Components Of Subsystems Research Articles

Дослідження шляхів підвищення оперативності виконання діагностичних операцій електронних систем автотракторної техніки

The purpose of this study is to find ways to reduce production time spent on diagnostic operations during maintenance or repair of electronic control systems (ECS) in automotive vehicles. Existing methods of diagnosing engine control systems in vehicles are sufficiently effective, but in most cases, they require highly skilled personnel, the use of additional complex and expensive equipment, prolonged service cycles, which in turn increases the complexity of maintenance, and also does not provide for prior prediction of faults and system failures. Analysis of scientific publications has shown that to reduce the time for maintenance and repair of electronic systems, it is necessary to predict the residual life of ECS components in vehicles during maintenance, to further reduce the labor intensity of diagnostics and current repairs. In other words, diagnostics performed during maintenance or repair should include predicting the residual life of electronic system components. For the most critical ECS components in vehicles, it is proposed to apply a strategy of replacing them upon reaching a certain mileage, rather than upon failure. This organization method will reduce vehicle downtime in repair and reduce the time to troubleshoot ECS component failures. A method has been proposed for identifying design elements that limit the reliability of the ECS, taking into account the degree of influence of their failures on the engine's technical and economic characteristics and the cost of restoring its performance. The availability of such information is the basis of the ECS maintainability support system. An algorithm has been developed to search for hidden faults in the components of ECS subsystems, which includes predicting the failure of ECS components. This will help reduce the labor intensity of diagnostic operations during maintenance and repair.

An information system to support preliminary design of small spacecraft

With the development of information technology, the role of support systems for the technical products design process has increased significantly. The capabilities of knowledge management systems make it possible to ensure the commonality of terminology, object definitions and relations between them. In addition, the use of formal semantics is necessary to support the reuse of knowledge. The article discusses ways to improve the efficiency of the small spacecraft design process and a creation of tools for the knowledge exchange about the functional characteristics of typical subsystems of such vehicles. The creation of an information system to support the preliminary design of small spacecraft, which contains information linked to the relationship between the functions and components of subsystems and their characteristics, is considered. The created system facilitates the synthesis of various product configurations. When developing the information system, modern approaches in the field of structural and functional classifications of small spacecraft systems and approaches existing in the field of taxonomy to create database structures were used. The information system database contains a set of characteristics for a wide range of small spacecraft equipment. As an example of the use of an information system to support the design of small spacecraft, the process of choosing the characteristics of a power supply system for a promising small spacecraft designed to provide communication between mobile ground terminals is considered..

Proposing an integrated indicator to measure product repairability

Repairing is one of the most relevant strategies within the Circular Economy (CE) concept since it contributes to waste prevention and extends product and components' lifespan. Thus, reparability becomes an essential issue from the early product design phases, where materials, geometries, and joints are defined. Despite some repairability indicators that can be found in the literature and are applied worldwide, there is a lack of connection between repairability and the early decision-making process for improving it from the design of components of subsystems of a product. To contribute in that research direction, this article presents the Product Repairability Index (PRI), which considers the intrinsic repairability of the product components, their assembly/disassembly complexity, repairing instructions, availability of spare parts, and the self-diagnosis aids provided by the product. The PRI also considers components' relative functional importance to identify those with higher repairability requirements concerning their functional importance in the whole product assembly. The proposed indicator has been applied to a coffee machine as a case study, following a step-to-step methodology and calculation criteria to generate a quantitative value and detect the possible aspects to redesign to make a product more repairable.

HARMONIZATION OF THE INNOVATION POLICY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENTERPRISES IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION

