Manufacture Of Composite Materials Research Articles

Manufacturing of Single-Polymer Composite Materials Based on Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fibers by Hot Compaction

This paper describes the manufacturing process and properties of single-polymer composites based on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers produced by hot compaction. The hot compaction results in partial surface melting of the initial fibers, and melted part after cooling forms a matrix of the self-reinforced composites. Using high pressure during hot compaction allows to increase the fibers’ melting point and allows to avoid relaxation processes. Moreover, the fiber-to-matrix ratio may be changed using this approach by varying pressure and temperature. The flexural test was carried out to determine the mechanical properties. Samples obtained at 160 °C and 50 MPa have optimum properties (flexural strength and Young’s modulus were equal to 116.5 MPa and 15.3 GPa, respectively). It was found that mechanical properties of the obtained composites depend on both matrix amount and preservation of oriented fibers structure. The small amount of melted fibers does not allow to form matrix for load transferring. But the excessive melting of the fibers can result in a significant decrease in the fibers’ mechanical properties.

Characterization of Natural Fibers from Cortaderia Selloana Grass (Pampas) as Reinforcement Material for the Production of the Composites

ABSTRACT Due to environmental problems by the use of synthetic fibers in composite materials, researchers are more concerned with searching for eco-friendly materials. Consequently, the use of reinforcing fibers of natural origin is the best option that promotes the obtaining of materials that do not harm the environment. This paper presents characterization of Cortaderia selloana grass (Pampas) fibers by physical-chemical analysis, FTIR, XRD, thermogravimetric analysis, single fiber tensile test and SEM analysis. Diameter (372.6 µm), density (1261 kg/m3), cellulose content (53.7 wt.%), crystallinity index (22%), tensile strength (20 ± 1.0 MPa), Young’s modulus (8.88 GPa), and thermal stability (320°C) properties were identified in the Cortaderia selloana grass (Pampas) fibers. Overall properties of these fibers showed that it could be an alternative source as reinforcement material for the manufacture of composite materials.

Structure and properties of polymer composite based on natural zeolite

This research paper is dedicated to the possibility of expanding directions and increasing the use of natural zeolite as filler (65 – 85 %) for the manufacture of composite material. The structure of composites with varieties of copolymers (Styrene- butadiene, Styrene-acrylate) and revealed the features of the structure (open porosity 5 - 24 %) and material properties of the zeolite concentration are identified.

Reforzamiento de concreto con hierro gris amorfo

Amorphous gray iron ribbons can be used as reinforcement fibers in the manufacture of composite materials due to unique combination of high yield strength and a high hardness with good ductility. Amorphousribbons with the thickness of 20 μm and width of 1.5 mm of Fe73Cr8PxSi12-xC7 (x = 9, 10, 11)alloy were prepared by melt-spinning method. The elaborated alloys were structurally investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the mechanical properties were investigated by tensile micro hardness and bending tests. It was found that increasingP content up to 10 atomic percentages led to a brittle material.

Additive manufacturing of composite materials by FDM technology: A review

The additive manufacturing known also as ―3D printing‖ or ―rapid prototyping‖ is a present manufacturing method (compared to classic manufacturing methods) where layers of material are deposited at a time (successively) until a finished product is obtained. Depending on the phenomenon, material (in solid, liquid or powder state) used by the 3D printing equipment, a solid part, can be achieved using processes as: binder jetting,extrusion, material jetting, direct energy, vat photo-polymerization and powder bed fusion. In the present paper, we have summarized some knowledge regarding the 3D printing technologies, fused deposition modeling (FDM) prototyping method, and different types of test regarding PLA material properties (tensile test, flexural test). The FDM technology has registered benefits as cost, product quality, functionality and manufacturing time, continuously optimized and adopted by more and more companies, research institutes and consumers.

Manufacturing of composite materials with high environmental efficiency using epoxy resin of renewable origin and permeable light cores for vacuum-assisted infusion molding

This work focuses on the manufacturing and characterization of novel and lightweight hybrid sandwich-type structures, using different stacking sequences of flax and basalt fabrics as reinforcement fibers, both of them previously silanized. To reduce the overall weight and facilitate the manufacturing process, a polyester non-woven core, was used which, besides reducing the weight of the composite it also acts as a media to spread the resin. These composites were manufactured with a partially bio-based epoxy resin with a reactive diluent derived from epoxidized vegetable oils that contributes to a 31 % of biobased content. The hybrid composites were obtained by vacuum-assisted resin infusion moulding (VARIM), where the core was used as a media to spread the resin. The mechanical properties were evaluated in flexural and impact conditions. The interactions in the fiber-matrix interface were studied through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The obtained data revealed that the silane (coupling agent) treatment works better on basalt fibers than on flax fibers, resulting in superior flexural properties on structures where these fibers are present. It is noteworthy to mention that the stacking sequence of plies directly influences the flexural properties, but it does not significantly affect the energy absorbed when these composites work on impact conditions.

ЗАКОНОМІРНОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ТРИФАЗНОГО КОМПОЗИТУ ПРИ НАВУГЛЕЦЮВАННІ СПЛАВІВ СИСТЕМИ Fe-W-V-C

Мета. Встановлення закономірностей формування трифазного композиту при навуглецюванні залізних сплавів, легованих декількома карбідоутворюючими елементами, виявлення зв'язку структури поверхневого навуглецьованого шару з його властивостями, обґрунтування теоретичних і практичних основ виготовлення природних композиційних матеріалів з використанням хіміко-термічної обробки є метою даної роботи.Методика. Дослідження проводилися в лабораторних умовах шляхом хіміко-термічної обробки зразків заданого хімічного складу при різних параметрах. Фазові та структурні перетворення, що виникають при обробці, вивчали з використанням методів оптичної металографії та геометричної термодинаміки.Результати. Проведено дослідження закономірностей структуроутворення при навуглецюванні сплавів системи Fе-W-V-С з метою отримання теплостійких економнолегованих матеріалів. Вивчено механізми і природа фазових перетворень, а також взаємозв'язок структури поверхневого навуглецьованого шару з його властивостями. Обґрунтовано теоретичні та практичні основи отримання природних композиційних матеріалів з використанням методів хіміко-термічної обробки з метою виготовлення інструменту з більш високим рівнем теплостійкості та зносостійкості. Виходячи з аналізу структуроутворення, що відбувається при навуглецюванні сплавів системи Fе-W-V-С, встановили оптимальні температурно-концентраційні параметри навуглецьовання сплавів, при яких утворюється трифазний композиційний матеріал, що представляє собою аустенітну матрицю, армовану двома типами карбідів М6С і МС.Наукова новизна. Вперше в роботі встановили оптимальні температурно-концентраційні параметри навуглецюванні сплавів системи Fе-W-V-С, при яких утворюються структури колоніального типу, що представляють собою природний композит.Практична цінність. Можливість отримання металевих матеріалів з якісно вищим рівнем властивостей, які забезпечуються особливим характером структур зміцнюючих фаз, що формуються при хіміко-термічній обробці. Крім цього, розширення досліджень складнолегованих матеріалів, в яких при навуглецюванні в поверхневому шарі утворюється колоніальна аустенітно-карбідна структура, що представляє собою природний композит на базі одного або двох карбідів, вивчення закономірностей процесу кооперативного розпаду з утворенням трифазних колоній зробить певний внесок в теорію багатофазних перетворень.

PENGARUH PRESENTASE ALKALISASI NaOH TERHADAP KEKUATAN TARIK MATERIAL KOMPOSIT SERAT DAUN NANAS POLYESTER DENGAN METODE VACUUM INFUSION

Pineapple leaf fiber is currently widely used in furniture and handicraft industries (UKM) because besides being easily available, inexpensive, does not endanger health, can reduce environmental pollution so that later on as a composite reinforcing fiber can overcome environmental problems. From the considerations above, this study aims to determine the effect of the alkalization treatment (NaOH) on the tensile strength test of pineapple leaf fibers by vacuum infusion method and to determine the type of fracture of pineapple leaf fiber composites after tensile testing. Before it is made into a composite of pineapple leaves, it is soaked for 2 hours. Manufacture of composite materials based on ASTM D683-03 standard. From the composite tensile test results obtained the highest average tensile strength in specimens treated with NaOH 6% which is 112 MPa. While the lowest at 0% NaOH treatment is 68 MPa. Composites treated with NaOH have higher agility than those not treated with NaOH. The highest agility is found in composites with the highest NaOH treatment.

Parameters optimization of bio composite manufacturing using experimental design

Indonesia is one of the banana producing countries that reaches millions of tons every year. With a huge number of banana production, the waste from banana trees, especially banana midribs, is also enormous. Banana midribs or pseudo-stem is known to have robust tensile strength and can be made miscellaneous products, such as composite materials. Composites are currently used in industry many times, especially in the construction industry as partitioning and ceiling material. The purpose of this study was to discover the optimal parameters in the manufacture of bio composite materials in an effort to utilize the pseudo-stem and environmental sustainability. This study began with conducting experiments, testing the tensile strength of composite materials, and calculating the experimental results. The method applied was the factorial experimental design to figure out the best parameters in the manufacture of composite materials. The results showed that from the 3 factors used, the fiber direction had the substantial contribution, followed by the pressing duration and the adhesive type. Meanwhile, the combination of factors and levels that produced the optimum parameters for tensile strength were by using the adhesive type on level 1, the fiber direction on level 1, and the pressing duration on level 2 which are polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), unidirectional, and 1 hour, respectively.

