Composite Interlayer Research Articles

Microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of A356 aluminum/AZ91D magnesium bimetal prepared by a compound casting combined with a novel Ni-Cu composite interlayer

In the present work, a novel Ni-Cu composite interlayer was prepared on the surface of A356 aluminum alloy solid insert using the chemical nickel-plating and electro-coppering technology, in order to restrain the generation of brittle phases and enhance the shear strength of A356 aluminum/AZ91D magnesium bimetal manufactured using a compound casting. The effect of the Ni-Cu composite interlayer on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the bimetal was studied. The results show that the Ni-Cu composite interlayer effectively restrained the generation of the brittle and hard Al-Mg intermetallic compounds (IMCs). The interface layer of the A356/AZ91D bimetal without Ni-Cu composite interlayer was composed of Al 3 Mg 2 , Al 12 Mg 17 , δ-Mg and Mg 2 Si phases, while the interfacial reactants of the A356/AZ91D bimetal with Ni-Cu composite interlayer were mainly Al 3 Ni, Ni (Cu), Cu (Ni), Mg 2 Cu and Al 7 Cu 3 Mg 6 phases. With the application of the Ni-Cu composite interlayer, the thickness of the interface of the A356/AZ91D bimetal remarkably decreased from 1400 μm of the sample without Ni-Cu composite interlayer to 40 μm. The shear strength of the A356/AZ91D bimetal using Ni-Cu composite interlayer increased by 20.3 % compared with that of the bimetal without Ni-Cu composite interlayer. The fractures of the A356/AZ91D bimetals with and without Ni-Cu composite interlayers belonged to a brittle rupture mode. The breakage of the bimetal with Ni-Cu composite interlayer mainly took place between the Ni-Cu layer and AZ91D matrix, while the rupture of the A356/AZ91D bimetal without Ni-Cu composite interlayer was located in the interface layer. The Cu(Ni) and Ni(Cu) layers had a lower nano-hardness than the Al-Mg IMCs, and the elasticity modulus for the Cu(Ni), Ni(Cu) and Al 3 Ni phases were higher compared to those of the Al-Mg IMCs. The results of corrosion test exhibited that the Ni-Cu composite interlayer had little influence on the corrosion resistance of the A356/AZ91D bimetal.

High Performance Lithium-sulfur Battery with Hydroxyapatite Nanowire Composite Interlayer

High Performance Lithium-sulfur Battery with Hydroxyapatite Nanowire Composite Interlayer

Fe3C composite carbon nanofiber interlayer for efficient trapping and conversion of polysulfides in lithium-sulfur batteries

The poor electrical conductivity of the sulfur electrode and the severe shuttle effect limit the practical application of current lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Therefore, we demonstrate a methodology to design and develop a multifunctional interlayer based on carbon nanofiber (CNF) with Fe3C nanoparticles (Fe3C–CNF), which can simultaneously improve the electrical conductivity and reduce the shuttling effect by entrapping soluble polysulfides. The three-dimensional network-like structure of the Fe3C–CNF interlayer with uniformly distributed Fe3C nanoparticles not only enables the efficient deposition of active materials but also enhances the electron transfer of sulfur species. The Fe3C nanoparticles can effectively reduce the interfacial resistance and enhance the kinetics of the redox reaction of the sulfur material as a catalyst. A Li–S battery with a Fe3C–CNF interlayer and a conventional cathode (prepared by merely blending sulfur and conductive carbon) exhibits a capacity of 941 mAh g−1 and average Coulombic efficiency of 98.0% at 0.2 C. Even after 250 cycles at 1.0 C, the Li–S battery with the Fe3C–CNF interlayer exhibits a reversible discharge capacity of 804 mAh g−1, with an average capacity decay of 0.091% per cycle. The methodology proposed herein aids in the development of next-generation Li–S batteries.