The article clarifies the essential content, purpose, tasks, components of subsystems, functional elements of the innovative policy of telecommunications enterprises, identifies the features of its harmonization in the conditions of digitalization, outlines the specifics of micro and macro tools of innovation policy, evaluates the innovative policy of telecommunications enterprises, and substantiates the dominant elements of the harmonization of the innovative policy of telecommunications enterprises. enterprises in the conditions of digitalization, which depend on the intensity of the influence of favorable and inhibiting factors and their interrelationship, which in the post-war period will be an effective means of competitive struggle, will contribute to the activation of innovative digital processes, cost reduction, investment attraction, improvement of the image of the enterprise, coverage of new markets, competent leveling innovative risks. In particular, it is emphasized that every enterprise should use the advantages of mastering digital and organizational innovations in the process of strategic changes regarding the harmonization of its innovation policy, and the new format of harmonization of the innovation policy of telecommunications enterprises based on the implementation of digital and organizational innovations provides for the sequence of transition to the selected trajectory of innovative development, which will contribute to increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise depending on the operating environment and taking into account new challenges of the economic space and consumer requests, which will contribute to the activation and acceleration of the pace of innovation processes and will ensure the progressive nature of innovative changes based on the interconnection and interdependence of innovative phenomena and digital processes and the avoidance of contradictions in innovative development, at the same time, the conceptual adapted model of the dominant harmonization of the innovative policy of telecommunications enterprises in the conditions of digitalization should be built taking into account the space of strategizing, its functional and temporal components, providing opportunities for the development of innovative business partnerships, the appropriate integration of innovative potentials, managerial, organizational and digital innovations with the decomposition of information- communication corridors and chains.

Pheromone sensing in Drosophila requires support cell-expressed Osiris 8

BackgroundThe nose of most animals comprises multiple sensory subsystems, which are defined by the expression of different olfactory receptor families. Drosophila melanogaster antennae contain two morphologically and functionally distinct subsystems that express odorant receptors (Ors) or ionotropic receptors (Irs). Although these receptors have been thoroughly characterized in this species, the subsystem-specific expression and roles of other genes are much less well-understood.ResultsHere we generate subsystem-specific transcriptomic datasets to identify hundreds of genes, encoding diverse protein classes, that are selectively enriched in either Or or Ir subsystems. Using single-cell antennal transcriptomic data and RNA in situ hybridization, we find that most neuronal genes—other than sensory receptor genes—are broadly expressed within the subsystems. By contrast, we identify many non-neuronal genes that exhibit highly selective expression, revealing substantial molecular heterogeneity in the non-neuronal cellular components of the olfactory subsystems. We characterize one Or subsystem-specific non-neuronal molecule, Osiris 8 (Osi8), a conserved member of a large, insect-specific family of transmembrane proteins. Osi8 is expressed in the membranes of tormogen support cells of pheromone-sensing trichoid sensilla. Loss of Osi8 does not have obvious impact on trichoid sensillar development or basal neuronal activity, but abolishes high sensitivity responses to pheromone ligands.ConclusionsThis work identifies a new protein required for insect pheromone detection, emphasizes the importance of support cells in neuronal sensory functions, and provides a resource for future characterization of other olfactory subsystem-specific genes.

Development of a technology for geoinformation modelling of forest ecosystems (part 3)

In the third part of the article the structural components of forest ecosystems geoinformation modeling subsystems are considered, the technological map of the main components is indicated. Some objectives of forest geoinformation modelling and technological support of the forest ecosystems geoinformation modelling process are considered. The systems: mapping, modelling and management system at conceptual and logical level as a part of the instrumental support of geoinformation models’ operability are described. The objectives of forestry in the application of geo-referenced models of forest ecosystems that can improve the quality of forest management and provide a decision support system for economic tasks arising in the forestry sector are indicated.

Pension provision in the system of social protection of the population

A large number of works in the scientific literature are devoted to the study of pensions in the social protection system, because today the issue of providing social guarantees to the population is very painful. Today's pension system in Ukraine operates in conditions of constant financial stress, instability and requires constant improvement as it is unable to provide citizens with a decent standard of living and therefore needs to be reviewed and reformed. Reforming socio-economic processes necessitates comprehensive public administration of reforms in the pension system by improving organizational and economic mechanisms.
 Pension provision is an important component of Ukraine's economic system. Pension rights are one of the basic social rights guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine and the laws of Ukraine, which are not only proclaimed or declared, but also implemented and apply to everyone.
 State-funded pension benefits are important factors in determining the living standards and well-being of the poorest and are designed to prevent poverty, meet basic needs and maintain a normal standard of living after losing one's job.
 The article considers the functioning of the pension system in Ukraine, namely, the need and composition of pensions, evolutionary processes, economic nature, as well as sources of formation of the Pension Fund and the use of funds. The need to amend the legislation of Ukraine to reform the pension system in Ukraine has been identified.
 Scholars' views on the interpretation of the concept of "pension provision" and "social protection system" are systematized. Particular attention is paid to the study of the constituent elements of the social protection system, which includes: social assistance, social security, social insurance. The three-level pension system in the context of the components of social protection subsystems is also studied.

