution of Production-Ecological Space (PES) is higher in the west and south and lower in the east and north. Production-Living Space (PLS) is scattered. Ecological-Production Space (EPS) is mostly distributed in the south or west, whereas Ecological Space (ES) is mainly located in the north and west of the Hexi Corridor. (2) From 1980 to 2020, the area of PES and PLS increased by 2037.84 km2 and 673 km2, respectively; the area of EPS was relatively stable, and the area of ES decreased by 2523.06 km2. (3) The evolution of PLES quality indicated that the high functional utility area of PES and PLS was roughly the same as the expanded functional utility area, whereas the expanded functional utility area of EPS and ES is similar to the median functional utility area. (4) The spatiotemporal evolution of PLES is closely linked to natural, economic, and social factors.

Carbon nitride/polyaniline/metal oxide composite system endows epoxy resin with reinforcements in the fire safety, thermal stability, and water resistance

AbstractReducing the fire risk of epoxy coatings has been a significant focus in the research of thermosetting resin materials. Various carbon nitride/polyaniline/metal oxide hybrids (CNPMOs) were synthesized using in‐situ oxidative polymerization and modified adsorption methods. Combustion analysis results indicated that CNPMOs effectively reduced the heat release of epoxy coatings during combustion. The epoxy coatings containing various CNPMOs (EFe, EY, and ETi) exhibited excellent smoke suppression and toxicity reduction properties. Furthermore, in comparison to the pure sample (E0) and reference sample (E1), the epoxy coatings EFe, EY, and ETi demonstrated improved thermal stability. In water resistance tests, the water absorption rates of EFe, EY, and ETi were significantly lower than that of E0. The CNPMOs enhanced the hydrophobicity of the epoxy coating to better protect the substrate in humid environments.

Polydiolcitrate-MoS2 Composite for 3D Printing Radio-Opaque, Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds.

Implantable polymeric biodegradable devices, such as biodegradable vascular scaffolds, cannot be fully visualized using standard X-ray-based techniques, compromising their performance due to malposition after deployment. To address this challenge, we describe a new radiopaque and photocurable liquid polymer-ceramic composite (mPDC-MoS2) consisting of methacrylated poly(1,12 dodecamethylene citrate) (mPDC) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets. The composite was used as an ink with microcontinuous liquid interface production (μCLIP) to fabricate bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS). Prints exhibited excellent crimping and expansion mechanics without strut failures and, importantly, with X-ray visibility in air and muscle tissue. Notably, MoS2 nanosheets displayed physical degradation over time in phosphate-buffered saline solution, suggesting the potential for producing radiopaque, fully bioresorbable devices. mPDC-MoS2 is a promising bioresorbable X-ray-visible composite material suitable for 3D printing medical devices, such as vascular scaffolds, that require noninvasive X-ray-based monitoring techniques for implantation and evaluation. This innovative biomaterial composite system holds significant promise for the development of biocompatible, fluoroscopically visible medical implants, potentially enhancing patient outcomes and reducing medical complications.

Flutter Optimization of Carbon/Epoxy Plates Based on a Fast Tree Algorithm

This study focuses on optimizing carbon/epoxy laminate configurations to maximize the flutter speed of composite structures using a Fast Tree Regression algorithm. Initially, a seed dataset was created, using finite element method (FEM) modal analysis for common stack-ups used in composite fins and UAV components. The FEM analysis, based on the Lanczos algorithm for extracting modal frequencies in bending and torsion, was verified through experimental modal analysis using an AS-4/3501-6 composite system. Custom software was developed to interface with the FEA modal software, enabling the generation and augmentation of laminate dataset scenarios. The seed dataset was expanded until the coefficient of determination (R2) reached at least 0.95. Various regression algorithms, including Fast Forest Regression, Fast Tree Regression, Sdca Regression, and Lbfgs Poisson Regression, were evaluated. The Fast Tree Regression algorithm was selected for further analysis due to its superior performance. This algorithm was applied to a design space of nearly 2000 potential laminate candidates, focusing on symmetric lay-ups to avoid undesirable coupling between bending and torsion in UAV and missile control surfaces. The final optimized lay-ups, exhibit the highest Delta function values (the squared difference of modal frequencies in torsion and bending), indicating the expected highest flutter speeds. The results demonstrate the efficacy of tailored composite materials in achieving specific aerodynamic performance goals.

