Relationship Quality Components Research Articles

Development and Validation of a Measure of the Resolution Phase of the Sexual Response Cycle: The Sexual Resolution Scale (SRS)

ABSTRACT We developed and validated a measure of the depth of the resolution experience – the Sexual Resolution Scale (SRS). Portuguese-speaking participants responded to an online survey including the SRS whose eight items were derived from the literature on post-sex states: 1) deeply relaxed, 2) with elevated heart rate, 3) with intensified emotions, 4) more aware of body, 5) in a profound peace, 6) more imaginative, 7) more predisposed to talk about emotionally charged topics, 8) more predisposed to listen to emotionally charged topics. They also reported the intensity of satisfaction, desire, arousal, and orgasm, during the last sexual activity, and completed the Perceived Relationship Quality Components Inventory, and the Female Sexual Function Index or the International Index of Erectile Function. Principal Component Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed two dimensions: Internal Experience (items 1 to 6) and Openness to Communication (items 7 and 8). The two dimensions had good reliability. Invariance was confirmed between women and men. Nomological validity evidence was demonstrated: the two dimensions correlated with better sexual function during the last sexual activity and over the past 4 weeks. The SRS appears to be usable to measure the enjoyable aspects of the resolution phase of sexual intercourse.

The effects of service quality on relationship quality and loyalty in business-to-business electrical and electronics industry

PurposeThis study investigates the relationships between service quality, relationship quality (i.e. satisfaction, trust and commitment) and loyalty in the business-to-business (B2B) context.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was developed from a comprehensive literature review. It was verified by experts and statistical techniques. The data were collected from senior purchasing officers in 232 electrical and electronics companies in Thailand. Path analysis of structural equation modeling was used to analyze the hypothesized model.FindingsIt was found that service quality has a significant positive direct effect on satisfaction, trust and commitment. Commitment significantly affects loyalty, while service quality, satisfaction and trust do not.Originality/valueThis is one of the first examples of empirical research to examine the links between service quality, components of relationship quality and loyalty in the B2B electrical and electronics context.

Examining the interplay of chatbot interactivity and anthropomorphic design for enhancing brand relationships in service businesses

The current research examines how elements of chatbot design influence not only consumers’ perceptions and responses but also the processes by which they promote online-to-offline behavioral intention toward service brands. Focusing on the coffee service business, a study following a 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design was conducted. Among the findings, the impact of interactivity on chatbot- and brand-related outcomes depended on the anthropomorphic conversational style employed; interactions with the warm, high-interactivity (vs. low-interactivity) chatbot enhanced the sense of social presence, whereas interactions with the competent, low-interactivity (vs. high-interactivity) chatbot promoted brand-related behavioral intention. Moreover, as the moderated serial mediation model demonstrated, although increased social presence shaped components of brand relationship quality (i.e. brand partner quality and brand attachment), only brand partner quality bolstered the intention to patronize the brand. The significant moderated indirect effect suggests that a warm, highly interactive chatbot design can strengthen social presence and thereby improve brand partner quality and raise the likelihood of offline patronage. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.

Causal association between family health, perceived relationship quality components, and attitudes toward childbearing in Iranian women: A WHO model analysis.

Given the unprecedented global decline in fertility as a major demographic development in recent years, the present study was conducted to determine Causal association Between Family Health, Perceived Relationship Quality Components, and Attitudes toward Childbearing in Iranian Women: A WHO Model Analysis METHODS: In 2023, this descriptive study recruited 400 married women presenting to selected comprehensive health centers affiliated to Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. The data were collected through multistage stratified cluster sampling and using a socioeconomic status questionnaire (Ghodratnama), the Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC) scale, the family-of-origin scale (FOS), the attitudes toward fertility and childbearing scale (AFCS) and a demographic checklist were analyzed in SPSS 25 and LISREL 8.8. According to the path analysis, family health exerted the most significant and positive causal effect on attitudes to childbearing directly through one path (B=0.334) and relationship quality (B=0.698) and duration of married life (B=0.387) both directly and indirectly. The number of children (B=-0.057), however, exerted the most significant and negative causal effect on attitudes to childbearing through both paths. The present findings suggested the significant effects of family health and relationship quality on attitudes toward childbearing. It is therefore recommended that these variables be screened in comprehensive health centers, the associated limitations and problems be identified and appropriate training and counseling solutions be provided by health specialists.