Victimological portrait of a victim of domestic violence

In the context of the global pandemic, the number of cases of domestic violence is gradually increasing, which certainly requires special attention from society and the state and possible ways to minimize such cases. Given that the victim of violence will always need protection, it is necessary to understand the possible victimological portrait of the potential victim.
 The aim of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the victimological portrait of the victim of domestic violence.
 Methods of problem analysis. A set of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, experiment) and special legal (comparative legal, synergetic) methods was used in the study of the subject of the scientific article.
 Results of the research. The study found that the increase in domestic violence in recent years has been directly correlated, including with the global Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, it should be noted that in solving the problem of domestic violence, despite its sufficient degree of research, there are still no common theoretical and methodological approaches. It is determined that the victim of a criminal offense is a natural person who, as a result of or under the condition of his relationship with the offender, directly or indirectly caused physical, moral or property damage. The defining feature of a victim who has been harmed as a result of or in a relationship with a criminal will be the existence between them of the relationship that led to its victimization. It is argued that the main components of the so-called subsystems of criminological characteristics of a person who is a victim of violence should include the following: 1) socio-demographic qualities (gender, age, education, marital status, social ties); 2) moral and psychological characteristics that reflect a person’s perception of social values and social functions that he performs. It is concluded that the personality of a victim of criminal violence is charac- terized by a set of fairly stable typical socio-demographic and moral-psychological traits, which in interaction with external factors cause an increased opportunity for an individual to become a victim of criminal-violent behavior. signs of a criminal. Moreover, the analysis of the relationship between the offender and the victim allowed us to establish the main areas of prevention of violent crimes, and by complementing the study with information about the behavior of the victim, we identified the main victim behavior of a victim of violence.
 Scientific novelty. The article provides a comprehensive description of the victimological portrait of the victim of violence, taking into account the latest legislative changes. The need to pay more attention to the psycho-emotional state of a potential victim of a violent offense is argued.
 Practical significance. The results of this analysis can be used for further research in criminology, in particular the victimological characteristics of the victim of a potential violent offense.

ПРОБЛЕМА ИМИТАЦИОННОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ПРОЦЕССОВ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ МНОГОСЕНСОРНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-УПРАВЛЯЮЩЕЙ СИТЕМЫ АВТОМОБИЛЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ ДЕСТАБИЛИЗИРУЮЩИХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЙ

The subject area of properties of an unmanned vehicle with an information and control system in conflict and uncertain operating conditions in two versions is considered. The first option is a physical model that reflects the material attributes of the ground adaptive robotic complex using the components of subsystems of generalized design with measuring system of sensors and adaptive control system, as well as materialized elements of technological interaction in the form of multisensor channels for receiving and processing signals. radiation. The second option - an analytical model that reflects the system of formalization of information interaction of the object with the operating environment with objects, which is represented by an ordered set (vector) of source data, logical and analytical expressions, algorithms or rules for their construction. Particular attention is paid to simulation methods of digital information processing in information and control systems of car control. A simulation model with a stabilizing measure for the processing of digital multisensory information in information and control systems of car control in the conditions of destabilizing influences is proposed. The presented joint solution of the problem of restoring the observed image involves determining the conditions of formation of the recovered image taking into account destabilizing factors by simulating them as a noise test useful signal, the coefficients of which are formed by addressing random number sensors (RNS) with uniform distribution law with its subsequent processing in a regularized adaptive system. Keywords: information and control system, destabilizing influences, automotive equipment, information, test signal.

