Composite Portrait Research Articles

Identifying and intervening with girls at risk for violence.

Youth violence has become a prominent national concern, largely focused on boys who have perpetrated highly publicized massacres. Less well-publicized is the rapid increase in arrests of girls for violent crimes and weapons violations. In just 2 decades, violent crime arrests for female juveniles increased by 108%. From research findings, a composite portrait of the violent girl can be drawn. This profile can be used to identify girls at risk for criminal behaviors. In this article, a three-pronged approach to girls' violent behavior is presented: (a) violence prevention and emotional literacy programs that can be implemented by school nurses, (b) parent education programs that can be conducted at Parent-Teacher Association meetings, churches, and community centers, and (c) counseling interventions that can be delivered to troubled girls by psychiatric nurses. Nurses can play vital roles in consultation to teachers and parents and in direct service provision to girls who are on a tragic trajectory of fighting, expulsion from school, and juvenile justice infractions.

Stalin and Wheat: Collective Farms and Composite Portraits

In late 1939, USSR in Construction, the Soviet propaganda magazine, published a special issue on the Stalin Collective Farm in the Ukraine. The inside front cover of the magazine contained an anonymous paean to socialist farming, attributing its success to the foresight and support of Joseph Stalin, the nation's leader. On the page flanking the euphoric opening text was a near full-page portrait of Comrade Stalin composed of multi-hued grains including millet, alfalfa, and poppy. Grain, or the absence thereof, was fundamental to the development of collective farms in the Soviet Union. By early 1929, government pressure to form large state-run farms had increased and Stalin declared war on the kulaks, or rich peasants. The kulaks responded by killing their livestock, destroying their crops, and demolishing their homesteads. Nonetheless, collectivization, backed by the Party apparatus, continued relentlessly. Needless to say, none of the resistance to collectivized agriculture was evident in USSR in Construction's depiction of life on the Stalin Collective Farm. At the end of the issue, the apparent happiness and prosperity of the workers were attributed to the virtues of socialism. In the later 1930s, with the inauguration of Stalin's "cult of personality," the nation was consistently equated with Stalin himself, hence the choice of his profile for the composite grain portrait. The seamlessness with which a multitude of grains could become a composite portrait of the nation's leader shows how successfully the Soviet government was able to rewrite the history of agricultural collectivization. The pain, loss, and resistance of the small landowners was successfully obliterated and replaced by a new narrative in which collective farm workers prospered and found happiness within a political system that was now synonymous with the beneficence of a single individual, Joseph Stalin.

Multistate vibronic interactions and nonadiabatic wave packet dynamics in the second photoelectron band of chlorine dioxide

Abstract We report theoretical investigations on the second photoelectron band of chlorine dioxide molecule by ab initio quantum dynamical methods. This band exhibits a highly complex structure and represents a composite portrait of five excited energetically close-lying electronic states of ClO2+. Much of this complexity is likely to be arising due to strong vibronic interactions among these electronic states – which we address and examine herein. The near equilibrium MRCI potential energy surfaces (PESs) of these five cationic states reported by Peterson and Werner [J. Chem. Phys. 99 (1993) 302] for the C2v configuration, are extended for the Cs geometry assuming a harmonic vibration along the asymmetric stretching mode. The strength of the vibronic coupling parameters of the Hamiltonian are calculated by ab initio CASSCF-MRCI method and conical intersections of the PESs are established. The diabatic Hamiltonian matrix is constructed within a linear vibronic coupling scheme and the resulting PESs are employed in the nuclear dynamical simulations, carried out with the aid of a time-dependent wave packet approach. Companion calculations are performed for transitions to the uncoupled electronic states in order to reveal explicitly the impact of the nonadiabatic coupling on the photoelectron dynamics. The theoretical findings are in good accord with the experimental observations. The femtosecond nonradiative decay dynamics of ClO2+ excited electronic states mediated by conical intersections is also examined and discussed.

