Composite Insulators Research Articles

Classification Method of Composite Insulator Surface Image Based on GAN and CNN

Classification Method of Composite Insulator Surface Image Based on GAN and CNN

AC Icing Flashover Characteristics and Maximum Withstand Voltage Gradient of 220 kV Polluted Composite Insulators

AC Icing Flashover Characteristics and Maximum Withstand Voltage Gradient of 220 kV Polluted Composite Insulators

Temperature effects on the sheath-core bar interface of composite insulators: a molecular dynamics and DFT study

The functioning condition of composite insulators is greatly influenced by the sheath-mandrel interface. In this work, the effects of temperature on the sheath-mandrel system are examined using molecular modeling, taking into account both density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD). The system’s interfacial free volume, HOMO/LUMO, number of hydrogen bonds, bond order, center-of-mass distance, and other characteristics define its degradation mechanism. The findings demonstrate that elevated temperatures have the potential to increase the interfacial free volume, the center-of-mass distance, and significantly reduce the number of hydrogen bonds. In addition, DFT simulations show that the bonding strength and non-bonding forces between the interfaces weaken with increasing temperature. High temperatures significantly boost the reactivity of the epoxy resin and silicone rubber chains, indicating that the system’s response with some intruders will be catalyzed by the temperature increase. This work looks at the temperature dependence of the sheath-core bar interface degradation from a microscopic perspective, which is important for enhancing the overall performance of composite insulators.

The synthesis and characterization of alkaline niobate-based ceramic composites containing L-lysine Hydrochloride

Some lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are known to have high dielectric and piezoelectric properties but are limited by their brittle nature. A few amino acids have recently been reported to exhibit rather low dielectric and piezoelectric properties but have the advantage of being biocompatible and flexible. It would therefore be interesting to form a composite that will combine the inherent advantage of high dielectric properties from the ceramics and flexibility from the biomolecule. In this research, the properties of lead-free (K0.45Na0.51Li0.04)(Nb0.85Ta0.1Sb0.05)O3 (KNNLST) ceramics and L-lysine hydrochloride (L-LHCl) have been combined to produce dielectric composites. The samples were produced by mixing the constituents from 0 wt.% to 100 wt.%, pelletising and heat-treating them. Bulk density, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and dielectric characterisation were techniques used to determine the density, phases, morphology, and dielectric properties of the produced composites. The results show an increasing bulk density value from 1.2 g/cm3 for L-LHCl to 4.67 g/cm3 for the KNNLST ceramics. The morphology of the composite shows very tiny grains when small amounts of the ceramics were introduced. The L-LHCl transforms from an amorphous phase to a crystalline phase having the orthorhombic-tetragonal structure with the introduction of the KNNLST ceramics. The dielectric constant values increased with increasing KNNLST ceramics content from 10 @1 kHz to 200 for the composite with 80 wt%. KNNLST content. The dielectric loss values decreased for L-LHCl from 0.9 @1 kHz to 0.2 @1kHz. The electrical conductivity values increased with increasing KNNLST ceramics content. The results show that the composites produced from these constituents may be suitable for dielectric applications.

Performance enhancement of solar distillers integrated with new green composite thermal insulations: Experimental and economic approach

This work aims to improve water productivity in solar stills by reducing heat loss through green composite insulators to ensure storage of the absorbed thermal energy. Two green composite materials were proposed and presented. The first is made of date palm fiber and mortar (PFM), and the second is made of date palm fiber and gypsum (PFG). Three identical solar distillers were designed and tested under the same meteorological conditions of El Oued, Algeria. The first is the reference case (RSW distiller) where a 5 cm thick wooden box is used as insulation. The second (MSD-PFM distiller) is insulated with a 2.5 cm thick PFM composite material and then installed inside a 2.5 cm thick wooden box. The third (MSD-PFG distiller) is insulated with a 2.5 cm thick PFG composite material and then installed inside a 2.5 cm thick wooden box. The thermal conductivity of the proposed composite insulators was first determined experimentally and then used as insulators. Results showed that the accumulated water production from the MSD-PFG (4100 mlm-2day-1) is higher than that of the MSD-PFM (3400 mlm-2day-1) and RSW solar distillers (2800 mlm-2day-1) by 21.5 % and 46.43 %, respectively. The improvement in thermal efficiency of the proposed MSD-PFG and MSD-PFM were 45.77 % and 21.14 %, respectively. The economic analysis showed that the improvement in the production cost by MSD-PFG (0.011 $/liter) and MSD-PFM (0.0153 $/liter) were 31.68 % and 4.97 %, respectively. The sustainability, eco-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness of composite date palm make it an attractive option for insulation applications in solar distillers.