Polyester acrylate binders for transport vehicles

Transport facilities along with mechanical loads are exposed to various aggressive environments, including chemical and biological, as well as climatic factors. Materials in the process of operation in the air in open areas, as well as in some buildings and structures, along with physical and chemical influences are exposed to microbiological influences, mainly microscopic fungi, which can use their individual components as a source nutrition. One of the effective ways to protect and repair building structures from microbiological damage is the use of polymer compositions in the form of paints, mastics and other compositions. It is important to select biological compositions that are resistant to biological damage and are obtained using various formulations of the curing system of the polymer binder and the components of the polymer-mineral mixture. Also relevant is the use of materials with high climatic resistance. The article substantiates the relevance of using modern concrete with improved physicomechanical and operational properties based on polymer binders to increase the climatic resistance of the structures of transport structures. The results of climatic tests of polyester acrylate composites are presented. The compositions with the highest resistance to the effects of the conditions of the Black Sea coast have been identified. A correlation was found between the most stable composition and the smallest variety of microorganisms that populate the surface of the samples after testing. Processing and description of the results made it possible to identify the compositions of polyester acrylate composites that can be recommended for use. The use of polyester acrylate binder for the manufacture of composite materials for the repair and manufacture of structures of transport structures is proposed.

A New Micro-composite Material of Micro-particle Amalgam/Polyvinyl Alcohol for Teething Structures

Dental amalgam is a mixture of approximately 50% mercury and varying ratios of silver, tin, zinc, and copper. Dental amalgam is a major source of mercury pollution because it is readily absorbed through 90-100% vapour and the oral mucosa. In addition, in certain situations with the oral environment, various types of metallic orthodontic brackets are highly aggressive and can lead to corrosion. However, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) material has no cytogenetic effects on human health or the environment and is therefore applied in the manufacturing of the new composite material. Different additives from the bonding agent (PVA; 2.4, 4.8, and 7.2 g) dissolved in about 10 ml of water, heated on a hot plate under a high-temperature heat treatment (150-200 á´¼C), and continuously stirred for about 20 minutes, until all the PVA dissolved or the solution became colorless. Subsequently, a fixed amount of powdered amalgam (2.4g) added after the mercury content was separated. It was continuously mixed until it reached a homogenous solution, then molded and cured to give the final product. New samples were used for the following purposes: (1) to investigate their effects on the chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of the composite samples, (2) composite scanning and images from the EDS diffraction. Scanning lectron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the presence of the methyl group (CHI) that lowers the crystallinity of PVA, also forms bridges between the different chains obtained to indicate the suitable materials for guided dental applications.

Aeroelastic Analysis of Laminated Composite Plate with Material Uncertainty

The involvement of complex manufacturing and fabrication process of composite material has been the main cause of uncertainty. Therefore, the stochastic analysis of flutter characteristics of laminated composite structures is essential. This research work is focused on two different approaches of stochastic analysis of flutter characteristics. First is the perturbation technique, which used the Hessian and gradient of quadratic response surface, optimized based on response surface methodology. The second is polynomial neural network (PNN)-based uncertainty model, which is apparently attempted first in this study. PNN is a group method of data handling–based algorithm developed to relate the input material properties and flutter response. Further, the reliability study is carried out using first-order reliability method (FORM). The outcome of PNN and perturbation technique is compared with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and FORM. Perturbation technique is found to be highly efficient and provide results with great accuracy compared with MCS results. Although the PNN-based model showed better computational efficiency compared with MCS, it is not found to be beneficial over perturbation technique. Also, the sensitivity analysis is carried out and the material properties, which greatly affect the flutter characteristics, are identified.

Aluminum Nanocomposites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes – A Research

This paper basically surveys the continuing development in metal framework composites bolstered with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Aluminum metal framework composites fortified with CNTs have become extra significance because of their low thickness, remarkable mechanical and tribological homes. CNT bolstered Al steel lattice composites commonly preferred composites in easy applications. it's miles clean from the writing that no matter the truth that extra extension for the nanocomposites exists however troubles in handling upsets the improvement in Al/CNT composites. This audit paper illuminates part of the handling strategies with the purpose that future investigates might also moreover spark off first rate results inside the manufacture of awesome composite materials.

Modern approaches to the manufacture of ceramic-matrix composite materials for long-term operation at temperatures above 1000°C. Review of world experience and capabilities of JSC “Kompozit”

The article describes modern approaches to the creation of ceramic-matrix composite materials for long-term operation in oxidizing environments. It provides information on advanced technologies for the formation of ceramic matrices and their recipes. The current problems and prospects for the production of such filaments in Russia are discussed.