The Gender of Professionalism and Occupational Closure: The management of tenure-related disputes by the 'Federation of Women Teachers' Associations of Ontario' 1918-1949

This article examines how the gender of professionalism is central to an understanding of occupational closure. Using the social history of the Federation of Women Teachers' Associations of Ontario (FWTAO) as an example, the author shows how the executive allegiance to the gender of professionalism incited a moral concern with rural women teachers employed in the elementary public school system in the early twentieth century, and how this concern interfered with the delivery of protective services to country teachers involved in contractual disputes. The model of professionalism was based on a composite portrait of the older masculinised European ideal of professional rationality, and distilled through a feminine ideal of conduct intelligible to white middle- and upper-class women in early twentieth-century Canada. The professional ideal was used as a measure of occupational success and applied as a criterion for granting or withholding protective services. As a result, rural women falling short of the ideal were denied protective services when embroiled in tenure-related disputes and, ultimately, they were excommunicated from the profession.

Dripping dry: literature, politics, and water in the desert Southwest

More than any other single characteristic, aridity defines the American West. Water scarcity and its biologically critical function have also molded the regional literature of the region. Using novels by Barbara Kingsolver, Edward Abbey, John Steinbeck and Mary Austin, Dripping Dry combines literary analysis with environmental criticism to demonstrate how the myths that have pervaded the regional literature of the West have interacted with the myths that have shaped water policy throughout the twentieth century. four works selected (Animal Dreams, The Monkey Wrench Gang, The Grapes of Wrath, and The Ford) present a composite portrait of reclamation, which the author argues is one of the most important cultural and ecological phenomena in the nation's history. tensions and contradictions presented by the novels underscore the compelling need for an ecocritique of the relationship between literature and politics. David N. Cassuto deciphers the myths of reclamation and restoration and presents a third alternative--sustainability--in their stead. challenge is a large one, because of the size and complexity of the region and because nature continues to evolve and create itself, a process involving language, ideology, and the land. book is designed to be an interdisciplinary contribution both to the emerging field of literature and the environment, as well as to environmental studies. It will be welcomed by scholars as well as general readers interested in new approaches to literature and environmental issues, and by those interested in the geography and literature of the western United States. David N. Cassuto, formerly of the English Department of the University of Missouri-Rolla, is a practicing attorney in San Francisco, specializing in environmental issues.

From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers

for some time Allan Kulikoff has been exploring the synthesis between “market” historians, who emphasize the rapid transformation of colonial North America toward capitalism, and “social” historians, who insist on the persistence of noncapitalist traditions. This new study argues for a composite portrait of the “small farmers” who accounted for “twothirds of colonial families,” drawing from mountains of scholarship produced by both the market and the social perspectives. Ku-likoff's small farmers emphasized family over wage labor, customary neighborhood exchange, and family and local exchange even though small surpluses “wound up” in distant markets. But they are also enterprising, eager to diversify, and willing to refine the household division of labor, and they become relatively market savvy. Although these characteristics would seem to clash in particular farm families, Kulikoff's synthesis of “big economic and demographic structures” erases many distinctions. The general conclusion that small farmers adopted market behaviors before the advent of a capitalist system is compelling, if unsurprising. Kulikoff argues that, as independent land ownership faded from the English and European countrysides, migration to North America permitted colonists to nurture their “expectation” of getting and working their own land. Migrants brought with them the centuries-old ideals of family self-sufficiency, a landed inheritance, and secure communities that granted economic opportunity. Relatively familiar stories of enclosure, internal migration, and servitude in Europe, starving times and dispossession of Indians in America, and getting land and building farms dominate the first chapters. By the eighteenth century the dominant English migration stream was replaced with waves of Ulster Protestants, Highlanders, and Palatines; distinctive agricultural regions developed; households consumed more goods and became more patriarchal.