Polyphosphazene with excellent superhydrophobicity, electrical insulation, flame-retardancy, and mechanical durability for composite insulators

Composite insulator is an important component of the power system which has high requirements for insulating properties, hydrophobicity, long-term reliability, and safety. Aiming to improve the comprehensive performance of composite insulators, we propose a novel composite based on polyphosphazene matrix and inorganic fillers including h-BN, SiO2 and aramid pulp (AF-p). By the synergistic effect of the optimized chemical structure of polyphosphazene and modification by multi-scale hydrophobic electrical insulation fillers, the poly(difluoroalkoxy)phosphazenes (PDFP) composite presents enhanced hydrophobicity with the static water contact angle (WCA) up to 154° and rolling angle (RA) as low as 8°. Benefiting from the multiscale roughness constructed by multi-fillers, the PDFP composite exhibits superior mechanical durability. The contact angle of the sample still exceeds 150° after abrasion by sandpaper (800#) for 1000 cm. Meanwhile, with the addition of hybrid insulation fillers, the Weibull breakdown strength of PDFP/30h-BN/10SiO2-200/6AF-p is improved by 76 % compared to PDFP. Besides, the unique elemental composition of PDFP endows the PDFP composite with excellent flame retardancy with a 55 % limiting oxygen index and V-0 of the UL-94 grade, which guarantees safety for insulator applications. The results confirm the great potential of polyphosphazene for composite insulators.

High Frequency Breakdown Characteristics of Alumina Filler Content Epoxy Resin

Power electronic transformers have high insulation frequency and compact insulation structure, and insulation performance is one of the main factors restricting their further development. Epoxy resin is an important insulating material in the electrical industry, its thermal conductivity and mechanical properties can not meet the needs of high-frequency transformers, usually metal oxide (Al2O3, etc.) is added to form composite insulation material. It is of great reference value for the insulation design of power electronic transformer to study the insulation performance of composite insulation materials with different filler content ratio under high-frequency AC. The effects of power supply frequency and alumina filler content on the breakdown performance of the composite were investigated experimentally. The results show that the breakdown voltage of pure epoxy resin decreases exponentially with frequency. At any filler content, the breakdown voltage of epoxy resin decreases with the increase of frequency, and the decreasing trend gradually slows down when the frequency increases from 50Hz to 1000Hz, and the decreasing trend gradually increases when the frequency increases to 2000Hz. The breakdown voltage of epoxy resin showed a down-rise-down trend with the increase of filler content, and the effect of filler content on breakdown voltage gradually weakened with the increase of frequency.

Seismic testing and fragility analysis considering material strength uncertainty of 1100 kV GFRP composite power transformer bushing

Nowadays glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite insulators are widely employed in electrical equipment in substations. However, there is a scarcity of reports on seismic qualification of transformer bushings that adopt GFRP insulators. Thereby, this case implements shaking table tests on a 1100 kV GFRP composite power transformer bushing. The study analyses the acceleration responses and dynamic amplification effects, as well as the strain responses. The combined stresses at the vulnerable positions are computed to authenticate the seismic performance. Using a simulation model, the seismic fragility of the transformer bushing considering the material strength uncertainty is assessed and discussed. The results indicate that the GFRP composite bushing meets the requirements of the relevant code and its seismic performance is qualified under an artificial ground motion with PGAs of 0.6 g and 0.8 g. For a given factor of safety of 1.67, the bushing can sustain 0.4 g earthquakes with a failure probability near 0 and 0.8 g earthquakes with a failure probability<50 %. Controlling coefficient of variation of the GFRP material strengths is beneficial to decreasing seismic fragility of the transformer bushing within a specific PGA range. Weibull and Normal distributions for fitting the strength distributions of the GFRP materials have different impacts on the seismic fragility of the bushing, which should be given more attention in seismic design.