Design optimization and failure analysis of natural composite sandwich T-joints under pulling load conditions

This paper presents a structural analysis of composite sandwich T-joint systems respond to pulling loads. A finite element (FE) model of the T-joint structure was created with four geometrical models, and three different materials were used to compare the design and identify the failure locations. The stress-critical regions were identified within and beneath the Stringers, which are responsible for connecting the base and web panels and transferring loads. The FEA studies showed that T-joint fails due to high shear stress in the stringer, base panel (flange), web, and bolted joint areas. The combination of shear and tensile stress in the adhesive layer between the composite base panel and the stringers lead to failure. Furthermore, incorporating a circular hole in the web panel near the joint resulted in an 11.8 % reduction of failure load. Due to the intricate stress distribution and geometric variations in these joints, premature failure can occur. Therefore, meticulous attention is essential for wing structures at spar joints, especially under extreme load conditions. Despite the complex manufacturing process, the present conventional T-joint design is extremely effective. However, other designs for low-cost manufacturing were proposed and evaluated. The investigation determined that the sandwich structure exhibits a shear stress of 28.88 MPa and von Mises stresses of 57.75 MPa. These values are higher than those observed in design cases 1 and 2. Therefore, design case 3 is suitable for aeronautical applications.

High Areal Capacity Cation and Anionic Redox Solid-State Batteries Enabled by Transition Metal Sulfide Conversion.

Pure sulfur (S8 and Li2S) all solid-state batteries inherently suffer from low electronic conductivities, requiring the use of carbon additives, resulting in decreased active material loading at the expense of increased loading of the passive components. In this work, a transition metal sulfide in combination with lithium disulfide is employed as a dual cation-anion redox conversion composite cathode system. The transition metal sulfide undergoes cation redox, enhancing the electronic conductivity, whereas the lithium disulfide undergoes anion redox, enabling high-voltage redox conducive to achieving high energy densities. Carbon-free cathode composites with active material loadings above 6.0 mg cm-2 attaining areal capacities of ∼4 mAh cm-2 are demonstrated with the possibility to further increase the active mass loading above 10 mg cm-2 achieving cathode areal capacities above 6 mAh cm-2, albeit with less cycle stability. In addition, the effective partial transport and thermal properties of the composites are investigated to better understand FeS:Li2S cathode properties at the composite level. The work introduced here provides an alternative route and blueprint toward designing new dual conversion cathode systems, which can operate without carbon additives enabling higher active material loadings and areal capacities.

Research on new technology of resource-saving ultra-thin stone curtain wall

Ultra thin stone curtain wall technology is a resource-saving innovation. This article explores the application of ultra-thin stone in building exterior wall decoration, including pasted curtain walls, self insulated walls, AAC walls, and decorative insulation composite board exterior wall insulation systems. This technology has advantages such as thin thickness, light weight, low cost, convenient construction, and excellent self insulation performance. The key construction points include waterproofing, rust prevention treatment, use of high standard adhesives, embedding of steel wire mesh in the plaster layer, and small mortar joint technology. The future development direction should focus on innovation in the production technology of ultra-thin stone panels and new directions for stone products.

Multi-interfaced FeCoNi@C/carbon cloth composites for eliminating electromagnetic wave pollution

To tackle the increasing electromagnetic pollution, new and efficient electromagnetic wave absorption (EWA) and shielding (EWS) materials are urgently needed. Multi-component synergism and complex microstructure design are effective measures to improve the EWA and EWS properties. However, how to implement the above design still faces huge challenges. Herein, multi-interface carbon-coated FeCoNi nanoneedles grown on carbon cloth (FeCoNi@C/CC) were synthesized by a combination of hydrothermal process and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology with the concept of "green synthesis". Using acetylene as the carbon source and atmosphere, the FeCoNi ternary hydroxide can be transformed into a multiple magnetic component (Fe3O4, Ni, and Co metals) by simple annealing. Simultaneously, a uniform carbon layer is formed on the surface, resulting in a composite system with a variety of heterogeneous interfaces and loss mechanisms. Additionally, the dielectric and magnetic loss capacities can be effectively adjusted by changing the temperature of CVD. The optimized FeCoNi@C/CC as filler exhibits remarkable EWA performance with a minimum reflection loss of −69.3 dB at a thickness of 1.82 mm and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 6.80 GHz. Moreover, the composites as an integrated component also show a fascinating electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency of 42.2 dB. This work provides a guide for the structural design of high-performance electromagnetic protection materials with multi-heterogeneous interfaces.

