Water Budget Components Research Articles

APPLICATION OF CLIMATIC DIVISIONAL DATA TO FLOOD INTERPRETATIONS: AN EXAMPLE FROM LOUISIANA

The East Central climate division of Louisiana is used as a case study to evaluate relationships between divisional climate data and the 15 largest flood events on each of seven rivers during a 25-year period. Monthly precipitation and moisture surplus (a water-budget component) are correlated with number of rivers in flood within the division; the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is not. Although divisional data sets index climatic variability for nearly 100 years, this study indicates that some cautions should be considered when applying divisional data to flood analyses. [Key words: water budget, PDSI, climate division data, flooding, storm precipitation.]

Biology of cave crickets, Hadenoecus subterraneus, and camel crickets, Ceuthophilus stygius (Insecta: Orthoptera): Metabolism and water economies related to size and temperature

1. 1. Metabolic rate (MR) and water budget (WB) components of cave and camel crickets are directly related to size and temperature. 2. 2. MR increases most rapidly with size for insects in general followed by cave crickets (females > males), and lastly, camel crickets (no sex differences). 3. 3. Metabolic thermal sensitivity of cave crickets (males > females) is much greater than camel crickets. 4. 4. WB components parallel MR relations.

Optimum sorghum planting dates in western Sudan by simulated water budgets

The Soil-Plant-Air-Water (SPAW) model previously developed and tested was used to simulate soil water budgets and crop water-stress for sorghum in the dryland region of western Sudan. Limited climatic data were combined with general observations of sorghum growth and soils to provide daily water budgets at one site for 11 years. Probability distribution of computed water budget components and water-stress index resulting from simulation of nine possible planting dates for each year were used to determine the optimum planting period for minimal crop water-stress. The water budget analysis showed a distinct optimum planting period of June 20 to July 10 with planting in early July as the most likely for best production. These results agreed well with general experience. The technique will be similarly useful for other locations, for research designs of soil water management, yield forecasting, and planning and management of agricultural resources.

Ground-water component of lake water and nutrient budgets

The ground-water component of lake-water and nutrient budgets usually is calculated as the residual of the budget equation. This can lead to serious error and misinterpretation of a lake-water and ...

NATURAL AND ENHANCED EVAPORATION FROM LAKE WABAMUN, ALBERTA

Estimates of evaporation associated with the injection of heated surface water from power plants on the shores of Lake Wabamun, Alberta are obtained from 21 years of data. Natural lake evaporation estimates are coupled with estimates of monthly lake-level changes, precipitation, runoff and discharge in years prior to power plant installation and years following plant installation. The change in residuals of the water-budget equation when pre-plant years are subtracted from recent years yields an estimate of enhanced evaporation (6.2 ± 6.9 cm per year) which is free of systematic errors common to water-budget components in both sets of years. A more reliable estimate (5.5 ± 3.9 cm per year, representing 69 percent of the change in heat release to the lake) is obtained when the water-budget equation residuals for six early power plant years are subtracted from those for six recent years.

A SNOWMELT RUNOFF MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO SHORT-RANGE FORECASTING OF FLOOD DISCHARGES / Modèle d'écoulement de fonte de la neige et son application à la prévision à court terme des déchargements

Abstract A snowmelt runoff model is derived for relatively small rivers. The model involves the main components of the catchment water budget, physiographical and some other factors: water equivalent of snow cover, precipitation, antecedent moisture content, daily snowmelt, non-uniformity of snow cover, retention capacity of the basin, and percentage of forest area. The model structure includes calculations of the daily values of snowmelt excess and the transformation of these values into discharges at the outlet of the basin based on meteorological observations and appropriate distribution functions. Both calculations are made separately for open and forest areas. The parameters of the model were derived by optimization methods. The linear model based on the superposition principle is used to transform the discharges of a small river into total inflow into a large reservoir. The combined model was used to forecast for five days in advance daily mean inflows into the Gorky and Kuibyshev reservoirs (on the...