Interrelationships of Quality of Parental Relationship, Self-esteem, and Relational Skills among 4Ps Teenage Beneficiaries in Iligan City, Philippines

Understanding how family dynamics and self-esteem impact the social development of teenagers from low-income backgrounds is crucial for designing effective youth development programs. This study investigates the relationship between parental relationships, self-esteem, and relational skills among senior high school students who are beneficiaries of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in Mindanao, Philippines. Utilizing a descriptive-correlational design and simple random sampling, the study surveyed 171 students using standardized questionnaires. Data analysis included mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, and linear regression. Participants reported high parental relationship quality, self-esteem, and relational skills components such as bi-directional communication, disclosure and interpersonal closeness, and emotional experience and expression. However, assertion and conflict resolution skills were rated moderately. Parental relationships significantly correlated with self-esteem, particularly with mothers (p<0.05). Both factors significantly influenced relational skills (p<0.05). These findings suggest that while the 4Ps program may positively impact family relationships and self-esteem, additional support might be beneficial for developing stronger assertion and conflict resolution skills among beneficiaries, potentially leading to improved overall social development.

Drug use and condomless sex among sexual minority men in relationships: Whether relationship quality is a risk or protective factor depends upon what they believe their partners do

Sexual minority male (SMM) couples tend toward behavioral similarity around cannabis use, illicit drug use, and sex with casual partners. Similarity in these behaviors may contextualize associations with relationship quality. This study tested the hypotheses that perceptions of partner (cannabis and illicit) drug use and sexual behavior would predict personal drug use and sexual behavior as well as moderate the association between relationship quality and these health outcomes. Recruitment via social networking applications yielded a sample of 5511 cisgender SMM aged 18–85 (M = 38.21, SD = 12.16) who were in a relationship with an adult cisgender male main partner. Respondents completed an online survey assessing their own cannabis use, illicit drug use, and condomless anal sex (CAS) with casual partners during the past 30 days as well as their belief about their partner's engagement in these behaviors. Three subscales of the Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC) scale assessed relationship quality. Across the observed range of PRQC scores participants who reported their partner used cannabis, used other illicit drugs, and had recent CAS with a casual partner were more likely to report engaging in these activities themselves. Among participants who indicated their partner did not engage in these activities, relationship quality was negatively associated with personal cannabis use (OR = 0.985, p < 0.001), illicit drug use (OR = 0.973, p < 0.001), and CAS with casual partners (OR = 0.979, p < 0.001); meanwhile, among those who reported their partner engaged in these behaviors – relationship quality was positively associated with the odds of these behaviors (OR = 1.018, p < 0.001; OR = 1.015, p < 0.001; OR = 1.019, p = 0.015 for cannabis, illicit drug use and CAS with casual partners respectively). These findings suggest that perceptions of a partner's behavior contextualize associations between relationship quality and personal behavioral risk. Results emphasize the importance of integrating components that support relationship quality into behavioral health interventions for SMM couples and SMM in relationships.

Harmonious Husband and Wife Relationship:

A harmonious marriage is associated with spousal satisfaction. However, in Indonesia, the divorce rate increases every year. Maintaining a harmonious family takes effort from the spouses and is discussed using stimulus, value and role theories, as internal factors. The external factor is dyadic coping, which is the ability of couples to cope with pressure together and is discussed using the systematic transactional model-STM. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of dyadic coping on the achievement of harmonious relationships in husbands and wives. Method: non-experimental quantitative with cross sectional technique. Sample characteristics are heterosexual couples who have been married for at least 1 year, aged over 20 years, as many as 150 couples or 300 participants. Relationship satisfaction measurement tool, The Perceived Relationship Quality Components Inventory (PRQC), Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient = 0.978, while Dyadic Coping is measured by Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI), Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient = 0.911. Data processing using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), LISREL 8.80 programme, the measurement model shows all items are valid and the structural model shows a fit and significant model. The results showed the similarity of husbands and wives handling pressure, using positive dyadic coping. The difference between husbands and wives on the perception of harmonious relationship satisfaction is the aspect of love and intimacy. With these findings, it is expected to be used by counsellors, family psychologists and others to guide couples to be harmonious