Cost reduction potential in parabolic trough collector based CSP plants: A case study for India

The capital cost of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants is relatively higher amongst other renewable energy-based electricity generation options. To make CSP plants more competitive, different possibilities to reduce capital costs of CSP plants need to be explored while making use of the recent developments in the field. Two potential modalities for parabolic trough collector based CSP plants have been considered in the study – (i) use of large aperture area parabolic troughs and advanced heat transfer fluids so as to operate at higher temperatures (Case-I) and (ii) use of larger aperture area parabolic troughs along with the use of molten salt as both the heat transfer fluid and storage medium (Case-II). The cost reduction potential has been estimated by assessing the impact of proposed changes on the number of components required to be used and consequent reduction in the material requirements in various components of different subsystems of the CSP plant. The likely reduction in capital cost of the parabolic trough collector based CSP plants for a location in India is estimated at 12.3% for Case-I and 29.9% for Case-II.

Considering an integrated malacology approach to ecosystem assessment: a socio-ecological system analysis of the terrestrial mollusks in an atlantic rainforest area, southeastern Brazil

The invertebrate group is not considered in environmental studies. When they are remembered, the studies are vague, superficial and do not give the due importance that the group has in the ecosystem dynamics. This paper aimed at placing the terrestrial mollusks in the discussion agenda of complex socio-ecological systems and analyzed the interactions of these mollusks with the other components of the socio-ecological subsystems. The analysis was based on the theoretical-methodological framework proposed by Ostrom and discussed how terrestrial mollusks have the potential to support actions for decision-making in biodiversity conservation, public health and local economy. The framework presented four subsystems categorized as ecological, political, social and economic, with the Sooretama Biological Reserve in the Northern state of Espirito Santo as a geographical boundary. The results allow us to perceive that terrestrial mollusks have essential characteristics that reflect into ecosystem health, acting in an integrated way with the dynamics of environmental services and the equilibrium of habitats.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ОБЪЕКТОВ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА

The Railway Troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are intended for technical cover, restoration, demining and barrage of sections (objects) of the RF railroad transport infrastructure in the RF Armed Forces responsibility zone, increasing its survivability and carrying capacity, as well as planning the guidance and operation of floating railway bridges. The railway infrastructure is understood as "a technological complex, which includes subsystems of railway infrastructure, components of subsystems and elements of components of subsystems of railway infrastructure, ensuring the functioning of this complex" [1]. The tasks of the troops include the operation of existing and construction of new sections of railways, bypassing railway (railway) junctions, the construction of temporary railway bridges in order to ensure the actions of troops [2]. When restoring infrastructure facilities for railroad transport, the organization of work management and the promptness of restoring interrupted train traffic play a decisive role, which largely depends on the preparation and decision-making that requires certain engineering calculations. In particular, the development of design documentation for the construction of a bypass of a destroyed section of a road or a railway junction requires a significant amount of time. The most time-consuming document of design documentation is the calculation and construction of a longitudinal bypass profile. The article discusses the issues of automated construction of a longitudinal bypass profile, which can significantly reduce the time required for preparing design documentation, including for laying cable lines to restore the regulation of train traffic.

Designing a laboratory setup for experimenting with smart metering for smart grid applications: technical challenges

Smart grids aim at improving the operation, monitoring, and control of the electricity networks. The massive rollout of smart meters and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) leverages these applications in the low-voltage grid. AMI-based smart grids technologies must be carefully designed and tested before they may be deployed in the field, which requires appropriate methods and tools. Software simulations, although very useful at the early design stage, are not sufficient at the testing and validation stages: they may eventually fail to capture important features of the physical system under consideration. This creates a requirement for a hardware validation platform that represents the cyber-physical nature of an LV grid. In this study, the authors will discuss the technical challenges one faces during the implementation of such a heterogeneous system where the interactions between the components of the different subsystems become crucial and can no longer be avoided. The choices for some components will be restricted by their effect on other subsystems and therefore it becomes hard to satisfy the requirements of all of them.

Optimum conceptual design for the life support systems of manned spacecraft

The problem of the optimal design of the life support systems of manned spacecraft is studied in this paper. The aim is to select components of all relevant subsystems to minimize the mass and powe...