Biographical connections: Experiences as sources of legitimate knowledge in qualitative research

In the narrative that follows, the author establishes biographical connections between a few marker events of his life history and the research topic he set himself to explore: teachers' critical awareness of language. By using a bricolage of qualitative research methods (narrative inquiry, hermeneutic phenomenology, heuristic research and arts-based research), the narrator illustrates the use of experiences as sources of legitimate knowledge in the research process. A composite portrait - a synthesis of the essential descriptions and meaningful interpretations of his experiences - is, then, presented in the form of a poem that illustrates a process of personal and professional growth and of becoming increasingly and critically aware of the construction of a teacher-self.

Portraits composites : la photographie des types physionomiques à la fin du XIXe siècle

Composite Portraits : the photography of physiognomical models at the end of the 19th century. The goal of the Englishman, Francis Galton, after he perfected the composite portrait, was to represent the physical type of different groups of the population. By associating a facial type with a behavioral one, he aspired, at once, to attach a scientific pretext to social inequalities. The method, which was exhibited in 1878, consisted of the superimposition of photographic portraits of several individuals on a single sensitive plate, in order to obtain a unique facial transparency. Galton applied this process to delinquents or to the sick, in order to demonstrate the hereditary nature of the loss of values that impedes social progress. Arthur Batut used this technique in photographing the inhabitants of a French village, without, however, the eugenistic approach of its inventor. The Americans, on the other hand, chose to superimpose the faces of eminent scientific researchers, and the images of their skulls. Beyond physiognomical appearance and its links with hevavior, both the question of intelligence and that of the observation of the « cradle of thought » are posed.

Between Indian and White Worlds: The Cultural Broker

Cultural boundaries exist wherever cultures encounter one another. During centuries of contact between native peoples and others in America, countless intermediaries - artists, students, traders, interpreters, political figures, authors, even performers - have bridged the divide. Between Indian and White Worlds: The Cultural Broker provides a new understanding of the role of these mediators in North America from 1690 to the present. Cultural brokers have shared certain qualities - in particular a thorough understanding of two or more cultures. Living on the edge of change and conflict, they have responded to evolving and unstable circumstances or alliances with a flexibility born of their determination to bring understanding to disparate peoples. No composite portrait can encompass the complexity of the brokerage experience. To convey the many roles of these intermediaries, editor Margaret Connell Szasz has brought together fourteen distinct portraits, crafted by prominent scholars of Indian-white relations, of brokers across the continent and throughout three centuries of American history - in the colonial world, during the expansion of the republic, in the Wild West, and in the twentieth century. This fascinating and inspiring collection speaks eloquently of life on the cultural frontier. Key figures in our pluralistic heritage, cultural brokers are no less important today, as society continues to struggle with diversity.

French Odysseys: Greece in French Travel Literature from the Renaissance to the Romantic Era

In Odysseys, Olga Augustinos offers a comprehensive treatment of French travel literature about - from the mid-16th-century arrival of the first French travellers to the outbreak of the Greek Revolution in 1821. The result not only provides a composite portrait of over two and a half centuries but also offers a revealing look at the evolving values and perceptual framework of the travellers themselves. Augustinos begins by exploring the dramatic differences between French travel writing of the early modern era and previous accounts of medieval religious pilgrimages. In place of otherworldly invocations of the grace of divine providence came emphasis on visual perception and precise observation as a means of understanding the physical universe. After 1750, in keeping with developments in European literature, travelogues became infused with sentimental musings, picturesque portrayals of natural sites and monuments, and lyrical effusions that injected a personal, subjective note into what had previously been factual narratives. Yet European travel literature on Greece, Augustinos explains, also has a unique dimension. The legacy of the classical past - real or imagined - made the country seem closer to the West, while its state of subjugation placed it in the penumbra between East and West. Confronted with the discrepancy between classical ideal and contemporary reality, travellers increasingly attempted to impose their preconceptions of what Greece ought to be, a process that culminated in the emergence of philhellenism in the late-18th century.

