Composite Discs Research Articles

Incorporation of Apigenin and tt-Farnesol into dental composites to modulate the Streptococcus mutans virulence

ObjectivesThe aim of this in vitro study was to incorporate two anti-caries agents, Apigenin and tt-Farnesol, to resin composite and resin cement to reduce the virulence of Streptococcus mutans around dental restorations. MethodsApigenin (Api, 5 mM) and tt-Farnesol (Far, 5 mM) were added alone, together, and combined with fluoride (F). Biofilm of S. mutans was grown on composite discs, and the dry-weight, bacterial viability, and the polysaccharides (alkali-soluble, intracellular and water-soluble) were quantified. CLSM images of the S. mutans biofilm were obtained after three years of water-storage. The effect of the additions on the physicochemical properties and the composite colorimetric parameters were also analyzed. ResultsThe additions did not affect bacterial viability. Api alone and combined with Far or combined with Far and F decreased the bacterial dry-weight, alkali-soluble and intracellular polysaccharides. After three years, the composites containing the additions presented a greater EPS matrix on the top of biofilm. Statistical difference was obtained for the degree of conversion; however, the maximum polymerization rate and curing kinetics were unaffected by the additions. No difference was observed for the water-soluble polysaccharides, flexural strength, and elastic modulus. Api increased the yellowness of the composites. SignificanceApi, alone and combined, reduced the expression of virulence of S. mutans without jeopardizing the physicochemical properties of the composites.

Temperature Changes in Composite Materials during Photopolymerization

During polymerization, composite materials cause a temperature rise which may lead to irreversible changes in the dental pulp. The mechanical properties of composite materials depend on a number of factors, such as the composition of the material, the type of polymerization unit, the polymerization mode, and the duration of polymerization. The objective of this study was to assess the temperature rise values and flexural strength of composite materials, as obtained using different modes and times of polymerization. A total of six composite materials were used in the study. Samples of each of the materials were cured using seven polymerization protocols. A CMP-401 digital meter (Sonel, Świdnica, Poland), complete with a type K thermocouple (NiCr-Ni), was used to record the temperature increases during the light curing of the resin composites. Temperature rises were recorded beneath the composite disc in an acrylic matrix. The specimens were tested for flexural strength using a Cometech QC-508M2 testing machine. The lowest results for the increased mean temperature were obtained for Fast-Cure 3 s (39.0 °C), while the highest results were obtained for Fast-Cure 20 s (45.8 °C). The highest average temperature values for all tested protocols were recorded for the Z550 Filtek material. Mean flexural strengths as measured in each test group were higher than the minimum value for composite materials as per the ISO:4049 standard. In the case of deep caries with a thin layer of dentin separating the filling from pulp, a base layer or a short polymerization duration mode is recommended to protect pulp from thermal injury.

Development of fibre-reinforced composite disk for computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing milled posts; Experimental composite disk using e-glass fibre in different fibre direction.

Aims:To evaluate the flexural properties of computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milled posts fabricated from the experimental fibre-reinforced composite disks in different fibre direction, and to compare the flexural properties of the CAD-CAM milled posts to those of commercial prefabricated posts, RelyX and FRC PostecPlus.Settings and Design:In vitro comparative study.Materials and Methods:E-glass fibre was used to fabricate the CAD-CAM composite disks. The fibres were prepared in unidirectional and multidirectional arrangements into the epoxy resin, at 70% by weight. The disk was milled by the Cerec InLab CAD-CAM system to fabricate a post. Ten posts for each type of disk were prepared. Two types of commercial fibre posts, RelyX fibre post, and FRC PostecPlus were used as control. The three-point bending test was performed.Statistical Analysis Used:The data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Game-Howell post-hoc test.Results:The results indicated that both commercial fibre posts had the highest flexural strength and flexural modulus. The unidirectional experimental post yielded significantly lower values in both flexural strengths (739.1 ± 24.1 MPa) and flexural modulus (21.0 ± 3.5 GPa) compared to the control posts, while the multidirectional experimental posts had extremely low flexural strength and flexural modulus.Conclusions:The direction of the fibres significantly influenced the mechanical properties of the posts. The experimental unidirectional fibre-reinforced composite disk showed the potential to be used as a CAD-CAM disk for post and core fabrication.