Tailoring molecular structure and electromechanical properties of polydimethylsiloxane elastomer for enhanced energy conversion efficiency

AbstractThe molecular structure of dielectric elastomers dictates their mechanical, electrical, and properties to react under external stimuli, influencing their suitability for applications such as actuators, sensors, and energy harvesting devices. The molecular structure of polymers can be tailored by incorporating plasticizers and particulate fillers to achieve multifunctional properties. However, achieving a balance between flexibility and maintaining mechanical strength due to incorporation of fillers induced phase separation and compromised intermolecular interactions remains challenging. In the present work, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites are synthesized using plasticizer and particulate fillers, polyethylene glycol (H‐(OCH2CH2)nOH) and titanium diboride (TiB2) respectively in various concentrations using shear mixing and doctor blade casting technique. Molecular structure of synthesized PDMS composite is confirmed by observing peaks of Raman spectra sift, which exhibits robust CO bonds dominating for both fillers. Chain entanglement due to filler incorporation significantly affects the crosslink density of PDMS composite, it increases with the concentration of plasticizer and possesses inverse relation for particulate. Furthermore, interdependence of the filler types and concentration are found on the mechanical as well as electrical properties. The specific deformation energy exhibits a significant increase of 118.9% when comparing particulate to the plasticizer at concentration of 8 wt.%. Although plasticizer increases the actuation strain and energy conversion efficiency but decreases the electrical breakdown voltage in comparison to particulate. By systematically varying fillers concentration, subtle changes in multifunctional properties are achieved. Overall, this investigation provides a framework for tailoring dielectric elastomer composites with desired electromechanical characteristics through the amalgamation of filler types and crosslinking densities, all intricately tied to the molecular architecture for electromechanical sensors.Highlights Filler incorporation changes DE molecular structure and materials properties. Formation of additional bonds and micro‐capacitors in DE enhances capacitance. Actuation strain in DE depends on filler type and concentration. Energy conversion efficiency varies with the concentration of filler.

Electrical and mechanical behaviors of rubber composites based on polar elastomers with incorporated Cu-based alloy

Dielectric elastomers with conducting inorganic fillers offer a wide range of uses, including capacitive energy storage, elastomer sensors, actuators, and many more. In this approach, low dielectric loss and high dielectric constant may be made possible by ternary composites that use metal alloy components as reinforcing fillers. Here, Cu-based alloy was added to acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) to produce ternary rubber composites. Unfortunately, the Cu–Al–Zn alloy’s material incompatibility with the rubber matrix typically leads to phase separation, void formation, and particle aggregation, all of which have a dramatic negative impact on performance. Using 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate as a coupling agent, Cu–Al–Zn alloy particles were uniformly dispersed onto the NBR rubber matrix through surface modification. By using scanning electron microscopy, the appropriate reinforcement of modified Cu-based alloy particles into NBR was carefully examined. The effect of modified Cu–Al–Zn alloy loading on the swelling behavior of the composite was also investigated. The findings show that the shape and dispersion state of modified Cu–Al–Zn alloy were important for the dielectric characteristics of the NBR compounds. By adding reinforced modified Cu-based alloy to the NBR matrix, mechanical characteristics were significantly improved. The uniform dispersion of modified Cu–Al–Zn alloy particles and strong interfacial compatibility with rubber matrix are the reasons for the outstanding performance of NBR composites, which suggests high-performance dielectric composite.

A novel application of artificial intelligence technology for outdoor high-voltage composite insulator

The distribution of the electric field plays a crucial role in evaluating the effectiveness of composite insulators. This research presents an innovative approach for optimizing the design of corona rings, aiming to decrease the electric field intensity in critical areas to satisfactory levels. The investigation examined the correlation among corona ring design variables and the intensity of the electric field close to the energized-end fitting in a 220 kV composite insulator equipped with a corona ring. Using design of experiment methods, the impact of three corona ring design parameters – corona ring diameter (R), ring tube diameter (Dr), and corona ring height (H) – was assessed. A novel nonlinear mathematical objective function was formulated, connecting the electric field magnitude to the structural parameters of the corona ring. Subsequently, the Bat algorithm, a bio-inspired optimization technique, was employed to enhance the initial corona ring design and mitigate the electric field intensity. Finally, the Finite Element Method (FEM) was utilized to simulate and evaluate the voltage distribution and electric field stress. The optimization process resulted in a substantial decrease in the highest electric field magnitude, by 58.6 % compared to the insulator with the threshold value, and 75 % when devoid of a corona ring. Additionally, the research highlighted the significant influence of ring tube thickness on the distribution of the electric field. The combination of experimental design and the Bat algorithm proved to be a powerful tool for optimizing the design of corona rings on transmission line composite insulators, providing precise solutions for optimizing corona discharge problems and enhancing the reliability of power transmission systems.