A multifunctional SnO2-nanowires/carbon composite interlayer for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries

Recently, lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have been demonstrated as promising next-generation energy-storage devices. However, their practical application is hindered by poor cycling performance and rate capability. In this study, we prepared a multifunctional interlayer composed of SnO2 nanowires (NWs) and conductive carbon paper (CP) to enhance the electrochemical performance of Li–S batteries. This SnO2 NWs@CP interlayer could efficiently adsorb lithium polysulfides and provide electron-conductive pathways to the sulfur electrode, leading to suppression of the polysulfide shuttle effect and enhancement of the electrochemical reaction kinetics for cycling performance and rate capability. A lithium-sulfur cell fabricated with SnO2 NWs@CP interlayer at a high sulfur loading amount (ca. 4.0 mg cm−2) could deliver a high specific capacity of 815 mAh g−1 (based on sulfur) even after 100 cycles at 0.2 C with a high coulombic efficiency of 98.2%. These results demonstrate that the introduction of multifunctional SnO2 NWs@CP interlayers should be a promising new strategy for the development of high-energy-density Li–S batteries.

Deposition of highly adhesive nanocrystalline diamond films on Ti substrates via diamond/SiC composite interlayers

Diamond/SiC interlayer with intermediate thermal expansion coefficient is introduced for improving the adhesion of NCD films on Ti substrate. Herein, tetramethylsilane (TMS) gas is added to produce SiC phase, forming a diamond/SiC interlayer. The effect of TMS gas flow on the microstructural evolution of the interfacial layer and the film adhesion is systematically investigated. At TMS gas flow of 5 sccm, the NCD film shows an interlayer of about 15% SiC by phase area statistics in SEM image. This film exhibits the lowest residual compressive stress of 1.64 GPa and the optimum adhesion of about 28.2 ± 2 N against Ti substrate. Increasing TMS gas flow leads to the increase of SiC content and the grain refinement of diamond in the interlayers. It is found that Ti silicide and hydride with increased amount are formed in the Ti substrate at higher TMS gas flow. The presence of these Ti intermetallic compounds with larger thermal expansion coefficient results in the increased residual stress and poorer adhesion in the NCD films. On the basis of reduction of Ti intermetallic compounds, the addition of TMS gas flow at 5 sccm is crucial for the preparation of good-adhesion NCD films on Ti substrate.

Interlayer-expanded MoS2 nanosheets/nitrogen-doped carbon as a high-performance anode for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered promising energy storage devices owing to the abundant reserve and low-cost accessibility of Na resources. However, such batteries suffer from poor electrochemical performance due to the larger diameter of Na ions (0.106 nm). In this study, nitrogen-doped carbon-coating interlayer-expanded MoS2 porous nanosheets (MoS2@N–C) were synthesized, and their structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties were characterized. The XPS and EDS indicated the successful introduction of carbon into the MoS2 nanosheets. The interlayer spacing for (002) plane was increased from 0.62 nm to 0.78 nm corresponding to the shift toward lower angles shown in XRD. The MoS2@N–C exhibited an impressively high reversible capacity of 352 mAh/g at a current density of 100 mA/g after 200 cycles; this capacity is five times higher than that of bare MoS2. Moreover, MoS2@N–C showed excellent rate performance due to the boosted diffusion of Na ions. The observed improvement in the electrochemical performance of MoS2@N–C demonstrates that the combination of suitable composite materials and interlayer expansion are effective strategies for battery technologies based on the storage of large ions.

Investigation of tungsten/MA956 steel diffusion bonding with an Nb/Ni composite interlayer

Diffusion bonding is an effective method for joining dissimilar materials. In this study, dissimilar metals of MA956 steel and tungsten (W) were diffusion bonded with Ni/Nb composite interlayer. The experiments were carried out at [Formula: see text], 20 MPa for 20 min in vacuum by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the bonded joints were evaluated. SEM images and the results of elementary composition indicate that no intermetallics formed at Ni/MA956 steel and Nb/W interfaces, but [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] formed at the Nb/Ni interface. Compared with the directly bonded joint between W and MA956 steel, the average shear strength of the joint with Nb/Ni composite interlayer significantly increased to 270 MPa. Although the result of joint residual stresses simulation shows that the maximum residual stress was near the W substrate, the joints with composite interlayer in shear experiments fractured at Nb/Ni interface. The hardness changes along joint interfaces indicate the formation of intermetallic compounds and solid solution phases in the diffusion layers.