Effective algorithm for solving complex problems of production control and of material flows control of industrial enterprise

A universal economical and mathematical model designed for determination of optimal strategies for managing subsystems (components of subsystems) of production and logistics of enterprises is considered. Declared universality allows taking into account on the system level both production components, including limitations on the ways of converting raw materials and components into sold goods, as well as resource and logical restrictions on input and output material flows. The presented model and generated control problems are developed within the framework of the unified approach that allows one to implement logical conditions of any complexity and to define corresponding formal optimization tasks. Conceptual meaning of used criteria and limitations are explained. The belonging of the generated tasks of the mixed programming with the class of NP is shown. An approximate polynomial algorithm for solving the posed optimization tasks for mixed programming of real dimension with high computational complexity is proposed. Results of testing the algorithm on the tasks in a wide range of dimensions are presented.

Nonlinear systems - describing functions analysis and using

The paper presents a basic description and examples of the use of so called descriptive functions, allowing analysing the influence of inherent and indispensable components of all mechatronic systems mechanical subsystems - so called hard nonlinearities. These parts “causing” - in addition to the centrifugal and Coriolis generalized forces- the nonlinearity of the system, can be analysed by the abovementioned method from the point of view of their origin and the estimation of the basic parameters of their frequent consequences - so-called limit cycles. After a short introduction, which introduces and explains describing functions using the example of a nonlinear system taken from the literature, some of the socalled hard nonlinear subsystems (such as the mechanical chain of robots) are shown to be used. The paper is the first part of a more extensive description analysis of nonlinear systems concept using these functions in order to enable analysis and prediction of limit cycles.

DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM FOR TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS BY ROAD ON THE BASIS OF THE PRINCIPLES OF LOGISTICS

The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations in the framework of the scientific support of the processes of the further development of logistics system of cargo delivery by motor transport. Methods. In the study of this topic used the system approach, methods of synthesis and rational problem solving, theory of mass service. The Results. In the work of the road considered as part of the system of transportation of cargoes that will allow to increase its economic efficiency in an ever-changing environment of transportation and logistics space according to the chosen criterion, the lower total costs to promote material flow. Scientific novelty. The road is represented by a link in an integral process of creating and managing material flows. We propose the formation of the elements of the traffic and transport components of subsystems with their further unification of the unified system of transportation of goods by road. The relationship of the elements of the system are formalized in the form of dispersed two-phase system of mass service. Each element of the system is evaluated with its own characteristics. The practical significance of research consists in possibility of their use by employees of motor transport enterprises, service enterprises, responsible for procurement of production and transportation of products, travel agencies to make science-based decisions on rational organization of transport of goods and the formation of the program of road works.

2012 JRC Wind Status Report

The wind energy sector uses a mature yet continuously improving technology. The reliability of wind turbines and the efficiency of energy capture are both high, yet continue to improve with new designs, new components and new materials. Even non-technological aspects such as project management, better forecasts of wind energy production and better risks assessment are contributing to increasing the competitiveness of wind power and reducing its overall cost. This is sometimes achieved even if some cost areas can occasionally increase, e.g. capital costs due to the better quality of components.To further increase reliability, scientists and designers require better knowledge of loads, load effects and electrical effects in the mechanical and electrical parts of the turbine. They also require materials and basic components (e.g. electronic components of the electricity subsystems) that can stand higher temperatures and perform better at normal operating temperatures. In some areas reliability is improved through more redundancy of equipment, in particular in control and power electronics.The technological aspects of wind energy include: Wind turbine components: blades, forgings (e.g. main shafts), castings (e.g. hubs, bearing housings and bed plates), pitch, control and yaw systems, generator, gearbox, bearings and shafts, and power electronics. Design for manufacture, transport and installation; turbine assembly. Offshore foundations design and manufacture; and foundations, cable and turbine installation. Substations: switchgear, transformers, cables, circuit breakers, etc.The world wind market and the European offshore sectors are continuously growing although European onshore wind growth is less significant. Overall, the global annual market remains stable at around 40 GW of installed capacity, but this figure hides huge variations between individual markets. Cumulative installed capacity reached 240 GW at the end of 2011 and is expected to reach 285 GW at the end of the current year (2012).The 2011 manufacturers market continued to be dominated by Vestas and, as in 2010, it included four Chinese firms among the top-ten. However, the changes in the Chinese market are very significant as the 2010 market leader Sinovel (and 2nd worldwide) is now 7th worldwide. European firms, General Electric (US) and Suzlon (India) have a truly international reach whereas Chinese firms are still confined to the Chinese market.Capital expenditure (CapEx) or cost for wind installations vary greatly worldwide: unit costs in some countries can be triple those in other countries. Overall, 2011 CapEx for onshore wind averaged 1 580 €/kW, if Chinese and Indian installations are excluded (due to different cost methodologies), and the offshore figure reached 3 500 €/kW although from a low installed capacity basis. Operational costs (OpEx) are also very different onshore (21 €/MWh) and offshore (32 €/MWh, figures depend on assumptions such as capacity factors). There is a clear trend to lower prices in both CapEx and OpEx, possibly steeper in onshore than offshore OpEx and with very significant potential in offshore CapEx.This report presents a snapshot of the current situation of the wind sector from a technology and market perspective, and a detailed analysis of the economics of wind. It is the first of a series of annual reports which will not only include annual developments but also specific, one-off research into technology aspects of the wind sector.

