Components Of Raw Materials Research Articles

ISOLATION OF HIGH PURITY PIPERYLENE

Piperylene is a valuable raw material component for petrochemical synthesis, perfumery and cosmetic products, and is used as a solvent for petroleum products in the production of synthetic rubbers and latexes, and in the paint and varnish industry. Piperylene in the form of a fraction is produced in the production of isoprene by the two-stage dehydrogenation of isopentane, where it is a secondary product of the main synthesis. Isolation of commercial piperylene of high purity will allow the production of a value-added product and expand the sales market. Currently, restrictions on the production of commercial piperylene are associated with the high content of an impurity – cyclopentadiene. Previous studies by the author showed the feasibility of extracting cyclopentadiene at the stage of obtaining the catalyzate of the second stage of isoprene dehydrogenation. Simulation of the technological scheme in the application program showed that, together, the extraction of cyclopentadiene by a chemical method and a change in the technological operating mode makes it possible to isolate piperylene with a content of 99.45 % wt and CPD equal to 0.0046 % wt.

Development of Russian lubricants market under sanction pressure

The oil and gas sector is one of the key sectors in the structure of the economy of the Russian Federation, as well as petroleum products industry, and particularly oil lubricants and components for their production. According to official statistics, the share of exports of petroleum products in monetary terms was 29 % in 2021, and in some years the figure was more than 50 %. Because of global events in recent years, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequences of sanction pressure, significant changes have occurred in the global and Russian lubricants markets, which have led to the emergence of turbulence in the markets, and resulted in uncertainty about the further development. The main purpose of this study is to identify the main trends in the development of the lubricants market in Russia in 2023. Within the framework of the study, the concept of “oil lubricants” and the main technological features of their composition and production process are determined. The analysis of the main geopolitical events and changes that occurred in 2022 and their impact on the lubricants market was carried out. In particular, the influence of the latter on the market dynamics of the main raw material component to produce lubricants, as well as its cost both in retrospect and 2023 expectations (taking into account expected consumption volumes in the domestic and foreign markets) was studied. The study gives a brief description of the market segments, as well as analyzes the main brands that were present on the Russian market in 2022 and changes in their composition due to recent events in the industry. Based on the results of investigation, a comprehensive conclusion about the state of Russian lubricants market at the current time and the prospects for its development in 2023 was formulated.

Evaluation of the anxiolytic activity of dry extract of Patrinia scabiosifolia under acoustic stress.

Patrinia scabiosifolia has been used in traditional medicine in East Asia, Africa, and South America for a variety of diseases for more than 2000 years. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the anxiolytic properties of dry extract of P. scabiosifolia. In vivo experiments were performed on outbred white male mice. The psychotropic effect of P. scabiosifolia dry extract was assessed using behavioral test systems aimed at identifying changes in the psycho-emotional state of animals under the influence of acoustic stress. In addition, the preparation toxicity was also assessed. HPLC-MS analysis was carried out to confirm the presence of active components in local raw materials. The article describes the possibility of using dry extract of P. scabiosifolia as an anxiolytic and sedative for psycho-emotional stress in experimental animals. Based on comprehensive research results, the effectiveness and safety of the studied herbal preparation have been proven. In this study, a dry extract of P. scabiosifolia has been proposed as a novel means of combating neuropsychiatric disorders. P. scabiosifolia showed efficacy comparable to the reference drug (Mebicar), reducing sleep time and increasing sleep duration. The results obtained can subsequently serve as the basis for clinical trials.

Theoretical and Practical Aspects of the Secondary Use of Hydrolysis Productions Waste in Composite Building Materials (Review)

The theoretical and practical aspects of the development of relevant technological solutions to improve the efficiency of the secondary use of waste from hydrolysis industries in composite building materials are disclosed. Based on the methods of comparative analysis, the results of domestic and foreign experience in the use of hydrolysis lignin in the practice of building materials science are presented, technological features of its application in the technology of concrete and other building composites are revealed, taking into account the influence of the sequence of introduction of raw materials components on the basic properties of the formulations obtained. The scale of production activities of the cement industry is disclosed with a presentation of the dynamics of development and assessment of the contribution of this industry to the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

High-purity corundum grinding balls, obtained by quasi-isostatic pressing

The influence of the composition of press powders based on alumina CT 3000 LS SG, quasi-isostatic pressing and firing parameters on the structural and mechanical characteristics of grinding balls with a diameter of 40 mm is shown. Process parameters of production of high-density corundum balls are optimized on the basis of revealed regularities. The results of complex studies of physical and mechanical properties of ceramic articles are given. The determining effect of the particle size of raw material component on the hardness, density and operational characteristics of the grinding bodies was revealed.