The Mediating Role of Relationship Quality On The Relationship Between The Corporate Brand And Repurchase Intention

Intense competition in automotive sector compels companies to fortify and strategically position their corporate brand in customers' minds. Consequently, cultivating robust and enduring relationship quality with customers has become imperative. The objective of this study was to investigate the mediating role of relationship quality on the relationship between the corporate brand and repurchase intention in the automotive sector. Grounded in the resource-based view theory, the assumption is that relationship quality serves as a mediator between the corporate brand and repurchase intention. The proposed conceptual framework includes variables three of relationship quality is hypothesized to mediate the relationship between the corporate brand and repurchase intention. Data were collected via a survey method using a personally administered questionnaire received from 322 customers of automotive companies in Sudan. The responses were obtained and analyzed through quantitative method using SPSS. The results showed that the three components of relationship quality including trust, satisfaction and commitment mediated the relationship between the corporate brand and repurchase intention. Each relationship quality component exhibits distinct mediation patterns. These results contributed a unique addition to academic knowledge and offer valuable insights for decision-makers in the marketing field.

The association between sexual function, quality of marital relationship and associated factors in women with a history of ectopic pregnancy: a cross-sectional study in Iran

BackgroundEctopic pregnancy (EP) has many adverse effects on the relationship between couples. The present study aims to assess the association between sexual function (SF), quality of marital relationship (QMR) and associated factors in women with a history of EP.MethodThis cross-sectional study was performed on 220 women with a history of EP in Kerman in 2022. Convenience sampling method was applied. Data were collected using the female sexual function index (FSFI) and the perceived relationship quality components scale (PRQC) questionnaires and were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics (median regression) in Stata software version 17. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsOf the female participants, 20.4% had sexual dysfunction (SD). Longer duration of marriage (P = 0.045) and increase in the number of EPs (P < 0.001) were associated with a decrease in SF. A quarter of women experienced poor QMR. Increase in spouse age (P = 0.047), longer duration of marriage (P = 0.028), and increase in the number of EPs (P < 0.001) were associated with a decrease in QMR. There was a significant direct relationship between SF and the QMR (r = 0.857; P < 0.001).ConclusionThe present study showed a significant relationship between SF and the QMR in women with a history of EP. Therefore, SF and the QMR are necessary to be considered in future health promotion programs of these women.

The effects of app-related factors on app stickiness: The role of cognitive and emotional app relationship quality

Prior research tends to examine the effect of a narrow set of app-related factors on the construct of app relationship quality holistically. However, it is well-established that app relationship quality consists of cognitive and emotional aspects. To address these two issues, our study takes a more nuanced approach by examining a comprehensive set of app-related factors, including functional, offerings, experiential and relational factors, and their differential impacts on two distinct components of app relationship quality, namely cognitive app relationship quality (CARQ) and emotional app relationship quality (EARQ). It also examines the differential impact of CARQ and EARQ on app stickiness, which has long been considered as a managerial challenge. A ‘modular design approach’ was used to collect the data from an online UK consumer panel. 605 responses were analyzed using AMOS 24. The results indicated that functional and offering factors produced greater effects on CARQ than on EARQ. In contrast, experiential and relational factors were found to have stronger effects on EARQ than on CARQ. Further, CARQ was found to have a stronger effect on app stickiness compared to EARQ. The current study offers a detailed understanding of the factors that contribute to each component of app relationship quality and empirically demonstrates the differential effects of the cognitive and emotional aspects on app sickness. Such results are expected to help e-retailers to develop a strong digital presence, build future readiness for their brands, and design app-focused strategies using a consumer-centric approach.

The effect of mobile app-based self-care training on the quality of marital relations and the severity of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women: a clinical trial study in Iran

BackgroundEducational interventions for self-care are a necessary solution to help postmenopausal women properly deal with menopausal problems. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of self-care training using an application on the quality of marital relations and the severity of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women in Iran.MethodsIn this study, 60 postmenopausal women selected using the convenience sampling method were divided into two groups, intervention and control, using simple random allocation (lottery). The intervention group used the menopause self-care application for eight weeks in addition to routine care, but the control group only received the routine care. The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and the Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC) questionnaire were completed in two stages, before and immediately after eight weeks, in both groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16), descriptive (mean and standard deviation), and inferential (ANCOVA and Bonferroni post hoc) statistics.ResultsThe ANCOVA results showed that the use of the menopause self-care application decreased the severity of the participants’ menopause symptoms (P = 0.001) and improved the quality of their marital relations (P = 0.001).ConclusionImplementation of a self-care training program through the application helped improve the quality of marital relations and reduce the severity of postmenopausal women's symptoms, so it can be used as an effective method to prevent the unpleasant consequences of menopause.Trial registrationThe present study was registered at https://fa.irct.ir/ on 2021–05-28 (registration number: IRCT20201226049833N1).