Exploring the potential of recycled polypropylene-waste jute fiber composites for sound insulation: An experimental and theoretical analysis

This study explores the potential of panels made from Recycled Polypropylene (RPP) and Waste Jute Fiber (WJF) for sound insulation applications. Two types of panels were fabricated by the compression molding process: Neat RPP and a composite of RPP reinforced with a WJF interlayer (RPP/WJF/RPP). The physical properties, namely density and mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and modulus, were examined for both panels. The vibration properties of the panels were evaluated through a modal analysis conducted according to ASTM E756-05 guidelines, while sound insulation was assessed by measuring normal incidence sound transmission loss (STL) using a four-microphone impedance-tube setup following ASTM E2611-19 standards. The RPP/WJF/RPP composite, with a density of 913 kg/m³, is 2.47% higher than that of Neat RPP, which is 891 kg/m³, and exhibited an increased tensile strength of 12.01 MPa, compared to 10.03 MPa for Neat RPP. In the second vibration mode, the composite's damping ratio of 3.62% outperformed Neat RPP's 2.48%. Furthermore, the composite's measured average STL was 38.6 dB, exceeding the Neat RPP's average of 37.7 dB. This enhancement in STL is likely attributed to the composite's higher surface density (5.21 kg/m²) relative to Neat RPP (4.72 kg/m²), contributing to its improved sound insulation properties. The theoretical average STL values, predicted using the Mass

The thermal conductivity of graphite composite insulation boards: A theoretical and experimental study

Graphite composite insulation boards (GCIB) have emerged as a promising solution in the construction industry, offering a combination of fire resistance, high temperature stability, and excellent insulation properties. As their usage continues to increase, it is crucial to develop and validate a more accurate theoretical model for the effective design and optimization of building insulation systems. Traditional models including series and parallel models are employed for estimating the thermal conductivity of GCIB but revealed higher relative errors and lower theoretical calculation accuracy. Therefore, the primary objective is to design and validate a more efficient theoretical model for thermal conductivity prediction in GCIB. This paper investigates the thermal conductivity of GCIB under varying composition ratios by designing a novel Parallel-Series Parallel (PSP) approach. The PSP model is designed based on a single basic cell where the graphite polystyrene particles are employed as the matrix material while cement, vitrified microspheres, and silica fume are used as inclusion materials. Then, the thermal conductivity unit is divided into three parallel heat conduction subunits where the matrix materials and inclusion materials in the three subunits are integrated in a series-parallel manner to provide a more realistic representation of the heat transfer mechanisms within the composite. For a comprehensive assessment, the study encompasses theoretical analysis, empirical assessment, and finite element (FE) simulations to illustrate its thermal properties. The predicted thermal conductivity reveals perfect consensus in comparison with the FE and experimental test outcomes by achieving lower relative errors of 2.7 %∼3.8 % and 1.9 %∼ 3.0 % respectively. The model validated through numerical simulations and sample experiments illustrates a significant improvement in accuracy of about 76.4 %∼94.3 % when compared to traditional series and parallel methods. Prominently, the findings indicate that the thermal conductivity of GCIBs declines considerably as the volumetric ratio of graphite polystyrene particles (Ф1/Ф3) increases and stabilizes when the proportion reaches 10, emphasizing the importance of optimizing material composition to enhance the thermal performance of GCIB. Overall, the validated PSP model by accurately determining the thermal conductivity of GCIB serves as a reliable tool for designing and optimizing high-performance insulation materials, contributing to energy efficiency and sustainability in building and construction industries.