Analisis Persediaan Bahan Baku Penolong Menggunakan Metode ABC pada PGT Rejowinangun Trenggalek

The research at PGT Rejowinangun Trenggalek aims to enhance efficiency and effectiveness using the ABC method formula. The research results reveal three categories of raw material components. Category A involves 2 items with a total cost of IDR 133,810,000, contributing approximately 79 percent of the total inventory funds. Category B includes 1 item, constituting around 7 percent of the total items, with an absorption cost of IDR 12,600,000. Category C comprises 3 items, accounting for about 13 percent of the total items. The ABC analysis provides an overview of cost distribution and raw material turnover, serving as a basis for efficient order planning.

Effect of Carbon on the Melting Behavior of a Mold Powder under High Heating Rates

Mold powders used for the continuous casting of steels contain different carbon carriers controlling the melting behavior. During melting, carbon particles may accumulate at the liquid slag pool surface resulting in steel recarburization, which significantly changes the product quality. Thus, to reduce or prevent this reaction, mold powders with considerably reduced carbon content, or even without free carbon, are required. To replace carbon with another melting-controlling component, the effect on the melting behavior of mold powders under near-process conditions, such as high heating rates, should be investigated. Consequently, a different procedure was developed to evaluate the effect of various carbon contents on the melting behavior. In this contribution, a granulated ultra-low carbon (ULC) mold powder was selected, and different graphite contents (0, 1, 2, and 5%) were added. Furthermore, a sample obtained by granule disintegration and 5% graphite addition was produced and compared with a powdery sample. Subsequently, the steel crucibles were covered to reduce oxygen supply, filled with the samples, inserted into a preheated furnace (700–1300 °C), held at the selected temperatures for 10 min, and quenched to room temperature. The samples were mineralogically investigated, and the experimental method was applicable for characterizing the melting behavior of mold powders. At lower temperatures, carbon reduces the reactions between raw material components owing to reduced particle contact and prevents the formation of new solid (for example, cuspidine) and liquid phases. With increasing carbon content, the reactions shifted to higher temperatures, further delaying liquid phase formation. This effect was more evident for the powdery mold powder than for the granulated mold powders. At elevated temperatures, the powdery sample contained a coherent liquid phase, whereas the granules melted independently. This contribution provides a foundation for alternative melting-controlled additives for mold powders. It demonstrates that carbon substitutes should delay the reaction between raw material components and be stable until high temperatures.

Using the Best Available Technologies in the Production of Cement to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The article analyzes approaches to reducing greenhouse gas emissions using the best available technologies (BAT) to achieve the strategic goal of low-carbon economic development in Russia. The study focuses on the development of a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at the regional level, taking into account the contribution of each sector to the total greenhouse gas emissions in the Novosibirsk Region’s carbon balance. Particular attention is paid to the Industrial Processes sector and its impact on climate change, in particular within cement production. Using the example of JSC Iskitimcement, the largest cement producer in the Novosibirsk Region (NSO), direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions are calculated, and the specific indicators per unit of production for the period 2018–2021 are analyzed. The article presents various BAT, applied in cement production, including the use of non-traditional raw material components, alternative fuels, utilization of waste heat for power generation, and reduction of clinker share in cement, among others. The climate effect of these technologies has been assessed. These studies make it possible to develop strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the region and contribute to sustainable environmental development.