How Relationship Quality Drives Knowledge Sharing on Facebook Brand Pages

Highly interactive social media brand pages depend on knowledge sharing (KS) within the virtual brand community (VBC). Relationship quality (RQ) is important for fostering KS, but research on how this works in the rapidly evolving context of VBC is still somewhat limited. Much RQ research aggregates RQ components into a reflective second order factor, but disaggregating them allows for better assessment of how RQ works. An online survey among Thai users of Facebook brand pages confirms four components of RQ, including trust in providers and users, conflict, satisfaction, and commitment. Trust positively affects satisfaction and commitment. Conflict reduces satisfaction but does not have a direct impact on commitment, likely because the overall level of conflict was not very high. Satisfaction and commitment both have direct effects on KS, but both trust and conflict are fully mediated by these two RQ sub-dimensions.

Does it Matter Who You Feel Sexually Aroused By? Associations Between Sexual Arousal, Relationship Quality, and Sexual Satisfaction.

BackgroundDespite its integral role in normative sexual functioning, there is a dearth of research into the role of subjective sexual arousal within romantic relationships.AimThe current proof-of-concept study addresses this gap by investigating the associations between partner-induced sexual arousal, sexual arousal induced by others, and sexual satisfaction and relationship quality.MethodsOne hundred and sixteen heterosexual couples who had been together for an average of three and a half years completed an online survey. An Actor-Partner Interdependence Modelling framework was applied to analyze the dyadic data.OutcomesParticipants completed the Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC) Inventory and a single item global measure of sexual satisfaction derived for the current study.ResultsFeeling sexually aroused by one's romantic partner was positively associated with one's own sexual satisfaction and relationship quality. However, feeling sexually aroused by people other than one's romantic partner was negatively associated with one's own sexual satisfaction and relationship quality. These associations were found for both men and women.Clinical TranslationTherapists and practitioners may need to place an emphasis on using strategies and techniques that specifically facilitate or heighten partner-induced sexual arousal, whilst helping couples to move away from those behaviors and situations which typically lead to sexual arousal induced by those other than their partner.Strengths & LimitationsThis proof-of-concept study provides novel findings that address the absence of research investigating the associations between sexual arousal and outcomes in romantic relationships. The well-powered dyadic study design enabled a rigorous test of the hypotheses. However, the study was cross-sectional in nature, the sample was somewhat homogenous, and assessments included brief measures of sexual arousal and sexual satisfaction.ConclusionThe findings offer the first evidence to suggest that partner-induced sexual arousal and non–partner-induced sexual arousal have differential effects in terms of sexual satisfaction and relationship quality. This not only has a raft of clinical implications, but it provides the basis for several important avenues of future research on the role of subjective sexual arousal in romantic relationships.Lawless NJ, Karantzas GC, Mullins ER, et al. Does it Matter Who You Feel Sexually Aroused By? Associations Between Sexual Arousal, Relationship Quality, and Sexual Satisfaction. Sex Med 2022;10:100523.