Study of thermal gradation on creep deformation of non-linear varying functionally graded rotating disc.

Rotating discs working at high temperature finds its application in many dynamic devices like turbo generators, turbojet engines, gas and steam turbine rotors, centrifugal compressors and components like flywheels, gears, etc. and in many such industrial applications. Thus, in the present work, mathematical modeling have been done to investigate the effect of parabolic temperature distribution on secondary stage deformation in non-linear functionally graded composite disc along both radial and tangential directions. Sherby’s law helps to calculate creep behavior of composite rotating disc. MATLAB software is used to model stress and strain rate distributions occurring in composite disc working at different temperature profiles.

Effects of at-home and in-office bleaching and three composite types (hybrid, microhybrid, and nanofilled) on repair shear bond strength of aged composites: A preliminary study

Only a few controversial studies have assessed the repair bond strength of a fresh composite to aged composite. Moreover, no studies exist on repair bond strength of fresh composites to bleached composites. Therefore, this preliminary study was conducted to assess repair shear bond strength (SBS) of three composites bonded to nonbleached and at-home and in-office bleached composites. In this experimental in vitro study, 108 disks (36 specimens per composite) of hybrid, microhybrid, and nanofilled composites were divided into three subgroups of three bleaching treatments: no bleaching (control), at-home bleaching, and in-office bleaching. Composite disks were incubated for 4 weeks in artificial saliva (also dipped in tea and coffee for 3 h a day). They were then thermocycled (5000 cycles). Afterward, the control group remained unbleached, while the other groups were bleached according to office and home bleaching methods. They were repaired with the same composite type. Their repair SBS and mode of failure were measured and analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey, one-sample t-test, and Chi-square tests (α = 0.05, β = 0.2). The mean (standard deviation) SBS values of hybrid, microhybrid, and nanofilled composites were 20.71 ± 5.99, 21.06 ± 6.68, and 9.46 ± 4.32 MPa, respectively. The mean SBS values of the bleaching techniques "home bleaching, office bleaching, and no bleaching (control)" were, respectively, 16.35 ± 7.13, 16.39 ± 8.07, and 18.49 ± 8.35 MPa. There was a significant difference among composites (two-way ANOVA P = 0.000) but not among nonbleaching/bleaching methods (P = 0.176). Their interaction was significant (P = 0.017). The difference between hybrid and microhybrid was not significant. Nevertheless, nanofilled had significantly poorer results compared to both hybrid and microhybrid composites (Tukey P = 0.000). Both hybrid and microhybrid were capable of producing satisfactory clinical repair bond strengths (above 20 MPa) regardless of bleaching or lack of it. Nanofilled composite failed to provide proper repair SBS values, even in the control (no-bleaching) group. By moving from Z100 or from Z250 to Z350, modes of failure shifted from mostly cohesive to mostly adhesive (P < 0.05). Bleaching of an aged composite might not affect the repair bond strength. Hybrid and microhybrid composites can provide clinically acceptable repair bond strengths, regardless of bleaching. Nonetheless, nanofilled composite is inferior to them and cannot provide appropriate repair bond strengths (regardless of bleaching).

The effect of silane-containing universal adhesives on the immediate and delayed bond strength of repaired composite restorations

The repair of composite restorations is considered as a conservative treatment for avoiding the risk of pulp injury, the enlargement of cavity preparation, and excess removal of sound dental structure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silane-containing adhesives on immediate and delayed shear bond strength (SBS) of repaired composite restorations. In this in vitro study, 132 discs of Z350 composite were fabricated and divided into fresh (10 min water storage) and aged (6-month water storage + 2000 thermal cycling). All composite surfaces were roughened and etched, and each group was divided equally into six subgroups: 1 (Single Bond 2), 2 (Single Bond Universal), 3 (Clearfil Universal Bond), 4 (silane + Single Bond 2), 5 (silane + Single Bond Universal), and 6 (silane + Clearfil Universal Bond). The specimens were restored with the same composite, thermocycled, and tested for SBS in a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using one- and two-way ANOVA, t-test, and post hoc Tukey's tests. P < 0.05 was set as the level of significant. The highest and lowest SBS (in both fresh and aged groups) were related to Single Bond 2 with silane and Clearfil Universal Bond with silane, respectively. The delayed SBS of Single Bond 2 was significantly higher than universal adhesives (in both with and without silane application) (P < 0.05). Silane had no significant effect on the repair bond strength of Single Bond 2 and Single Bond Universal (P > 0.05), while silane application significantly decreased the delayed SBS of Clearfil Universal Bond. The SBS of Single Bond 2 was significantly better than two other universal adhesives. The SBS of Single Bond Universal was not affected by silane application, while silane had a negative effect on delayed SBS of Clearfil Universal Bond.