Cerium dioxide nanozyme doped hybrid hydrogel with antioxidant and antibacterial abilities for promoting diabetic wound healing

Diabetic wounds are among the most severe chronic complications in patients with diabetes. Owing to the detrimental effects of high glucose and high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the wound microenvironment, diabetic wound healing is significantly challenging. To address the issues of elevated ROS levels and infection susceptibility in diabetic wounds, we designed a composite hydrogel system loaded with cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) and vancomycin. This hydrogel aimed to reshape the wound microenvironment by continuously consuming ROS and inhibiting infection. Experimental results demonstrated that the CeO2 NPs-loaded hydrogel demonstrated an 85.40% clearance rate of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and achieved over 90% inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and effectively promoted the healing of diabetic mouse wounds. This cerium dioxide nanozyme hybrid hydrogel system can exert antioxidative and antibacterial effects and serve as a wound dressing to promote the healing of infected diabetic wounds.

Composite water value: a way forward to balance the development and protection of transboundary lakes

Transboundary lakes are shared by multiple administrative regions. The key to balance the development and protection of transboundary lakes is to properly measure the value of water resources. Most of previous studies on the measurement of lake water resources value have not fully considered the ecosystem service function. This paper proposes a new concept “composite water value” to measure the value of transboundary lakes by integrating the external runoff value and the internal runoff value of water resources. The study constructs a composite water value measurement system for transboundary lakes, further analyzes its influencing factors,and applies the system to the case of Nansi Lake, a representative transboundary lake in eastern China. The results show that: (1) The composite water value of lakes is influenced by various factors, including industrial structure, water withdrawal, and water use methods, which impact the external runoff water value; meanwhile, the composite water quality and fluctuations in lake level are closely associated with the internal runoff water value. From 2008 to 2021, the average annual composite water value of Nansi Lake was 39.628 billion yuan, exhibiting a "rising-falling-fluctuating rising" trend due to pollution control policies, reduced precipitation, and enhanced water-saving technologies successively. (2) From a long-term perspective, it is necessary to focus on the internal runoff water use value of lakes. The internal runoff water value of Nansi Lake has been over 75% of the composite water value, and flood storage and water conservation are important manifestations of its ecosystem service value. (3) The external runoff water value of lake is closely related to the internal runoff water value, and relevant departments need to consider the balance between the water withdrawal of multiple cities along the lake and the retained water volume of the lake to achieve the maximum benefit of composite water value.

Constructing highly fluorescent temperature-sensitive materials in polymer dots/water-processable polymeric matrixes composite systems

Fluorescent temperature sensing (FTS) is an important optical property for fluorescent conjugated polymer (FCPs) based composites. Most FCPs-FTS composite films are processed using an organic phase. And the severe aggregation effects of FCPs in the solid state can lead to a significant reduction in fluorescence emission, which results in a substantial decrease in FTS sensitivity. To address the bottleneck issues, a new synergistic molecular mechanism based on hydrogen bonding and aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgen) motion in the polymer dots (Pdots)/water-processable substrates composite system has been implemented to enhance the sensitivity of FTS composite films. The distyreneanthracene (DSA) groups, as a typical AIEgen, have been introduced into the main chain of FCPs. These are co-assembled with polystyrene-b-poly (acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) to obtain Pdots in aqueous processing systems. After aqueous processing, waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can interact with Pdots, resulting in FTS composites with high sensitivity. The new synthetic strategy for preparing FTS composites is promising and deserves to be promoted for applications in optical sensing.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Hydrogen Barrier Performance of Modified Polyamide 6 Lining of IV Hydrogen Storage Tank with Graphene

The polymer liner of the hydrogen storage cylinder was studied to investigate better hydrogen storage capacity in Type-IV cylinders. Molecular dynamics methods were used to simulate the adsorption and diffusion processes of hydrogen in a graphene-filled polyamide 6 (PA6) system. The solubility and diffusion characteristics of hydrogen in PA6 systems filled with different filler ratios (3 wt%, 4 wt%, 5 wt%, 6 wt%, and 7 wt%) were studied under working pressures (0.1 MPa, 35 MPa, 52 MPa, and 70 MPa). The effects of filler ratio, temperature, and pressure on hydrogen diffusion were analyzed. The results show that at atmospheric pressure when the graphene content reaches 5 wt%, its permeability coefficient is as low as 2.44 × 10−13 cm3·cm/(cm2·s·Pa), which is a 54.6% reduction compared to PA6. At 358 K and 70 MPa, the diffusion coefficient of the 5 wt% graphene/PA6 composite system is 138% higher than that at 298 K and 70 MPa. With increasing pressure, the diffusion coefficients of all materials generally decrease linearly. Among them, pure PA6 has the largest diffusion coefficient, while the 4 wt% graphene/PA6 composite system has the smallest diffusion coefficient. Additionally, the impact of FFV (free volume fraction) on the barrier properties of the material was studied, and the movement trajectory of H2 in the composite system was analyzed.

