Schema Components Research Articles

Schema Content for a Threatening Situation: Responses to Expected and Unexpected Events

Although previous research has identified the components of event-based schemas, or scripts, for threatening situations in anxious individuals, no studies have examined how scripts change when anxious individuals are faced with a deviation in the expected sequence of events. In the present study, blood fearful (n = 49) and nonfearful (n = 48) participants assigned subjective units of discomfort (SUD) ratings to the events comprising the script for getting a bleeding cut on the arm. Subsequently, they listed a series of 10 events that would occur following 1 of 2 unexpected events that interrupted the script. Results indicated that blood fearful participants assigned higher SUD ratings to scripted events than nonfearful participants. Participants in the two groups generated largely similar sequences of events that would occur after the unexpected events. However, relative to nonfearful participants, blood fearful participants listed more events characterized by negative affect. These results suggest that blood fearful individuals are able to recover from deviations from the standard script for a common but threatening situation, although their associated emotional experiences are more distressing than those of nonfearful individuals.

Toward a Prototypical Model of Culture for Bible Translation

Bible translation is inherently a communication event originating in a historical language and culture. Recipients of translated Scriptures interpret this historical text through their language and cultural grid. They have cultural practices, material culture, beliefs, values, a worldview, image schemas, etc., that can assist or compromise their ability to properly understand the Bible. This work addresses the challenge to translators and translation consultants to more readily identify translation issues that are rooted in the target culture such that they may be further researched and treated as appropriate in the translation and helps. A prototypical model of culture is proposed to support these deliberations, which is comprised of a stratified network of observable cultural systems, beliefs, values, and deep structural components of worldview and image schemas. The cultural model is productively applied to a survey of translation issues rooted in the target cultures of several language teams in eastern Africa, and to three, in-depth analyses from Zinza and Digo Scriptures. The results suggest that Zinza prefer LINK and PATH image schemas over IN/OUT and FULL/EMPTY CONTAINER image schemas in metaphorical extensions such as “in Christ.” In addition, the Digo people’s limited knowledge of biblical construction practices, and the strong impact of the Lake Victoria ecosystem on Zinza culture, present translation challenges to the Digo New Testament and Zinza Genesis, respectively.

Generation of efficient parsers through direct compilation of XML Schema grammars

With the widespread adoption of SOAP and Web services, XML-based processing, and parsing of XML documents in particular, is becoming a performance-critical aspect of business computing. In such scenarios, XML is often constrained by an XML Schema grammar, which can be used during parsing to improve performance. Although traditional grammar-based parser generation techniques could be applied to the XML Schema grammar, the expressiveness of XML Schema does not lend itself well to the generic intermediate representations associated with these approaches. In this paper we present a method for generating efficient parsers by using the schema component model itself as the representation of the grammar. We show that the model supports the full expressive power of the XML Schema, and we present results demonstrating significant performance improvements over existing parsers.

XML schema design approach

This paper presents a systematic XML Schema design approach which conceptually captures semantics of the problem domain at conceptual level and represents such semantics in XML Schema at schema level. At the conceptual level, objects, their inter‐relationships and constraints are semantically powered by object‐oriented models. At the schema level, these conceptual semantics are comprehensively represented in textbased representation of XML Schema using various schema components and design styles, each of which offers different quality characteristics. Two primary design styles in use are nesting and linking. The nesting design styles are developed based on the choice of schema components and their definition/declaration scopes (global vs. local), whereas the linking design styles use referencing facilities provided by XML Schema and other XML technologies such as XLink and XPointer. With an in‐depth analysis of outstanding problems of existing approaches, the proposed design approach is motivated to help improve the quality and robustness of the XML documents in large‐scale XML‐based applications.

A Language to Define External Schemas in ODMG Databases.

ODMG is the de facto standard for object-oriented databases (OODB) but does not address the definition of external schemas. In order to provide such functionality, we have developed an external schema definition methodology that allows the definition of external schemas in ODMG databases. In this work, the language used by the schema definer to specify the schema components (e.g. classes, interfaces, and so on) is proposed. Besides, we describe the effect caused on the ODMG schema repository by the definition of external schemas using the proposed language.