Brake Torque of Three-phase AC Excited Eddy Current Brakes Using Cu/SPCC Composite Material Disc

Brake Torque of Three-phase AC Excited Eddy Current Brakes Using Cu/SPCC Composite Material Disc

TRANSIENT THERMAL ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE DISK BRAKE ROTOR OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS USING HYBRID MECHANISM

This paper is presented on Design and Thermal analysis of disc brake rotor of different materials, which analyze about on disc brake rotor by analysis of different shapes of slot of different vehicles Disc brake rotor. Therefore, it can optimize number of shapes of slot to estimate the good thermal conductivity of the disc brake rotor. CATIA V5R21 and ANSYS 19R1 software’s are using for Modeling, Static and Transient Thermal Analysis. Heat generated is dissipated faster or the disc material gets less heated. Here is consideration of a metal multiple materials which will satisfy above criteria. An analysis of composite and SS disc brakes over a repeated braking is done and the results are analyzed.

Dynamic stability analysis of a rotary GPLRC disk surrounded by viscoelastic foundation

The research presented in this paper deals with dynamic stability analysis of the graphene nanoplatelets (GPLs) reinforced composite spinning disk. The presented small-scaled structure is simulated as a disk covered by viscoelastic substrate which is two-parametric. The centrifugal and Coriolis impacts due to the spinning are taken into account. The stresses and strains would be obtained using the first-order-shear-deformable-theory (FSDT). For Poisson ratio, as well as various amounts of mass densities, the mixture rule is employed, while a modified Halpin-Tsai model is inserted for achieving the elasticity module. The structure's boundary conditions (BCs) are obtained employing GPLs reinforced composite (GPLRC) spinning disk's governing equations applying principle of Hamilton which is based on minimum energy and ultimately have been solved employing numerical approach called generalized-differential quadrature-method (GDQM). Spinning disk's dynamic properties with different boundary conditions (BCs) are explained due to the curves drawn by Matlab software. Also, the simply-supported boundary conditions is applied to edges θ=π/2 and θ= 3π/2, while, cantilever, respectively, is analyzed in R=Ri, and R0. The final results reveal that the GPLs' weight fraction, viscoelastic substrate, various GPLs' pattern, and rotational velocity have a dramatic influence on the amplitude, and vibration behavior of a GPLRC rotating cantilevered disk. As an applicable result in related industries, the spinning velocity impact on the frequency is more effective in the higher radius ratio's amounts.

Assessment of different surface treatments and shear bond characteristics of poly-ether-ether-ketone: An in vitro SEM analysis.

Aim:The aim of this study is to assess the surface roughness and shear bond characteristics of pol-ether-ether-ketone after different surface treatments.Setting and Design:An in vitro, prospective.Materials and Methods:One hundred and twenty disc-shaped samples of 10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness were milled and subjected to following surface treatments: 110 μm alumina particles, 98% concentrated sulfuric acid, and 10–20 μm synthetic diamond particles. Surface characteristics of treated sample were studied under SEM with ×500 and ×1000 magnification. Shear bond strength (SBS) with composite resin discs embedded in acrylic blocks after luting with self-etch resin cement and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) was evaluated using the universal testing machine (Instron®, Massachusetts U. S. A).Statistical Analysis Used:The data collected were evaluated using the Analysis of variance and Tukey's honest significant difference post hoc test.Results:Highest SBS and SR were noted with self-etch resin cement in the given order: 98% sulfuric acid (2.106 ± 0.186 μm), followed by alumina particles (1.706 ± 0.160 μm) and synthetic diamond particles (1.101 ± 0.167 μm).Conclusion:The SBS of self-etch resin cement was higher compared to RMGIC for all three surface treatments done on test samples. Hundred percent samples treated by all three surface treatment methods showed mixed type of failure.