The Correspondence of John Bartram, 1734-1777 (review)

132Quaker History reminders that Quakers have not always lived up to their high calling. Mollie Grubb provides a useful general introduction to the volume briefly summarizing and interpreting the patterns she has observed, as well as introductions to each excerpt. This composite portrait ofhow the Society has been viewed by the general public should be of interest to historians of religion and of social attitudes as well as to Friends. Eastern CollegeCaroline L. Cherry 77ie Correspondence ofJohn Bartram, 1 734-1 777. Ed. by Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992. xv + 809 pp. Illustrations, appendices, glossary of names, notes, bibliography, and index. $125.00. Beginning in the 1730s, John Bartram (1699-1777) achieved fame in international botany circles for his tireless labors in exploring wild, uncharted American territories, identifying countless new American species of flora and fauna, and supplying King George III and other notables with plants for their gardens. Long cherished for his scientific labors, Bartram is also important to the history of Quakers in America. While this birthright Friend was disowned in 1 758 for failing to follow the marriage discipline and to accept that Jesus was the son of God, Bartram faithfully attended Quaker worship meetings until his death. This new collection of correspondence does a great service for Bartram aficionados; the sole previously published compilation, William Darlington's Memorials ofJohn Bartram and Humphry Marshall (Philadelphia, 1849), used only the letters kept at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and suffered serious flaws in its transcriptions. The Berkeleys have collected and transcribed an additional 300 letters not included in the earlier publication and presented more faithful renditions ofthe old letters, particularly as to punctuation and capitalization . This new material will be a boon to individuals concerned with the Society of Friends or the history of science and naturalism. In addition, this collection will better enable historians to recognize Bartram's import as a figure in whom the American trends ofsecular enlightenment and religious mysticism coalesced. For instance, Bartram revealed his basic accord with Quaker views in 1 743 when he commented on affairs in Connecticut by praising the law for encouraging people to live more peaceably than they might otherwise be inclined and criticizing religious pretension and ceremony for distracting people from focusing on "Love Resignation & humility to the Eternal Power" (p. 222). With regard to his achievements as a taxonomer and naturalist, Bartram's 1740 letter describing his travels through territories in New Jersey and Pennsylvania will be of particular note. His delight in finding the unique lilliputian trees of the Jersey pine barrens shows that Bartram was among the first to seize upon the uniqueness of the American natural environment (p. 141). Among the most remarkable letters are those illustrating the overlap between Bartram's interests in science and religion. These views appear in this 1762 letter to Peter Collinson, to whom Bartram confided that "my head runs all upon the works of God in nature [#] it is through that telescope I see god in his glory" (p. 579). Occasionally in these new letters, Bartram turns philosophic and comments on Book Reviews133 people rather than plants. For a briefmoment in 1 745, the botanist became a social critic lamenting the divisions between what he saw as the nation's three classes, the first focused upon "laying up large estates," the second concerned with "spending in Luxury all they can come at," and the third dedicated to "hard labour" so as to create a "modérât & happy maintainance ofthairfamily" (p. 252). Only this latter class received the approval of America's first Quaker botanist. Hiram CollegeNancy F. Rosenberg Peace as a Women 's Issue: A History ofthe U.S. Movementfor World Peace and Women's Rights. By Harriet Hyman Alonso. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993. xix + 340 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. Paper, $17.95; cloth, $39.95. Until recently, historians afforded little attention to women's role in the American peace movement. The past fifteen years, however, have witnessed the emergence of a significant body of scholarship on the subject. Now, with the publication of Harriet Hyman Alonso's Peace as a Women 's Issue, the field has reached...