Modelling of hollow-fiber doping in silica aerogel composites for radiative and conductive insulation under high temperatures

Doping opacifier and fiber has been developed to improve the thermal insulation performance of silica aerogels at high tempearture. However, this will inevitably increase the density and enhance heat conduction in practical applications. In the present work, to explore a way of not only avoiding the thermal insulation compromise but also reducing the density, hollow fibers as dopants are investigated. Their radiative properties and the overall thermal insulation performance of hollow fiber-doped silica aerogel composites are numerically evaluated. In addition, the dependence of the optimal hollow ratio on the fiber diameter at different temperatures is analyzed, and the temperature-dependent optimal diameter of fibers for different hollow ratios is obtained. It is shown that the hollow-fiber-doped aerogel composite with a hollow ratio of 0.6 can present not only a low effective thermal conductivity (compared with the conventional solid fiber doped ones), but also a decrease in density by up to 11.45%, between 300 and 1300 K. The present work can illustrate the potential of hollow fiber doping towards an optimal trade-off between the density and thermal insulations of silica aerogels for high temperature circumstances and can inspire more explorations of hollow structures in silica aerogels.

Study on the Aging Characteristics of a ±500 kV Composite Dead-End Insulator in Longtime Service.

Composite insulators have been widely used in power grids due to their excellent electrical-external-insulation performance. Long-term operation at high voltage levels accelerates the aging of composite insulators; however, there is a scarcity of research on aged composite insulators operating at 500 kV for over ten years. In this paper, the mechanical, electrical, and microscopic properties were tested on different sheds along a 500 kV composite insulator that had been running for 18 years. Additionally, the results were compared with a new insulator and the standards for live insulator operation. The results showed that the aging of the high-voltage end of composite insulators was the most serious. The results of the physical properties test indicated that the insulator's hardness was compliant but its tensile strength and break elongation did not meet standards. Under wet conditions, the pollution flashover voltage decreases by about 50% compared to the new insulator. Combined with the microscopic test results, the shed skeleton structure could be damaged and the filler might be lost during the aging process of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The hardness of the insulator would increase by the precipitation of inorganic silicon; however, inorganic silicon might destroy the hydrophobicity and other properties of insulator sheds. These results can provide theoretical references for insulator life prediction and operation protection.

Failure analysis of in-service aged 11 kV silicone rubber composite insulators

Failure analysis of in-service aged 11 kV silicone rubber composite insulators

Silicone elastomer dielectric composites by introducing novel O-MMT@TiO2 nanoparticles for energy harvesting application

Dielectric elastomers have attracted attention in emerging advanced electromechanical applications. However, how to simultaneously improve the dielectric constant and the breakdown strength of dielectric composite needs to be solved. In this paper, we propose a new strategy to anchor TiO2 nanoparticles onto organically modified montmorillonite (O-MMT) nanoplatelets through dehydration reaction to synthesize a novel filler O-MMT@TiO2. Then, the O-MMT@TiO2 is incorporated into methyl vinyl silicone rubber (MVSR) matrix to obtain O-MMT@TiO2/MVSR dielectric composites. Comparing with the composites by direct mixing of TiO2 and O-MMT in MVSR (O-MMT/TiO2/MVSR), O-MMT@TiO2/MVSR composites significantly increase mechanical and dielectric and energy storage properties. 30 wt% O-MMT@TiO2/MVSR composite achieves the highest energy storage density of 118.65 kJ/m3, which is 142.9 % higher than that of 15 wt%O-MMT/15 wt%TiO2/MVSR (48.84 kJ/m3). This study offers an effective method for the preparation of high-performance dielectric elastomer materials, which can be exploited for the energy harvesting application.

Dual‐Network Assembled Nanopaper towards Extremely Harsh Conditions

AbstractAramid nanofibers (ANFs) exhibit desirable lightweight and excellent properties, while their strength has to be sacrificed to further improve their electrical insulation and fire resistance so as to meet the special demands of extreme environments. Herein, Zylon nanofibers (ZNFs) with analogous structure compatibility but superior performance are employed to construct an assembled dual‐network structure to improve the overall properties of ANFs. A facile in situ structure restoration (ISSR) strategy is proposed to achieve ZNF aqueous dispersion for the first time by deprotonation of ZNFs, which significantly avoids the corrosive acid system and facilitates the papermaking process. The composite ANF@ZNF nanopaper exhibits incredible tensile strength (233 MPa) and toughness (14.7 MJ m−3), increased by 108% and 584% compared with pure ANF nanopaper due to the dense entangled dual‐network and tremendous hydrogen bonds. Moreover, it presents superior breakdown strength of ≈128 kV mm−1, which is 6 times higher than that of commercial Nomex T410 insulation paper with a thickness of 50 µm. Besides, it exhibits surprising flame resistance (endure 1000 °C burning) ascribed to the excellent thermostability of ZNFs. This work provides promising possibilities for expanding the applications of aramid‐based composites for advanced electrical insulation and thermal protection in extremely harsh conditions.