REVIEW OF TRANSIENT THERMAL ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE DISC ROTOR FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS WITH HYBRID MECHANISM.

This paper is presented review of disc brake rotor of different materials with hybrid mechanism, which is showing about on disc brake rotor by analysis of different shapes of slot of various vehicles. Optimization of shapes and slotsare use to estimate good thermal conductivity of the disc brake rotor. In this paper, review about challenges and problems associated with disk brake and characteristics of Thermal analysis on real model of disc brake rotor. It deals with literature survey of transient, thermal analysis of composite disc brake. Various disk brake as well as its materials is also discussed in this paper for review.

Effect of whitening toothpastes containing activated charcoal, abrasive particles, or hydrogen peroxide on the color of aged microhybrid composite

This study aimed to assess the effect of different whitening toothpastes containing activated charcoal, abrasive particles or hydrogen peroxide on the color of aged microhybrid composite. In this in vitro, experimental study, 45 composite discs (2 mm × 7 mm) were fabricated of a microhybrid composite. They underwent accelerated artificial aging for 300 h, corresponding to 1 year of clinical service. The composites were then randomly divided into five groups (n = 9). One group served as the control and underwent tooth brushing with distilled water. The remaining four groups underwent tooth brushing with Colgate Total whitening (Gt), Colgate Optic White (Go), Perfect White Black (Gp) and Bencer (Gb) toothpastes in a brushing machine The International Commission on Illumination values (Lm, am, bm) were determined using a spectrophotometer. Color change (ΔE) calculated based on this formula: ΔEm= ([ΔLm] 2 + [Δam] 2 + [Δbm] 2)½. The differences were defined by ΔE1 (after aging-baseline),ΔE2 (after brushing-after aging) and ΔE3 (after brushing-base line). ΔE1 were evaluated to ensure that color mismatch had occurred (ΔE1 > 5.5). Difference in (L, a, b) parameters after aging and after tooth brushing in each group, color parameter changes (ΔL2, Δa2, Δb2, ΔL3, Δa3, Δb3) and ΔE2 and ΔE3 were analyzed and compared using Wilcoxon test and independent sample median test at P = 0.05 level of significance. The color parameter changes, ΔE3 and Δ E2 were not significantly different among the five groups (P > 0.05). In Gp and Gb charcoal a*, b*, and L* after tooth brushing (P < 0.05). In Colgate Optic group, the a* parameter significantly decreased while the L* parameter significantly increased (P < 0.05). The results showed that there is no significant difference in the color change of Spectrum composite following tooth brushing with different whitening toothpastes for two weeks. It should be noted that Δ E3 reached to <3.3 only in charcoal whitening toothpastes.

REPAIR DURABILITY OF A WATER-AGED MICROFINE HYBRID RESTORATIVE RESIN COMPOSITE: A NANO-LEAKAGE STUDY

To evaluate the effect of two types of flowable composites and storage time on nano-leakage of repaired water aged resin composite. In total, 30 resin composite discs were prepared and stored in distilled water for 6 m. The discs were divided into 6 groups (n=5/group) according to the two experimental factors: Factor 1: Flowable composite, 3 groups (no-flowable, high-viscosity and low-viscosity flowable composites), and Factor 2; Storage time after repair, 2 groups (24 h and 6 m). Repair procedures were carried out using universal adhesive with and without the application of the flowable composite. After repair, half of the specimens were stored for 24 h and the other half were stored for 6 m in distilled water. After storage, each disc was sectioned into 2 halves and each half was prepared for silver nitrate staining to evaluate nano-leakage under SEM. Three photomicrographs were taken for each half-slab (30 photomicrographs/group) then analyzed using ImageJ software. Data were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis/Mann-Whitney test (P=0.05). Flowable composite had no significant effect on nano-leakage (P=0.129), while storage time showed a statistically significant effect of nano-leakage (P˂0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference regarding the use of flowable resin composite either at 24 h and 6 m storage times (P˃0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between 24 h and 6 m storage periods for all experimental variables (P˂0.05). The two types of flowable composites were not able to prevent the uptake of silver nitrate at the composite/composite interface either after 24 h or 6 m.