Psychological characteristics and sexual correlates of the resolution experience

ABSTRACT Introduction Resolution is least researched phase of the sexual response cycle. There is lack of knowledge of its psychological characteristics and correlates. Objectives To develop a measure of depth of the resolution experience and explore its correlations with sexual functioning and intimate relationship quality. Method The sample consisted of 475 respondents to an online survey (303 women, 172 men, mostly Portuguese). We used the Sexual Resolution Scale (SRS), which has eight items elaborated from the literature on resolution; the items refer to 1) experiencing profound peace, 2) deep relaxation, 3) heart rate acceleration, 4) intensified body awareness, 5) intensified emotions, 6) intensified imagination, 7) willingness to talk about emotionally charged subjects, 8) willingness to listen to emotionally charged subjects. Participants were asked to rate how intensely they had these experiences immediately after their last sexual encounter. Additionally, participants reported the intensity of desire, arousal, and orgasm, during the last sexual encounter, and completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15), the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), the Female Sexual Distress Scale – Revised, and the Perceived Relationship Quality Components Inventory Results A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the SRS has two dimensions: Internal Experience (items 1 to 6) and Openness to Communication (items 7, 8). Both present good reliability. Invariance was confirmed between sexes. In women, Internal Experience and Openness to Communication correlated significantly with desire (rIE = .52, rOC = .24) and arousal (rIE = .48, rOC = .21) during last sexual encounter. Women's orgasm intensity during last sexual encounter correlated significantly with Internal Experience (rIE = .28), but not with Openness to Communication (rOC = .08, p = .148). Women's Internal Experience and Openness to Communication correlated significantly with better relationship quality (rIE = .27, rOC = .21), better sexual functioning (FSFI total score) (rIE = .49, rOC = .27), and less sexual distress (rIE = -.35, rOC = -.16). Men's Internal Experience and Openness to Communication correlated significantly with desire (rIE = .38, rOC = .26), arousal (rIE = .40, rOC = .32), and orgasm intensity, during last sexual encounter (rIE = .46, rOC = .26). Men's Internal Experience correlated significantly with better relationship quality (rIE = .32) and IIEF-15 dimensions of intercourse satisfaction (rIE = .41), sexual satisfaction (rIE = .32), orgasmic function (rIE = .20), and desire (rIE = .20), but not with erectile function (rIE = .06, p = .438). Men's Openness to Communication correlated significantly with better relationship quality (rIE = .31), intercourse satisfaction (rIE = .31) and sexual satisfaction (rIE = .19), but not with erectile function (rIE = -.08, p = .291), orgasmic function (rIE = .10, p = .178), and desire (rIE = .10, p = .211). Conclusions The SRS has good psychometric properties and is valid for both sexes. This study emphasizes the twofold nature of resolution encompassing internal and relational experiences that are psychologically richer than a mere transition to an unaroused state, and subject to individual differences. Deeper resolution correlated with better sexual function and relationship quality. Disclosure Work supported by industry: no.

Governing a union's external stakeholders: A prioritization method based on relationship quality and perceived impact

AbstractStakeholder governance is a growing issue in the literature and for organizations. The complex and uncertain environment of nonprofit organizations forces them to prioritize stakeholder requirements. The traditional criterion of influence and power is nevertheless proving insufficient for these organizations, especially those in political or interest representation sectors. This article proposes to use the relationship quality with stakeholders and its components (trust, satisfaction, influence, engagement) as criteria for prioritization. The study is carried out within the “Young Farmers” union, a French 50,000‐member union defending the interests of agriculture and of farmers under 35 years of age. It questions external stakeholders on the relationship with the organization and its impact and it enables to verify the relevance of these criteria. The results suggest integrating stakeholder emotions into the same‐named theory and studying relationship quality as a process in which satisfaction builds trust that enables engagement, which itself has a positive role on influence. The findings also revisit strategic models of stakeholder prioritization by proposing the four components of relationship quality mentioned above as prioritization attributes. Finally, NPOs’ partners are invited to take into account the subjectivity of the evaluation process and thus to favor reasonable methods to avoid handicapping NPOs.

Association between infertility factors and perceived relationship quality in infertile couples

Infertility is a crisis in the life of couples that could affect their relationships. The present study was conducted to evaluate the relation between infertility factors and the quality of marital relationship in infertile couples who were referred to the Fertility and Infertility Center of Isfahan. The present study was conducted cross-sectional on 131 infertile couples who were referred to the Fertility and Infertility Center of Isfahan and had the inclusion criteria and were selected using convenient sampling method. Data gathering tool for the present study was Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC). All the data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21. Analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance). The level of significance was set at 0.05 for all the statistical tests. The mean score of PRQC for women and men was 84.05 and 88.46, respectively, and their difference was statistically significant. There was a significant relation between the score of PRQC in women (P = 0.028) and men (P = 0.030) with the infertility factor. Results showed that the mean score of perceived quality of different aspects of the marital relationship was significantly lower when the infertility factor was female (P < 0.05). In women aspects of "satisfaction" (P = 0.024) and "commitment" (P = 0.011) and in men aspect of "love" (P = 0.004) from the perceived aspects of relationship had a significant relation with the infertility factor. Perceived quality of different aspects of marital relationship had a significant relation with infertility factor in infertile couples. Results of the present study showed that when infertility had female causes, the quality of relationship was more affected. Therefore, in infertility counseling, simultaneous counseling for both spouses with emphasis on women, along with treatments, should be considered.