Physics-informed neural network for turbulent flow reconstruction in composite porous-fluid systems

This study explores the implementation of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to analyze turbulent flow in composite porous-fluid systems. These systems are composed of a fluid-saturated porous medium and an adjacent fluid, where the flow properties are exchanged across the porous-fluid interface. The segregated PINN model employs a novel approach combining supervised learning and enforces fidelity to flow physics through penalization by the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. Two cases were simulated for this purpose: solid block, i.e. porous media with zero porosity, and porous block with a defined porosity. The effect of providing internal training data on the accuracy of the PINN predictions for prominent flow features, including flow leakage, channeling effect and wake recirculation was investigated. Additionally, L2 norm error, which evaluates the prediction accuracy for flow variables was studied. Furthermore, PINN training time in both cases with internal training data was considered in this study. Results showed that the PINN model predictions with second-order internal training data achieved high accuracy for the prominent flow features compared to the RANS data, within a 20% L2 norm error of second-order statistics in the solid block case. In addition, for the porous block case, providing training data at the porous-fluid interface showed errors of 18.04% and 19.94% for second-order statistics, representing an increase in prediction accuracy by 7% compared to without interface training data. The study elucidates the impact of the internal training data distribution on the PINN training in complex turbulent flow dynamics, underscoring the necessity of turbulent second-order statistics variables in PINN training and an additional velocity gradient treatment to enhance PINN prediction.

Mapping high entropy state spaces for novel material discovery

High-entropy alloys show promising properties for novel catalytic designs, but their vast potential configurations make them challenging to study computationally. Additionally, the traditional methods for data acquisition required to train neural networks on these broad systems can be inefficient. To address this, we propose an active learning methodology that integrates genetic algorithms with deep convolutional neural networks trained on Density Functional Theory calculations via a simple closed feedback loop. This approach streamlines data acquisition and the exploration of large configurational spaces simultaneously. We illustrate its effectiveness on high-entropy clusters of variable sizes and compositions, the vast state spaces of which are automatically explored and trained on, so as to generate and predict the stability of any cluster within the latent space given minimal computational requirements. Importantly, this method is adaptable for use in a variety of other systems of different sizes, chemical compositions, and stoichiometry.

Coordination analysis and evaluation of population, water resources, economy, and ecosystem coupling in the Tuha region of China

The non-coordination between the socio-economic systems and ecosystems of a region is a crucial obstacle to sustainable development. To reveal the relationships between complex urban systems and achieve the goal of sustainable and coordinated urban development, we constructed a coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) and coupling angle model (CAM) and analyzed the degree of coupling coordination and evolution process among the population, water resources, economy, and ecology (PWEE) system of the Tuha region for 2005–2020. The results indicated that: (1) During 2005–2020, the comprehensive development index (CDI) of the population, water resources and economy subsystems was 0.21–0.65, with the three subsystems portraying an overall increase; the average values of the RSEI at five-year intervals were 0.29, 0.28, 0.28, and 0.26, indicating a downward trend in the environmental quality. (2) The coupling coordination effect of the PWEE system portrayed a low level; the coupling coordination degree (CCD) values were 0.28–0.58, portraying a fluctuating upward trend. The level of CCD increased from low disorder to marginal coordination. (3) The PWEE system’s scissor difference reflects large evolutionary characteristics. The ecological support capacity was not observed until the late stage. We conclude that the PWEE composite system of the region is in a stage of disordered development. These findings significantly bolster the theoretical underpinnings of sustainable development studies, offering essential scientific theories and methodological frameworks for crafting sustainable development policies tailored to urban systems in the Tuha region.

Influence of Montmorillonite Organoclay Fillers on Hygrothermal Response of Pultruded E-Glass/Vinylester Composites