Biodegradation of orthodontic composites by Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro qualitative and quantitative assessment

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degradation products of orthodontic composites (Grengloo, Blugloo, Transbond XT, and Transbond LR) by Streptococcus mutans and then to quantify the levels of released bisphenol A (BPA) using gas-phase chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Materials and Methods: Orthodontic light-cured composite discs were incubated at 37°C in brain heart infusion (BHI) (control group) and in a culture of S. mutans with BHI (test group). Incubation solutions were collected every 48 h in each group and replaced with fresh solutions. These incubation solutions were accumulated and grouped. The assessment of degradation products from composites was done at 1 and 30 days. Detected BPA was then quantified. The limit of quantification was 0.01 μg/mL. Results: Degradation products were present at day 30. For the test group, BPA was detected in Blugloo at day 1 (0.38 μg/mL) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was detected in Grengloo and Transbond LR at day 1. Conclusion: S. mutans can hydrolyze long-term orthodontic composites. Monomers such as BPA and TEGDMA may be present in degradation products. It is possible to separate and identify leaching compounds by GC–MS technique.

Wear Behavior of Rockforce Mineral Fiber and Mica Reinforced Polyamide-6 Composite against Thermoset Polyester Composite Disc

Elektrik sektöründe kullanma amaçlı gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada ağırlık olarak % 20 oranında kaya yünü mineral elyaf (KYME) ve mika takviyeli poliamid-6 (PA-6) termoplastik esaslı polimer kompozitler, termoset esaslı kompozit disk yüzeyine karşı aşınma ve sürtünme davranışları incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı elektrik sektörü için aşınma direnci daha iyi olan polimer kompozit malzeme ile termoset doymamış polyester kompozit çiftini belirlemektir. Tribolojik deneyler disk üzerinde pim düzeneği bulunan bir aşınma cihazında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Karşı disk malzeme olarak ağırlık olarak % 40 kalsiyum karbonat ve % 25 oranında uzun cam elyaf takviyeli doymamış polyester kompozit malzemesi kullanılmıştır. Tribolojik testler, 0,5 m/s kayma hızında 0,707, 1,415, 2,123 ve 3,538 MPa basınç altında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan tribolojik çalışmalar sonucunda en düşük aşınma oranı 1.98x10-14 m2/N değeri ile %20 oranında mika takviyeli PA-6 kompozitinde elde edilmiştir. Mika takviyeli PA-6 kompoziti kaya yünü mineral elyaf takviyeli kompozite göre yaklaşık olarak % 42 oranında daha az aşındığı belirlenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda elektriksel uygulamalarda kullanım amaçlı üretilen kompozit malzemelerden % 20 mika takviyeli PA-6 kompoziti ile %40 kalsiyum karbonat ve % 25 oranında uzun cam elyaf takviyeli doymamış polyester kompozit malzeme çifti elektrik kontak kesicilerde kullanılabilecek en uygun malzeme olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Çelik Tellerle Takviye Edilmiş Termoplastik Disklerin Elastik Gerilmelerinin İncelenmesi

In this study, the stresses occurring in the thermoplastic composite disc were investigated by numerical analysis. Assuming that the modulus of elasticity does not change with temperature, temperature distributions of 20 oC, 40 oC, 60 oC, 80 oC, 100 oC were taken as reference in the study. Composite materials are created by combining the best properties of two or more materials or by creating a new property. Thermoplastic composites, on the other hand, are bendable and ductile. It is vital to know the thermal behavior of these materials, which are preferred in many areas of technology. At the end of the numerical analysis, the radial and tangential stress values calculated at high temperatures; It has been observed that it is greater than the radial and tangential stresses calculated at low temperatures. It has been observed that the tangential stresses are greater than the radial stresses. It was concluded that the increase in the value of the temperature acting on the thermoplastic disc directly affects the thermal stress distribution and values.