Large-scale solution blow spinning of flexible carbon nanofibers for the separation applications

Massive production of carbon nanofibers with low thermal conductivity and excellent properties has remained as an extremely challenging. Herein, solution blow spinning technology and textile post-treating technic were introduced to achieve the mass production of carbon nanofibers and its derivative products. Different types of materials (polyacrylonitrile and lignin) were utilized as the spinnable agent and carbon source. A comprehensive investigation was conducted into the influences of raw material components, blow spinning process, and high-temperature pyrolysis process on the performance of carbon nanofibers. Through controlling the solution flow rate (10–50 mL·h−1), different needle diameters (21–25 G) and high pressure airflow (0.2–0.4 MPa), organic solution could be effectively spined into organic fiber precursor. Importantly, with the assistant of textile rearrange and needle punching technics, loose organic sponge can be transformed into blanket with designed thicknesses and shapes. These SBS spined carbon fiber products exhibited ideal compressional resilience ability (up to 60 %), adsorption of toluene, and thermal insulation performance (0.037 W·(m·K)-1).

Development of a technology for the production of germinated flaxseed using plasma-chemically activated aqueous solutions

The result of the research is the development of a technology for the production of germinated flaxseed using plasma-chemically activated aqueous solutions. The object of research was flaxseed. An urgent technological problem is the intensification of the bioactivation process of flaxseed and its effective disinfection. The expediency of using plasma-chemically activated aqueous solutions as an intensifier of the process of flaxseed germination and an effective disinfectant of food raw materials was experimentally proven. It is shown that the use of plasma-chemical activation of process solutions not only accelerates flaxseed germination, but also contributes to a more active accumulation of biologically valuable components in flax raw materials. The composition of flaxseed as a raw material derivative was analyzed. Germinated flaxseed, which is considered a high-value component of food products, was studied separately. An increase in the moisture content of flaxseed during the soaking process by 0.7–1.7 % was recorded. Seedling development increases by 2–9 mm. The germination energy and capacity increase by 5–12 %. The biomass of germinated seeds increases by 39–56 %. In the process of germination, the content of proteins in flaxseed increases from 21.88 to 23.71 %, reducing sugars from 2.37 to 4.02 %. The total content of amino acids increases from 3.64 to 10.38 % compared to the control, and 10 times compared to the raw material. A significant accumulation of vitamins was noted: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, C, E. In addition, plasma-chemically activated solutions effectively disinfect germinated flaxseed. The technology can be applied in the production of enrichment components of food products. The developed technology will receive special attention in the production of functional food products

Liquefaction Controlling Components and Their Effect on Carbon-Free Mold Powders

In the continuous casting of ultra-low carbon steels, recarburization from the mold powder negatively affects steel quality. Therefore, to develop mold powders without free carbon, different carbides or nitrides have been proposed and evaluated in laboratory and field studies. Among these, SiC and Si3N4 were selected for the present study. Additionally, thermodynamic calculations were performed to quantitatively describe their effect on the melting behavior of the mold powder. To verify the results under high heating rates, mixtures of raw material components were placed in a steel crucible with a lid, inserted into a furnace preheated to different temperatures, and investigated mineralogically. The results agreed with those of the thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, the results suggested that Si3N4 and SiC were suitable raw material components and alternatives to carbon in the mold powder. They prevented solid–solid reactions between raw material components to form new phases and were still found at the temperature of 1200 °C. Consequently, the CaO/SiO2 ratio was higher before oxidation and affected the liquid-phase formation. The addition of antioxidants reduced the liquefaction-controlling effect of SiC. Additionally, the study shows that the sample preparation impacts the phase formation: granules facilitate phase formation due to a higher contact of reactants, further they show earlier melting close to their surface as sodium content is increased there by the spray drying procedure.

Assessing the environmental footprint of the electric vehicle supply chain

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) represents a crucial step towards reducing global carbon emissions and fostering sustainable transportation. However, the environmental footprint of the EV supply chain poses significant challenges that need to be addressed. This review paper assesses the environmental impacts associated with the EV supply chain, focusing on key stages such as raw material extraction, component manufacturing, and vehicle assembly. It highlights the substantial environmental costs, including land degradation, water pollution, and carbon emissions, particularly from the extraction of critical raw materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The paper also explores the lifecycle carbon footprint of EVs, comparing it with that of conventional vehicles, and underscores the importance of sustainable practices in mitigating these impacts. Furthermore, it discusses regulatory frameworks, industry collaboration, and innovation as essential strategies for promoting sustainability in the EV supply chain. The paper concludes with a call to action for continued efforts in research, policy development, and industry practices to minimize the environmental footprint of EVs and advance sustainable mobility solutions.