A Composited Interlayer with Dual‐Effect Trap and Repulsion for Inhibition of Polysulfides in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

AbstractThe shuttle effect of polysulfides in lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs) is the biggest obstacle for their practical application. Inserting a composite interlayer between the cathode and separator to solve the problem is a simple and effective strategy. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) is a suitable choice for trapping polysulfides, owing to its strong dipole‐dipole interaction with polysulfides. In addition, in order to enhances the inhibitory effect of the composite interlayer on the polysulfide shuttling, the addition of negatively charged sodium lignosulfonate (SL) into the composite interlayer can effectively repel the polysulfide, thus achieving a dual‐effect inhibition on the shuttle effect together with PEO, and obtaining better cell performances. Furthermore, owing to the addition of PEO and SL, the physical and electrochemical performances have been significantly improved, including, but not limited to, the liquid electrolyte uptake (251.5 wt %), ionic conductivity (5.9×10−4 S cm−1), and lithium transferences number (0.61). Therefore, this is a simple and effective strategy to prepare composite interlayer with PEO and SL to achieve dual‐effect suppression of the shuttle effect in LSBs.

Hybrid co-based MOF nanoboxes/CNFs interlayer as microreactors for polysulfides-trapping in lithium-sulfur batteries

• Lots of micropores in ZIF can confine polysulfides to inhibit shuttle effect. • The polar ZIF-67 can chemically trap polysulfides to restrain shuttle effect. • The CNFs provides continuous electron pathways to reduce the interfacial resistance. • Physicochemical effects synchronously improve the performance of Li-S batteries. • The electrospinning and co-precipitation method is applicable for large scale production. Lithium-sulfur battery is desirable for the future potential electrochemical energy storage device with advantages of high theoretical energy density, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, some natural hindrances, particularly fast capacity degradation resulting from the migration of dissolved polysulfide intermediates, remain to be significant challenges prior to the practical applications. In this work, a composite interlayer of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) which are enriched by Co-based metal organic frameworks (ZIF-67) growth in-situ is exploited. Notably, physical blocking and chemical trapping abilities are obtained synergistically from the ZIF/CNFs interlayer, which enables to restrain the dissolution of polysulfides and alleviate shuttle effect. Moreover, the three-dimensional fiber networks provide an interconnected conductive framework between each ZIF microreactor to promote fast electron transfer during cycling, thus contributing to excellent rate and cycling performance. As a result, Li-S cells with ZIF/CNFs interlayer show a high specific capacity of 1334 mAh g −1 at 1 C with an excellent cycling stability over 300 cycles. Besides, this scalable and affordable electrospinning fabrication method provides a promising approach for the design of MOFs-derived carbon materials for high performance Li-S batteries. The ZIF/CNFs interlayer was successfully prepared by the combination of electrospinning and co-precipitation. When served as an interlayer, the Li–S battery presented excellent cycling performances.

Cellular, Mineralized, and Programmable Cellulose Composites Fabricated by 3D Printing of Aqueous Pastes Derived from Paper Wastes and Microfibrillated Cellulose

AbstractCombining recycling of paper wastes (WPs) with extrusion‐based additive manufacturing represents a sustainable route to cellular cellulose composites tailored for lightweight construction. Particularly, shear mixing of shredded WPs with an aqueous solution of a polymer binder like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) yields aqueous pastes suitable for 3D printing. As a shear thinning additive, both WP and microfibrillated cellulose account for enhanced shear thinning and dimensional stability. Opposite to the formation of dense WP/PVA composites by melt extrusion, 3D printing of aqueous pastes produces cellular cellulose/PVA composites exhibiting hierarchical pore architectures. In spite of low densities around 0.8 g cm−3, high Young's modulus (2.0 GPa) and tensile strength (53 MPa) are achieved. Mechanical stability, water resistance, and even flame retardancy simultaneously improve by crosslinking with glyoxal and especially by mineralization. Multimaterial 3D printing combines the 3D dispensing of cellulose/PVA pastes with the simultaneous, staged, or subsequent spraying of aqueous water glass to enable mineralization of composite surface, bulk, and interlayers. Furthermore, the glyoxal‐mediated crosslinking affords thermo‐ and moisture‐responsive cellulose/PVA composites with programmable shape change induced either by heating at 100 °C or by exposure to moisture at 37 °C.