Coupled Free Vibration of Spinning Functionally Graded Porous Double-Bladed Disk Systems Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets.

This paper presents, for the first time, the mechanical model and theoretical analysis of free vibration of a spinning functionally graded graphene nanoplatelets reinforced composite (FG-GPLRC) porous double-bladed disk system. The nanocomposite rotor is made of porous metal matrix and graphene nanoplatelet (GPL) reinforcement material with different porosity and nanofillers distributions. The effective material properties of the system are graded in a layer-wise manner along the thickness directions of the blade and disk. Considering the gyroscopic effect, the coupled model of the double-bladed disk system is established based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory for the blade and Kirchhoff’s plate theory for the disk. The governing equations of motion are derived by employing the Lagrange’s equation and then solved by employing the substructure mode synthesis method and the assumed modes method. A comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted to examine the effects of the distribution pattern, weight fraction, length-to-thickness ratio, and length-to-width ratio of graphene nanoplatelets, porosity distribution pattern, porosity coefficient, spinning speed, blade length, and disk inner radius on the free vibration characteristics of the FG-GPLRC double-bladed disk system.

Structural Characteristics of Multilayered Ni-Ti Nanocomposite Fabricated by High Speed High Pressure Torsion (HSHPT)

It is generally accepted that severe plastic deformation (SPD) has the ability to produce ultrafinegrained (UFG) and nanocrystalline materials in bulk. Recent developments in high pressure torsion (HPT) processes have led to the production of bimetallic composites using copper, aluminum or magnesium alloys. This article outlines a new approach to fabricate multilayered Ni-Ti nanocomposites by a patented SPD technique, namely, high speed high pressure torsion (HSHPT). The multilayered composite discs consist of Ni-Ti alloys of different composition: a shape memory alloy (SMA) Ti-rich, whose Mf &gt; RT, and an SMA Ni-rich, whose Af &lt; RT. The composites were designed to have 2 to 32 layers of both alloys. The layers were arranged in different sequences to improve the shape recovery on both heating and cooling of nickel-titanium alloys. The manufacturing process of Ni-Ti multilayers is explained in this work. The evolution of the microstructure was traced using optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes. The effectiveness of the bonding of the multilayered composites was investigated. The shape memory characteristics and the martensitic transition of the nickel-titanium nanocomposites were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This method opens up new possibilities for designing various layered metal-matrix composites achieving the best combination of shape memory, deformability and tensile strength.

Fabrication of a Glass Fibre Reinforced Composite Rotor Disc for a bicycle Disc brake

As we move towards more sustainable livelihood there has been a certain increment in the usage of eco-friendly transport medium. Even corporate and non-corporate organisations have started adopting non-pollutant vehicles such as bicycles, solar-powered vehicles etc. As there have been many technological advancements in the recent past even bicycles have been considered a fast and easy medium of transport thereby requiring efficient and effective safety parameters concerning structural and integral stability. As it is known that there has been a constant growth in the study of materials being used for braking applications, depending upon the economic and performance factors many investigations are ongoing in this field. Brakes play a vital role in controlling the speeding vehicles as in today’s bicycles. In order to provide a better efficient and economical braking system for bicycles, a rotor disc made of Glass Fibre Reinforced Composite (GFRC) was studied along with the conventional rotor discs. Upon testing and analysis factors affecting the performance of vehicles such as weight ratio, braking efficiency, durability, impact strength and few other material characteristics were studied for use and fabrication. GFRC was found to be a promising material to be used for the fabrication of rotor disc which is durable, efficient and economical.

Surface Roughness of 3D Printed Discs Infused With Gold-Coated Titanium Oxide Nanofibers

Advances in nanotechnology and 3D printing are making significant impacts on dentistry. The purpose of this study was to synthesize titanium oxide nanofibers and gold-coated titanium oxide nanofibers, disperse them into the resin matrix to 3D print composite discs and evaluate the change in surface roughness associated with repeated UV-light activation over time. The infusion of nanomaterials and prolonged UV-light activation did not adversely affect the surface roughness properties of the 3D printed material.