Quakers Observed in Prose and Verse: An Anthology 1656-1986 (review)

Book Reviews131 century. Finally, the gradual re-integration ofthe radical Children ofPeace into the economic and religious mainstream suggests, to this reviewer at least, new ways oflooking at changes among both Orthodox and Hicksite Friends in the mid 19th century. State University of New York at BuffaloChristopher Densmore Quakers Observed in Prose and Verse: An Anthology 1656-1986. Compiled and edited by Mollie Grubb. York, England: Sessions, 1993. A5 - 132 pp. Notes, index, illustrations. Paper. £7.50 (+ £1.00 p&p = £8.50) In 1985 David Blamires published inA Quaker MiscellanyforEdwardMilligan an overview of references to Quakers by non-Friends from Pepys to Iris Murdoch which ended with the suggestion that an anthology of readings would be useful. Taking the title of his essay and responding to his suggestions, Mollie Grubb solicited contributions from readers of The Friend and drew on her own wide knowledge of Quaker history to produce this documentary history of three centuries ofperceptions ofQuakers by those outside the Society. This informative compilation includes excerpts from poetry, fiction, and drama as well as journals and tracts, mostly from British sources, though Voltaire and a few Americans are also represented. The collection is bracketed on the one hand by John Evelyn's 1656 description of "a new phanatic sect, of dangerous principles, who shew no respect to any man. . . and seem a melancholy proud sort of people," and on the other by Fenner Brockway's 1 982 report ofFriends' effectiveness in working with the World Disarmament Campaign. Taken together, the selections trace an uneven trajectory from an initial view of Quakers as misguided, disruptive, and cruel in a hypocritically uncompromising stance, though a gradual respect for their sturdy principles, good will, and cleanliness, to an appreciation oftheir sincerity, courage, and commitment to social justice and non-violence. While John Bunyan accuses Quakers of "vile and abominable things" in 1666, by 1807 Robert Southey could write "they are universally admitted to be the most respectable sect in England." Considering the range of potential material, the collection is of necessity selective; there is nothing, for instance, from Harriet Beecher Stowe though there is an extract from Longfellow; nothing from William Wordsworth though we have Dorothy Wordsworth's awed description ofthe devotion ofan old Quaker woman. Some ofthe quotations will be familiar to many readers—Dr. Johnson's remarks on women preachers, for instance—but others, such as the youthful Lord Byron's appreciative verses "To a Beautiful Quaker," are unexpected. Many excerpts will provide flashes ofpleasure and insight for the Quaker reader. There are sensitive accounts of silent worship by sympathetic non-Friends such as Charles Lamb and Dorothy Richardson (who also comments on "the iniquity of unpunctuality in attending a Quaker meeting"). There are suggestions of the Society's strengths even from those who attack it most vehemently, such as Richard Baxter in One Sheet Against the Quakers (1657) who, in decrying the pernicious misleading of pious churchgoers, reports that "many turned Quakers, because the Quakers kept their meetings openly, and went to prison for it cheerfully." There are glimpses of familiar pitfalls, such as the comments ofseveral 18th and 19th century writers on the difficulty encountered by Quakers, grown wealthy through industry and discipline, in keeping their children within the plain sect. And there are painful 132Quaker History reminders that Quakers have not always lived up to their high calling. Mollie Grubb provides a useful general introduction to the volume briefly summarizing and interpreting the patterns she has observed, as well as introductions to each excerpt. This composite portrait ofhow the Society has been viewed by the general public should be of interest to historians of religion and of social attitudes as well as to Friends. Eastern CollegeCaroline L. Cherry The Correspondence ofJohn Bartram, 1 734-1 777. Ed. by Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992. xv + 809 pp. Illustrations, appendices, glossary of names, notes, bibliography, and index. $125.00. Beginning in the 1730s, John Bartram (1699-1777) achieved fame in international botany circles for his tireless labors in exploring wild, uncharted American territories, identifying countless new American species of flora and fauna, and supplying King George III and other notables with plants for...