Developmental expression profiles of axon guidance signaling and the immune system in the marmoset cortex: Potential molecular mechanisms of pruning of dendritic spines during primate synapse formation in late infancy and prepuberty (I)

The synapse number and the related dendritic spine number in the cerebral cortex of primates shows a rapid increase after birth. Depending on the brain region and species, the number of synapses reaches a peak before adulthood, and pruning takes place after this peak (overshoot-type synaptic formation). Human mental disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, are hypothesized to be a result of either too weak or excessive pruning after the peak is reached. Thus, it is important to study the molecular mechanisms underlying overshoot-type synaptic formation, particularly the pruning phase.To examine the molecular mechanisms, we used common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Microarray analysis of the marmoset cortex was performed in the ventrolateral prefrontal, inferior temporal, and primary visual cortices, where changes in the number of dendritic spines have been observed. The spine number of all the brain regions above showed a peak at 3months (3 M) after birth and gradually decreased (e.g., at 6 M and in adults). In this study, we focused on genes that showed differential expression between ages of 3 M and 6 M and on the differences whose fold change (FC) was greater than 1.2. The selected genes were subjected to canonical pathway analysis, and in this study, we describe axon guidance signaling, which had high plausibility. The results showed a large number of genes belonging to subsystems within the axon guidance signaling pathway, macrophages/immune system, glutamate system, and others. We divided the data and discussion of these results into 2 papers, and this is the first paper, which deals with the axon guidance signaling and macrophage/immune system. Other systems will be described in the next paper. Many components of subsystems within the axon guidance signaling underwent changes in gene expression from 3 M to 6 M so that the synapse/dendritic spine number would decrease at 6 M. Thus, axon guidance signaling probably contributes to the decrease in synapse/dendritic spine number at 6 M, the phenomenon that fits the overshoot-type synaptic formation in primates.Microglial activity (evaluated by quantifying AIF1 expression) and gene expression of molecules that modulate microglia, decreased at 6 M, just like the synapse/dendritic spine number. Thus, although microglial activity is believed to be related to phagocytosis of synapses/dendritic spines, microglial activity alone cannot explain how pruning was accelerated in the pruning phase. On the other hand, expression of molecules that tag synapses/dendritic spines as a target of phagocytosis by microglia (e.g., complement components) increased at 6 M, suggesting that these tagging proteins may be involved in the acceleration of pruning during the pruning phase.

Análise das necessidades atuais de especialidades de manutenção de aeronaves para a Força Aérea Brasileira

Given the diversity of aircraft fleets of the Brazilian Air Force (BAF), the types of operations, and the types of maintenance currently practiced, as well as the worldwide trend in outsourcing aircraft maintenance services, this paper sought to identify, qualitatively, the current needs for aircraft maintenance specialists. The method employed consisted on grouping the maintenance tasks based on their natures, in their relationships, and in the interconnections of the components of the aircraft subsystems, and compare the generated groups of maintenance tasks with the BAF’s maintenance specialties. These specialties were also compared with the United States Air Force’s and the Canada Air Force’s maintenance specialties. These comparisons helped to verify the generalists trends of the specialties Structures and Painting (BEP), Electricity and Instruments (BEI), and Aircraft Maintenance (BMA), leading to the conclusion that, even generalists, they will fit to the current needs of the BAF, since the change recommendations in the basic training courses be implemented as suggested in this work.