Lithium fluoride as an efficient additive for improved electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries

To overcome the issue of the shuttle effect of the lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery upon repeated cycle process, in this work, lithium fluoride (LiF) as a coating to form a crosslinked network structure with aramid paper (AP), which inhibits the diffusion and dissolution of polysulfides. LiF interacts with the electrolyte to form an artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) membrane that hinders the transport of polysulfides; The porous structure of the AP interlayer allows the LiF/CNT slurry to adhere tightly. The Li-S battery assembled with LiF/AP interlayer displayed a high discharge capacity of 885 mAh/g at 1C after 200 cycles, with a low attenuation rate of 0.0302 % per-cycle, and the specific capacity of the Li-S battery using the LiF/AP interlayer at 4C is 693 mAh/g. Our researchs are expected to introduce a new generation of high performance Li-S batteries based on a economical and effective strategy of LiF/AP composite interlayer.

Composite Interlayer Consisting of Alcohol-Soluble Polyfluorene and Carbon Nanotubes for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells.

We report the synthesis of composite interlayers using alcohol-soluble polyfluorene (ASP)-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and their application as electron-transport layers for efficient organic solar cells. The ASP enables the individual dispersion of SWNTs in solution. The ASP-wrapped SWNT solutions are stable for 54 days without any aggregation or precipitation, indicating their very high dispersion stability. Using the ASP-wrapped SWNTs as a cathode interlayer on zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), a power conversion efficiency of 9.45% is obtained in PTB7-th:PC71BM-based organic solar cells, which is mainly attributed to the improvement in the short circuit current. Performance enhancements of 18 and 17% are achieved compared to those of pure ZnO NPs and ASP on ZnO NPs, respectively. In addition, the composite interlayer is applied to non-fullerene-based photovoltaics with PM6:Y6, resulting in a power conversion efficiency of up to 14.37%. The type of SWNT (e.g., in terms of diameter range and length) is not critical to the improvement in the charge-transport properties. A low density of SWNTs in the film (∼1 SWNTs/μm2 for ASP-wrapped SWNTs) has a significant influence on the charge transport in solar cells. The improvement in the performance of the solar cell is attributed to the increased internal quantum efficiency, balanced mobility between electrons and holes, and minimized charge recombination.

A sandwich-structured TiN/BN-C composite interlayer with enhanced performance for Li[sbnd]S batteries

Aiming to commercialize LiS battery, it is very important to achieve high sulfur loading alongside superior electrochemical performance. In this work, a novel composite material with sandwich structure constructed by titanium nitride nanoparticles and boron nitride‑carbon nanofibers (BNC-TiN-BNC), has been successfully prepared through electrospinning and spraying method, and applied as the interlayer in LiS batteries. Compared with the BNCNF interlayer, the sandwich-like BNC-TiN-BNC interlayer shows more excellent chemical adsorption for soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) via the polar effects of the TiS and SN bonds, and furthermore, the uniform distribution of TiN nanoparticles, filling in the pores between the nanofibers as packing layer of the BNC-TiN-BNC interlayer, can retard the migration of LiPSs more effectively by physical barriers. By introducing the BNC-TiN-BNC interlayer, the electron transfer, capacity and cycling life of LiS batteries have been improved significantly, especially at high current density. With the sulfur loading of 2.5 mg cm−2, the cell with BNC-TiN-BNC interlayer delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 642.3 mA h g−1 at high current density of 2.0C, and the capacity remains 594 mA h g−1 with only the decay rate of 0.025% over 300 cycles.