Social Life Through Literature: A Suggested Strategy for Conducting a Literary Ethnography

Abstract This paper presents a strategy for utilizing literary documents for the purpose of social description and analysis. It is argued that literature in the realist tradition can be used to generate a “literary ethnography” or composite portrait of social and historical phenomena. This is accomplished through the identification of dominant themes within a collection of literary works. A six stage procedure and set of guidelines for conducting such an investigation are outlined and discussed. The development of this approach, illustrations of it use, and discussion of its merits suggest that literature is a valuable source of “evidence” concerning social phenomena including those dimensions of personal and social life we may have little access to when using other research strategies.

The face of christopher columbus? Using morphing technology to arrive at a composite portrait

The face of christopher columbus? Using morphing technology to arrive at a composite portrait

The United Irishmen: Republicanism, Radicalism and Rebellion

Cruise O'Brien, Sunday Telegraph. 22 essays give a fascinating composite portrait of 1790s Ireland, a crucible of nationalism, nascent nineteenth-century democratic politics, and social and cultural change, a decade which is increasingly being considered as one of the most formative in modern Irish history.

Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 623 Fisch's failing in his attempt to downplay Kant's influence on Whelwell has more to do with his lack of knowledge of Kant than with his misunderstanding of Whewell's texts. Whewell's debt to Kant is revealed in ways that have not yet been properly articulated. Whewell's major effort was one of establishing that there are empirical laws that are nevertheless necessary. In philosophy of science, this was precisely Kant's problem: how to locate the a priori, hence necessary, elements in eighteenth-century physics. For a helpful exercise compare Kant's Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science with Whewell's essay of 1834, "On the Nature of the Truth of the Laws of Morion ." Both works seek to discover that which is necessary in the laws of motion; both worry about the empirical content of the laws. Also, compare Kant's statement of confidence in inductive unification at A662-663/B69o-691 of the Critique of Pure Reason with Whewell's similar confidence, expressed in the discussion of consilience of inductions in Novum Organon Renovatum. The essays by Friedman, Harper and Butts in Butts 0986p provide by implication additional reasons for thinking that Whewell's Kantianism was a deep, not a negligible, feature of his theory of science. A Composite Portrait consists of thirteen essays. Two are by Fisch; they repeat themes from his book. Others discuss many aspects of Whewell's career: his epistemology, his moral philosophy, his work as apologist and priest, his politics of language, his interests in palaetioiogy, his debate with Mill over the status of induction. It is impossible to discuss all of the papers in detail, or even to select a few for extensive treatment. But readers should know that in this volume they can find an excellent survey of Whewell's scientific interests written by Michael Ruse; that Gerd Buchdahl's classic discussion of the Mill/Whewell debate is here reprinted; that David Wilson's essay on Whewell's effort to combine metaphysics and physics (which is also part of the Kantian influence) is one worth reading with care. Indeed, all of the papers in the volume are worth reading. The volume should certainly be in the library of Whewell scholars and others interested in Victorian British intellectual affairs. ROBERT E. BUTTS University of Western Ontario Bruce Detwiler. Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 199o. Pp. x + 242. Cloth, $24.95. The relation of Nietzsche's philosophy to his political thought poses a problem not easily dispatched. To the extent we focus on his philosophy and ignore the thrust of his politics we risk domesticating what was never intended to be a docile academic project. If, on the other hand, his politics is engaged at its face value, we are left holding what amounts to the chaff of his work. We then risk the abandonment of unnurtured "Consilience and Natural Kind Reasoning," in An Intimate Relation: Studies in the History and Philosophy of SciencePresentedto Robert E. Butts on His 6oth Birthday (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989), 115-152. 9Robert E. Butts, ed., Kant's Philosophy of Physical Science: MetaphysischeAnfangsgriinde der Naturwissenschaft, 1786-1986 (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1986). 624 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 3o:4 OCTOBER 1992 philosophic kernels, owing to the abhorrence his political statements are likely to provoke. Most commentators on Nietzsche, for better or worse, take the first course. Bruce Detwiler, in Nietzsche and the Politics ofArhtocratic Radicalism, opts for the second. Thework bears the burdens and displays the virtues of this choice. Nietzsche's political views, Detwiler insists, are "integral with the rest of his thought" and "in some ways [are] even required by it" (5)- The basic thesis is that Nietzsche's philosophic prescriptions naturally, and for the most part coherendy, extend themselves into the pofitical realm. Nietzsche's enduring philosophic project is held to be the creation of a higher, aesthetically grounded self. The political component of this task entails the formation of a new aristocracy of philosopher-artists. We are, for the most part, speaking about a spiritual aristocracy, with primarily cultural goals to achieve. But the means needed to elevate Nietzsche's spiritual...