Designing Instructional Examples to Reduce Intrinsic Cognitive Load: Molar versus Modular Presentation of Solution Procedures

It is usually assumed that successful problemsolving in knowledge-rich domains depends onthe availability of abstract problem-typeschemas whose acquisition can be supported bypresenting students with worked examples.Conventionally designed worked examples oftenfocus on information that is related to themain components of problem-type schemas, namelyon information related to problem-categorymembership, structural task features, andcategory-specific solution procedures. However,studying these examples might be cognitivelydemanding because it requires learners tosimultaneously hold active a substantial amountof information in working memory. In ourresearch, we try to reduce intrinsic cognitiveload in example-based learning by shifting thelevel of presenting and explaining solutionprocedures from a `molar' view – that focuseson problem categories and their associatedoverall solution procedures – to a more`modular' view where complex solutions arebroken down into smaller meaningful solutionelements that can be conveyed separately. Wereview findings from five of our own studiesthat yield evidence for the fact thatprocessing modular examples is associated witha lower degree of intrinsic cognitive load andthus, improves learning.

A Semantically Extended Views Integration Method and Its Application to Pavement Views Integration

Due to increasing interest in distributed databases, the importance of schema integration techniques is significantly increasing. It has been realized database design is such a complex task that it can't be performed in a centralized way, therefore, a more reasonable approach is to first allow the different departments of an organization to build their own schema/view of the database and then integrate them to represent the global schema of the complete knowledge. Keeping this view in mind, an integration strategy based on the concept of structural comparison and semantic comparison of schema is proposed.The structural comparison finds out similar or near similar types to mainly ascertain subset relationship. It does not analyze the entities very deeply, therefore, it can't detect other relationships hidden in the structural specification of the types. Hence to circumvent these problems, semantic comparison of the types is also considered. The semantic comparison helps to detect other kinds of hidden relationships such as role relationship, identical relationship and compatible relationship between diverse schema components. After this process, all semantic related components are implicitly merged to get a universal view of the knowledge spread in distributed environment. The whole concept is summed up in the form of an integration algorithm.

Modeling deductive information systems using ERM ded

Today traditional information systems and deductive systems are modeled and implemented separately. Most users, however, demand integrated systems which meet their everyday information needs and have deductive capabilities as well. The well-known Entity-Relationship approach to conceptual data modeling is extended to cover modeling of such systems. First, a descriptive query language is introduced as a basis. Then it is shown how this language may be used to define derivable schema components. Finally, a classification of derivable data is given which allows the analyst to decide which derivable data should be included in the conceptual schema.

Architecture of Clinical Information and Prediction of Service Utilization and Cost

The state of the art in predicting service utilization and cost in general medical care and psychiatry is reviewed. Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) and measures of illness severity are specifically examined. Building on this experience and searching for other promising informational elements, key components of clinical information schemas are considered. The interface between patient and treatment domains is examined by using multiaxial classifications connected with the upcoming Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and the European International Classification of Mental Health Care. Within this framework, univariate and multivariate approaches to the prediction of service utilization and cost are outlined.

Intent: an integrated environment for distributed heterogeneous databases

Intent: an integrated environment for distributed heterogeneous databases

Semantic database modeling: survey, applications, and research issues

Most common database management systems represent information in a simple record-based format. Semantic modeling provides richer data structuring capabilities for database applications. In particular, research in this area has articulated a number of constructs that provide mechanisms for representing structurally complex interrelations among data typically arising in commercial applications. In general terms, semantic modeling complements work on knowledge representation (in artificial intelligence) and on the new generation of database models based on the object-oriented paradigm of programming languages.This paper presents an in-depth discussion of semantic data modeling. It reviews the philosophical motivations of semantic models, including the need for high-level modeling abstractions and the reduction of semantic overloading of data type constructors. It then provides a tutorial introduction to the primary components of semantic models, which are the explicit representation of objects, attributes of and relationships among objects, type constructors for building complex types, ISA relationships, and derived schema components. Next, a survey of the prominent semantic models in the literature is presented. Further, since a broad area of research has developed around semantic modeling, a number of related topics based on these models are discussed, including data languages, graphical interfaces, theoretical investigations, and physical implementation strategies.