Components of solid municipal waste in construction compositions

The effectiveness of chemical, thermal, mechanical and complex methods of disposal of polymer waste was analyzed. The results of studies aimed at the development of the composition of a thermoplastic binder using polymeric municipal waste, taking into account the sample sizes of various components in waste sorting complexes, are presented. The binder is filled with mineral powders and shredded wood waste. Received compositions are used for the manufacture of construction products with a long life cycle. Standard methods for determining the properties of products for constructional purpose, the parameters of the fillers were used. Compositions for the manufacture of polymer-mineral composite building materials are offered. The optimal parameters of filling and dosage of functional additives are established.

Criteria approach in the sphere of manufacturing of composite materials reinforced by particles at multicycle rolling

The article is devoted to considering the possibility of application of criteria system for the definition of parameters of technological process of manufacturing of composite materials reinforced by particles while multicycle rolling.

Physical-chemical properties and catalytic activity of the Ni-Co-CB material

Carbon materials are widely used in catalysis as a support for active catalyst components due to their chemical inertness and developed surface. The most common carbon carriers are represented by activated carbons, carbon black and various carbon-carbon composites. In petrochemistry, carbon materials are also employed as catalysts to oxidize sulfur compounds contained in heavy fractions of oil being refined. In this regard, the present paper discusses the issues of metal-carbon composite material manufacturing. Technical carbon, or carbon black (CB), was used as a carbon support, the surface of which was modified with nickel and cobalt. The resulting composite material, Ni-Co-CB, has a high specific surface area comparable to that of the pristine carbon material, thereby favoring its catalytic activity. The high catalytic activity of the composite material developed was observed during oxidative desulfurization of heavy oil feedstock. Hence, the degree of sulfur removal for fuel oil was found to be 82.7 %, whereas for oil it reached 70.7 %.

Improvement of the Weavability of Natural-Fiber Reinforcement for Composite Materials Manufacture

Improvement of the Weavability of Natural-Fiber Reinforcement for Composite Materials Manufacture

Micromechanics modeling and validation of thermal-mechanical damage in DER353 epoxy/borosilicate glass composite subject to high strain rate deformation

With advances in the design and manufacturing of composite materials, the number of their defense and civil applications has grown significantly. This calls for detailed experiments and modeling of composite materials for their characterization and performance analysis. Experiments show that adiabatic heating becomes more noticeable at high-strain-rate deformation, causing the stress-strain slopes to become negative. However, most rate-dependent micromechanics models, e.g. in a previous work by the authors [1], lack an interpretation of the relation between energy dissipation and adiabatic temperature rise. In this study, a continuum damage model (CDM) with adiabatic heating is established to enhance the accuracy of the micromechanics model under high-strain-rate impacts. The model predicts the behavior of a heterogeneous material and punch shear strength tests are used for validation. The model is calibrated using results from experiments conducted in a split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). A constitutive law for the DER353 epoxy in the finite rotation framework is presented first, focusing on the connection between the energy dissipation and local temperature rise. Next, the model is implemented in a finite element framework and calibrated using a SHPB experiment. Lastly, the DER353 epoxy model is applied to a unidirectional fiber composite micromechanics model as a predictive tool. Results show that damage initiates at the material interface and diffuses into individual phases. In addition, the punch shear experiment results are compared with results from the single-fiber RVE model. The comparison shows that the micromechanical model can be used as a multiscale analysis tool. The findings in this work can be used to explore the performance of more complicated microstructures, e.g. woven composites.

Self-Assembled Carbohydrate Polymers for Food Applications: A Review.

The self-assembled natural and synthetic polymers are booming. However, natural polymers obtained from native or modified carbohydrate polymers (CPs), such as celluloses, chitosan, glucans, gums, pectins, and starches, have had special attention as raw material in the manufacture of self-assembled polymer composite materials having several forms: films, hydrogels, micelles, and particles. The easy manipulation of the architecture of the CPs, as well as their high availability in nature, low cost, and being sustainable and green polymers have been the main positive points in the use of them for different applications. CPs have been used as building blocks for composite structures, and their easy orientation and ordering has given rise to self-assembled CPs (SCPs). These macromolecules have been little studied for food applications. Nonetheless, their research has grown mainly in the last 5 years as encapsulated food additive wall materials, food coatings, and edible films. The multifaceted properties (systems sensitive to pH, temperature, ionic strength, types of ions, mechanical force, and enzymes) of these devices are leading to the development of advanced food materials. This review article focused on the analysis of SCPs for food applications in order to encourage other research groups for their preparation and implementation.