Youth Society in Early Modern France: A Literary and Social Historical Analysis of the World of Secondary Schoolchildren

This study examines the youth society which was created in the lycées and collèges of France in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Using literary and social‐historical records the personal and social experiences of youth in this milieu are delineated. A literary ethnography is constructed that presents a composite portrait of these actors’lives and society. In addition to certain beliefs, practices, and rules, authoritarian/coercive relations and hierarchical social structures are found to characterize this youth society. Attention is directed to the importance of explaining the emergence of this historical instance of a youth society within an elite school system in a way which identifies important structural processes operating in this setting and the larger societal context.

The Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Pre-Revolutionary Virginia

E LECTIONS to the House of Burgesses, for many years overlooked by historians, now play a central role in discussions of the political culture of pre-Revolutionary Virginia. Few scholars who have written on colonial politics in recent decades have failed to take note of these important local events. Although reading different political, social, or cultural messages from elections, most portray the Virginia electoral system as static, consistent, and uniform. It has rarely been depicted as dynamically responsive to local, regional, provincial, or imperial influences. As expressed by Charles S. Sydnor, Robert E. Brown and B. Katherine Brown, Edmund S. Morgan, and others, the dominant interpretation finds a common set of electoral conventions and behaviors operative across the counties and regions of Virginia from about I 725 to about i 815. Because the legal framework for elections changed little after I735 and was minimally affected by the Revolution, the behavior of candidates and voters is assumed to have changed little. Evidence from elections in I728, 1768, or I799, for example, is used to build a composite portrait spanning nearly a century. Similarly, electoral activities are believed to have been relatively uniform across localities; evidence from Accomack County on the Eastern Shore, trans-Allegheny Augusta, tidewater Richmond County, or piedmont Hanover blends into a snapshot for the entire colony. Because the same set of electoral rules applied to every constituency, the game of politics must have been played everywhere the same.' Historians dissenting from this static image emphasize change and diversity. Prior to 1725, according to one view, voters were swept up in a series of disputes between local elites and governors and adopted an

Essay Review: The Judge and Purifier of All, William Whewell: Philosopher of Science, William Whewell: A Composite Portrait

Essay Review: The Judge and Purifier of All, William Whewell: Philosopher of Science, William Whewell: A Composite Portrait

William Whewell, a composite portrait

Harvey W. Becher: William Whewell's Odyssey: From Mathematics to Moral Philosophy Menachem Fisch: A Philosopher's Coming of Age: A Study in Erotetic Intellectual History Geoffrey N. Cantor: Between Rationalism and Romanticism: Whewell's Historiography of the Inductive Sciences Michael Ruse: William Whewell, Omniscientist Perry Williams: Passing on the Torch: Whewell's Philosophy and the Principles of English University Education John Brooke: Indications of a Creator: Whewell as Apologist and Priest Richard R. Yeo: William Whewell's Philosophy of Knowledge and its Reception Simon Shaffer: The History and Geography of the Intellectual World: Whewell's Politics of Language David B. Wilson: Convergence: Metaphysical Pleasure versus Physical Constraint M. J. S. Hodge: The History of the Earth, Life, and Man: Whewell and Palaetiological Science Menachem Fisch: Antithetical Knowledge Gerd Buchdahl: Deductivist versus Inductivist Approaches in the Philosophy of Science as Illustrated by some Controversies between Whewell and Mill John Wettersten: Whewell's Problematic Heritage