Improving the Stability and Efficiency of Dimeric Fatty Acids Production by Increasing the Brønsted Acidity and Basal Spacing of Montmorillonite

AbstractMontmorillonite (MMT) is widely used as the catalyst in the commercial production of dimeric fatty acids (DAs). However, the dimerization activity of MMTs from different mineral sources is usually different, leading to unstable yield of DAs. In order to obtain a high and stable yield of DAs, the relationship between the dimerization activity and characteristics of MMT should be clarified. The characteristics of seven MMTs from different mineral sources, including the acidity (the type, strength, and amount of the acid sites), composition (interlayer cations, Si/Al ratio, water content, pH), and structure (basal spacing) are determined and correlated with their dimerization activity. Additionally, the relationship between dimerization activity and characteristics of MMT is quantified by nonlinear‐regression. It is found that the dimerization activity of MMT is mainly influenced by its Brønsted acidity and basal spacing. Stable DA yield of around 70% on MMT is obtained at the amount of weak Brønsted acid sites of more than 0.20 mmol g−1 and basal spacing of larger than 1.50 nm. Additionally, it is found that acid treatment is an effective method to adjust the Brønsted acidity and basal spacing of MMT.Practical Applications: The positive effect of Brønsted acid sites amount and basal spacing on the activity of MMT has practical value on the selection of highly efficient MMT catalyst for DA production. In addition, some MMT with poor activity can be activated by the acid treatment method mentioned in the paper.

Methods for developing carbon composites with functional properties

The paper discusses the results of experimental analyses of carbon tape properties for FibArmTape-230/300 and LUP grades, and carbon composites based on the same. Metal coatings were applied to carbon tapes by magnetron sputtering. To apply metal coatings, two magnetron sputters were used: a laboratory MIR-2 and an industrial MMR-188M. Metal coatings were applied using stainless steel and copper targets. The values of breaking force under tension, relative elongation, and filament diameter before and after applying the metal coating, as well as the carbon composite interlayer shear strength, have been experimentally determined. The parameters of electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and shielding properties have been assessed. It has been found that applying a copper coating on carbon tapes allows to increase their thermal conductivity coefficient almost twice and decreases their heat capacity. The electrical resistance of metal-coated carbon tapes and carbon composites was lower than that of the same uncoated materials. The electrical conductivity of the LUP carbon tape, both with a metal coating of different thickness and without a coating, was higher than that of FibArm Tape-230|300 carbon tape. Metal coating on carbon tapes allows to improve significantly the carbon composites shielding properties.

Benefits of interfacial regulation with interlayers in laser welding Ti6Al4V/316L steel

Laser welding of Ti6Al4V and 316L stainless steel is performed using single Cu interlayer and composite Cu-Nb interlayer. The microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V/316L steel laser welded joints at various laser offsets were investigated. Proper laser offset distance to 316L steel side ensured weld integrity and restrained mass production of intermetallic compounds for single Cu interlayer. Energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that Cu solid solution and discontinuous Ti-Fe and Ti-Cu intermetallics were formed due to the dissolution and diffusion of atoms. The joint had a lower tensile strength and fractured along Ti6Al4V/Cu weld interface with obvious cleavage steps and tongue pattern. The inserting of Nb interlayer with high-melting point was conducive to prevent atomic diffusion and suppress the formation of brittle intermetallics. Similarly, the laser energy distribution was crucial to the weld formation and metallurgical reaction in fusion zone. The Cu sheet and 316L steel was mainly connected by heat conduction. The weld fusion zone consisted of (Cu, Nb) and (Ti, Nb) solid solution with no intermetallics. Compared to the welded joints with single Cu interlayer, the microhardness of fusion zone was reduced and tensile strength was improved because no brittle IMCs were formed with composite Cu-Nb interlayer. The maximum tensile strength reached 215 MPa and ductile fracture mode occurred with composite Cu-Nb interlayer, which was approximately 160% greater than that found with single Cu interlayer.