Evaluation and comparison of marital relationship quality components in divorced couples and normal couples

Evaluation and comparison of marital relationship quality components in divorced couples and normal couples

Relationship quality in couples related to mental health of women and men during the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home orders

IntroductionThe data on gender differences in mental health make the investigation of the specific impact of the pandemic and of the stay-at-home orders on men and women relevant.ObjectivesThe study focuses on the quality of the relationship in couples and mental health in men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThe study was conducted through an online survey a few weeks after the pandemic was declared and the stay-at-home order was introduced in Russia. 274 participants (50 men and 224 women) engaged in long-term relationships aged from 18 to 62 (M=34.2; SD=9.1) took part in the research. The instruments included the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, the Perceived Relationship Quality Components, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales.ResultsWomen show a considerably higher level of stress (t=3.805; p&lt;0.001), depression (t=3.76; p&lt;0.001) and anxiety (t=2.959; p=0.003). The quality of relationship for women is significantly connected with mental wellbeing (r=0.423; p&lt;0.001) and negatively correlated with the stress level (r= -0.60; p&lt;0.001), depression (r= -0,381; p&lt;0,001) and anxiety (r=-0,313; p&lt;0,001). Meanwhile for men, the quality of the relationship is connected to mental wellbeing (r=0.280; p=0.049), opposed to stress levels (r= -0.316; p=0.025) and is neither connected to depression (r= -0.210; p=0.144) nor to anxiety (r= -0.126; p=0.383).ConclusionsDuring the pandemic, a favorable partnership has a positive effect on the mental health of both men and women. However, while the relationship quality affects all investigated indicators of mental health in women, in men the relationship quality is only connected to the level of mental wellbeing and stress. The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-04-60174.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

E-retailer cognitive and emotional relationship quality: their experiential antecedents and differential impact on brand evangelism

PurposeLimited knowledge exists on the difference in the antecedents and outcomes of relationship quality's cognitive and emotional aspects for e-retailers. This research tests how utilitarian and hedonic shopping values differentially affect “cognitive and emotional” relationship quality components and how the latter differentially affects word-of-mouth and brand evangelism.Design/methodology/approachOnline survey data were collected from 450 Jordanian online shoppers. Structural equation modeling (AMOS 24.0) was employed to analyze the data.FindingsFirst, e-retailer's informativeness and transaction convenience (i.e. utilitarian values), drive more strongly cognitive than emotional relationship quality, whereas e-retailer's escapism and social presence (i.e. hedonic values) drive more strongly emotional than cognitive relationship quality. Second, emotional relationship quality has a strong significant effect on brand evangelism, whereas cognitive relationship quality's effect is insignificant. Third, there are no statistically significant differences concerning the effect of cognitive and emotional relationship quality on word-of-mouth.Originality/valueThe findings of our research are expected to enhance our understanding of e-retailer relationship quality, its emergence and consequences. They would also provide e-retailers with guidance on how to execute growth strategies by focusing on specific types of brand relationship quality, on the other hand.

From exhibitor engagement readiness to perceived exhibition performance via relationship quality

The effects of company-stimulated antecedents of developing relationship quality have been widely examined. This study aims to take this further, developing a triadic reciprocal-causation model to investigate how customer-created cognition influences relationship quality and ensuing perceived performance in exhibitions. The results of partial least squares analysis on data collected from 395 exhibitors in Macau indicate that exhibitor engagement readiness positively influences three components of relationship quality (satisfaction, trust, and commitment) and that three components positively influence the perceived performance of exhibitions. Furthermore, the results of the multi-group analysis indicate the effect of trust on the commitment of business show exhibitors is higher than that of public show exhibitors. The study illustrates the synthesis of the relationship quality theory, customer engagement theory, and social cognitive theory. This alters our current understanding of relationship quality in the event setting. It also provides recommendations for stakeholders to maintain relationship quality to improve performance.