Pultruded fiber reinforced polymer composites used in civil, power, and offshore/marine applications use fillers as resin extenders and for process efficiency. Although the primary use of fillers is in the form of an extender and processing aid, the appropriate selection of filler can result in enhancing mechanical performance characteristics, durability, and multifunctionality. This is of special interest in structural and high voltage applications where the previous use of specific fillers has been at levels that are too low to provide these enhancements. This study investigates the use of montmorillonite organoclay fillers of three different particle sizes as substitutes for conventional CaCO3 fillers with the intent of enhancing mechanical performance and hygrothermal durability. The study investigates moisture uptake and kinetics and reveals that uptake is well described by a two-stage process that incorporates both a diffusion dominated initial phase and a second slower phase representing relaxation and deterioration. The incorporation of the organoclay particles substantially decreases uptake levels in comparison to the use of CaCO3 fillers while also enhancing stage I, diffusion, dominated stability, with the use of the 1.5 mm organoclay fillers showing as much as a 41.5% reduction in peak uptake as compared to the CaCO3 fillers at the same 20% loading level (by weight of resin). The mechanical performance was characterized using tension, flexure, and short beam shear tests. The organoclay fillers showed a significant improvement in each, albeit with differences due to particle size. Overall, the best performance after exposure to four different temperatures of immersion in deionized water was shown by the 4.8 mm organoclay filler-based E-glass/vinylester composite system, which was the only one to have less than a 50% deterioration over all characteristics after immersion for a year in deionized water at the highest temperature investigated (70 °C). The fillers not only enhance resistance to uptake but also increase tortuosity in the path, thereby decreasing the overall effect of uptake. The observations demonstrate that the use of the exfoliated organoclay particles with intercalation, which have been previously used in very low amounts, and which are known to be beneficial in relation to enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, and decreased flammability, provide enhanced mechanical characteristics, decreased moisture uptake, and increased hygrothermal durability when used at particle loading levels comparable to those of conventional fillers, suggesting that these novel systems could be considered for critical structural applications.

Fluorinated Polyethylenimine and Fluorinated Choline Phosphate Lipids Complex System for Efficient mRNA Delivery to Deep-Seated Tumor Tissues.

Efficiently delivering mRNA to the deep-seated cells of diseased tissues for therapeutic purposes remains a significant challenge. To address this, we leveraged the dual hydrophobic properties of fluorine atoms to conjugate fluorinated polyethylenimine (FPEI) with fluorinated choline phosphate (FCP) lipids. When one adjusted the ratio of N/F atoms to 2/1 and a 15% FCP content, the mRNA@FPEI-FCP carrier was optimized, achieving significant circulation and accumulation in deep tumor regions. Compared to control carriers lacking FCP or FPEI, mRNA@FPEI-FCP exhibited a 3.94-fold increase in tumor targeting and a 3.0-fold increase in deep delivery. Delivery of IL-2 mRNA to 4T1 breast tumors resulted in a tumor inhibition rate of 91.9%, with IL-2 levels reaching 149.2 pg/mL and 12.1% of CD4+ cells throughout the tumor, with no abnormal blood indexes. This FPEI and FCP composite delivery system demonstrates potent targeting of mRNA delivery to deep tumor tissues.

Investigation of a novel hydraulic tunnel composite lining with polyurea coating interlayer

PurposeMultilayer composite liner structures are the primary structural form of hydraulic tunnels. However, the bearing mechanism of multilayer composite liners has not been investigated thoroughly. Many existing design schemes do not properly achieve a balance between structural safety, anti-seepage capacity, and cost effectiveness. Thus, a new composite liner structure type and its theoretical model was proposed.Design/methodology/approachA novel hydraulic tunnel composite liner structure with a polyurea spray coating interlayer was proposed in this study. A theoretical model based on the state-space method was developed and verified using FEM models and existing theoretical models. Parametric analysis was conducted based on the theoretical model to investigate the influence of various variables, including interfacial shear stiffness, inner liner thickness, and outer liner elastic modulus.FindingsIt was concluded that the proposed theoretical model can be used successfully to calculate multilayer composite liner structures with high calculation efficiency. The overall deformation stiffness of the composite liner system increased with the interfacial shear stiffness. The sprayed coating interlayer significantly affects the residual force distribution between the outer and inner liners, which can also be affected by the adjustment of the thickness of the outer and inner liners. Thus, attention should be paid to these factors in the rational design of the proposed composite liner system.Originality/valueWith the development of China’s water conservancy projects, complex geological conditions, high surrounding rock stress, high internal and external water pressures, and other unique application scenarios have gradually increased. This places higher requirements on the bearing performance and impermeability of hydraulic tunnel lining structures. On the other hand, conventional hydraulic tunnel lining structures can hardly achieve a satisfactory balance between economy, structural safety, and impermeability. Thus, the proposed structure has the potential to be used in a wide range of applications.

Numerical investigation on milling performance and damage response of UD-CFRP laminates

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) is prone to machining defects, including burrs and tearing, during milling. These defects are closely associated with interface delamination while milling force plays a crucial role in their occurrence. In this paper, a nonlinear explicit finite element (FE) model is developed to predict the milling force and analyze the delamination damage occurring during the milling of unidirectional CFRP (UD-CFRP). The proposed FE model is validated through numerical comparison with experimental data for milling force. Moreover, a detailed study is conducted to examine the influences of spindle speed, feed rate and depth-of-cut on the side-milling performance and damage response of UD-CFRP. This study provides valuable insights into the effects of machining parameters on milling force and delamination damage in CFRP, thereby supporting the optimization of machining technology for this composite material system.