Influence of a MnO2-WC interlayer on the stability and electrocatalytic activity of titanium-based PbO2 anodes

In order to overcome the unsatisfactory stability drawback of titanium-based PbO2-coated anodes used in electrochemical oxidation treatments of refractory organic wastewater, a novel PbO2-coated anode obtained by introducing a tungsten carbide (WC) modified manganese dioxide composite coating (MnO2-WC) via anodic co-deposition in a MnSO4 solution mixed with WC particles as an intermediate is fabricated (Ti/MnO2-WC/β-PbO2). Characterization measurements including scanning electronic microscopy accompanied by energy dispersive X-rays, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to analyze the microstructure and chemical composition of the coated anode, including the interlayer coating and superficial coating. The electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of the interlayer and anode surfaces are analyzed using linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the failure mechanism of the anode coated with the MnO2-WC composite interlayer, and the life-extension mechanism due to introducing the composited interlayer, are determined via accelerated-life tests and a comprehensive failure analysis of the tested samples. The results show that, compared with MnO2, the conductivity of the MnO2-WC interlayer is greatly improved and exhibits higher oxygen evolution potential as well as better electrocatalytic activity. The anodic β-PbO2 grains deposited on the MnO2-WC interlayer surface become finer, more compact and homogeneous. The MnO2-WC composite interlayer increases the number of surface active sites and promotes the electro-crystallization process of the PbO2 surface coatings, which results in thicker PbO2 coatings. As a result, the Ti/MnO2-WC/β-PbO2-coated anode shows better electrocatalytic activity and superior stability in this work, and its accelerated life is more than twice that of Ti/β-PbO2 anodes.

New-type SiO2/AP interlayer for inhibiting shuttle effect of Li–S battery

In this paper, a novel composite interlayer (SiO2/AP) was prepared by using nano-SiO2 and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and aramid paper (AP). The SiO2/AP interlayer has a 3D porous structure, which not only reduces the loss of active materials, but also captures soluble polysulfides; SiO2/AP material has strong chemical adsorption capacity for adsorbing polysulfide. The electrochemical test results showed that the primary discharge capacity of electrode with SiO2/AP interlayer reached 1635 mAh g−1 at a rate of 0.05 C. The remarkable cycling stability was obtained, the high reversible capacity of 1039 mAh g−1 with negligible fading rate of 0.0222% per cycle at 1 C were obtained after 200 cycles.

Hydroxyapatite nanowires composite interlayer based on aramid fiber paper for Li-S batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have higher discharge specific capacity and low cost, which is considered to be the most promising lithium-ion battery in the next generation, but the current shuttle effect is still the biggest obstacle to commercial production. In this work, hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)) nanowires were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and formed a hierarchical cross-linked network structure with aramid fiber paper (AP) to hinder the diffusion and dissolution of polysulfides, thereby effectively improving the electrochemical performance of the battery. HN adsorbs polysulfides by using chemical bonds such as hydroxyl groups and inhibits their diffusion to lithium negative electrodes; AP with 3D porous structure not only allows HN to adhere well to the surface, but also captures soluble polysulfides. The electrochemical test results showed that the primary discharge capacity of electrode with HNAP interlayer reached 1456 mAh/g at a rate of 0.05C. The remarkable cycling stability was obtained, the high reversible capacity of 840 mAh/g with negligible fading rate of 0.0243% per cycle at 1C were obtained after 200 cycles.

Microstructure and Mechanical Property Improvement of Dissimilar Metal Joints for TC4 Ti Alloy to 304 Stainless Steel Using TA2/Q235 Composite Interlayer

In this work, TA2/Q235 was used as an composite interlayer to prevent the formation of these brittle Ti–Fe intermetallics when joining TC4 Ti alloy to 304 stainless steel (SS). The TA2/Q235 composite interlayer was prepared by explosive welding. The laser was focused on the TC4–TA2 interface, which joined the TC4 and TA2 by fusion welding. At TC4–TA2 interface, a weld zone was formed due to the mixing of molten TC4 and TA2. The laser was focused on the Q235–304 SS interface, a weld zone was formed due to the mixing of molten Q235 and 304 SS. Composite interlayer TA/Q235 was used to prevent the formation of Ti–Fe intermetallics during welding and improve microstructure and properties of the SS–Ti alloy joint. The joint fractured at the TA2/Q235 explosive welding interface with the maximum tensile strength of 548 MPa.