Enhanced dielectric properties of nanocomposites with cyanoethyl cellulose and core‐shell structured BaTiO3@Al2O3 fillers

AbstractThe interface between the polymer matrix and inorganic fillers plays a determinative role in dielectric properties of the composites. In this work, dielectric composites containing core‐shell structured BaTiO3@Al2O3 (BT@AO) nanoparticles and cyano functionalized cellulose (cyanoethyl cellulose, CEC) were prepared to achieve enhanced interface and dielectric properties. With the wide bandgap Al2O3 (AO) shell, the carrier motion inspired by elevating electric filed and temperature was significantly impeded in the composites. Meanwhile, the moderate dielectric constant and surface energy of AO shell between CEC and BaTiO3 (BT) alleviated the inhomogeneous local electric field distribution and improve the interfacial compatibility between inorganic filler and CEC matrix. As a result, enhanced dielectric properties including restrained dielectric loss (0.23 for BT@AO/CEC versus 0.51 for BT/CEC at 100 Hz), suppressed conductivity, increased breakdown strength and improved dielectric constant were accessed in the BT@AO/CEC composites. The excellent thermal conductivity of AO also offered the composites with additional advantage of low electrical conductivity at high temperature of 100°C (1.56 × 10−10 S/cm) exhibiting two orders of magnitude smaller than that of pure CEC.Highlights Core‐shell structured BaTiO3@Al2O3 were prepared and incorporated into cyanoethylated cellulose to yield flexible nanocomposites. Carrier motion was significantly restricted by the wide band gap of Al2O3 shell. Enhanced interfacial compatibility was accessed in the BaTiO3@Al2O3/CEC composite. Improved dielectric properties and thermal conductivity were achieved.

Optimisation of the magnetic properties of soft-magnetic composites through an interfacial solid-phase reaction based on hot-pressing sintering and secondary-magnetic-phase addition

An effective method to improve the magnetic properties of soft-magnetic composites (SMCs) is insulation coating, which is achieved by inducing an interfacial solid-phase reaction via hot-pressing sintering. Herein, an interfacial solid-phase reaction was induced at the SMC interface through salt compound decomposition and the doping of carbonyl iron powder (CIP). Furthermore, FeSiAl-based SMCs with various CIP amounts were prepared. Results show that during hot-pressing sintering, calcium acetate coated on the FeSiAl matrix decomposes. Furthermore, the generated reactive oxygen species cause Si and Al migrations to the heterogeneous interface; in combination with the decomposition product CaO, these migrations result in the in situ formation of a CaSiO3·SiO2·Al2O3 composite insulation layer on the matrix surface. CIP added to the hydrothermal insulation coating exhibits good plasticity, and its combination with the coating layer improves the compressibility of composite powders and eliminates pores within SMCs. In hot-pressing sintering, CIP addition hinders the conversion of Si to SiO2, resulting in excess reactive oxygen species that react with Al in the FeSiAl matrix to yield a higher Al2O3 content. With an increase in the CIP amount, more Si diffuses into CIP such that the magnetic phase inside FeSiAl-based SMCs changes from a single Al0.3Fe3Si0.7 phase to a mixed phase comprising an Al0.3−xFe3Si0.7−y phase, CIP and CIP–Si. However, excessive CIP addition can cause the re-formation of pores inside SMCs and deterioration of magnetic properties. By changing CIP addition amounts, the magnetic properties of SMCs are precisely regulated. When the CIP addition amount is 9 wt%, the prepared SMCs exhibit optimal magnetic properties, with the highest saturation magnetisation of 134.5 emu/g and permeability of 44.1 at 10 mT and 500 kHz, along with a core loss as low as 198.8 kW/m3 at 20 mT and 100 kHz.