МЕТОДЫ ОЦЕНКИ МЕХАНОАКТИВИРОВАННОГО МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ ДЛЯ КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫХ ВЯЖУЩИХ

In the conditions of constantly increasing construction volumes, there is a necessity to transfer to environmentally efficient technologies for the production of building materials in order to reduce industrial pressure on the ecosphere and ensure rational subsoil use. One of the solutions is to reduce cement consumption by using composite binders with a reduced proportion of the clinker component. Improving the quality of composite binders is possible due to the preliminary activation of the surface of raw components. One of the most effective methods of activating raw materials is mechanical activation. A reasonable choice of its method and mode is possible only on the basis of the results of comprehensive studies in the system "the object of mechanical activation – the instrument of mechanical activation – the indicator of mechanical activation – the product of improvement by methods of mechanical activation". A comprehensive determination of the activity of mechanoactivated mineral raw materials as an indicator of the effectiveness of mechanoactivation includes the use of various research methods and evaluation of: the area of the interface boundary, granulometric composition, morphostructural features, sorption capacity, donor-acceptor surface centers, the energy state of the system and other parameters. The paper proposes a decomposition of the methodology for evaluating mineral raw materials from the position of mechanical activation in the production of composite binders. The use of this methodology will make it possible to rank mineral raw materials of natural and technogenic origin, optimize the process of mechanical activation from the point of view of choosing a rational method and develop generalized recommendations for the selection of technological modes of milling, taking into account the genesis of raw materials for obtaining active mineral components of composite binders of various composition, type of hardening and functional purpose. The development and implementation of the principles of rational selection of mineral raw materials components, based on the example of their application in composite binders, will ensure the specified functional properties and implement a predictive assessment of the performance characteristics of building composites as a whole.

DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF TRACHIBASALTIC PORPHIRITE FROM THE GAVASAY FOR OBTAINING MINERAL FIBER

The results of studies of the chemical and mineralogical compositions and the main characteristics for determining the suitability of trachybasaltic porphyrite from the Gavasay deposit of Uzbekistan for obtaining heat-insulating material, in particular mineral fiber, are presented. It has been established that this new deposit of igneous rock can be used as the main raw material component for the production of basalt fiber products, a widely demanded and modern material in the construction industry.

Making high-performance MoAlB ceramics by hot pressing combustion-synthesized powders

It is one of the most concerning issues to achieve high purity, low cost and excellent performance in MAB phases. Herein, the MoAlB powders were synthesized by an ultra-fast combustion synthesis (CS). The reaction mechanism was analyzed by changing components of raw materials. The high-purity MoAlB powders were successfully obtained with the mole ratio of Mo, Al and B of 1:1.3:1. After hot-pressing sintering, the powders were densified and formed compact MoAlB ceramics. Together with phase composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, toughening mechanisms, and oxidation resistance properties were collaboratively outlined. The flexural strength, fracture toughness and Vickers hardness of MoAlB ceramic hot-pressed at 1300 °C reach up to 640 ± 22.37 MPa, 6.82 ± 0.64 MPa m1/2 and 13.82 ± 0.41 GPa, which far surpass these values of ternary layered compounds prepared by other methods. The oxidation resistance was investigated up to 1200 °C, where a passivating Al2O3 layer inhibited further oxidation even when treatment sample for 12 h. This work provides a guidance to industrially produce MAB phases with high performance.

Functional properties of the dietary fibers and their using in the manufacturing technology of fish products

This review presents the up-to-date scientific ideas about the role of dietary fibers of plant origin (fiber and hydrocolloids) and animal origin (chitosan and collagen) in the food systems. The main attention is focused on their significance and methods of their using in the manufacturing technology of fish products. Dietary fibers are considered as important components of a diet; the dietary fibers prevent certain disorders and regulate the physical and mental health of the population. Consuming of fish products contributes both to the enrichment of raw materials with functional ingredients, as well as to the increasing in the efficiency of processing of raw materials, including underestimated and underutilized aquatic biological resources. The review shows the influence of dietary fibers on the restructuring of fish muscles systems, their ability to hold water and fats, to stabilize emulsions, to change their sensory characteristics, to increase the yield of the finished food products, and also their ability to influence the shelf life of the finished food product. The mechanisms of involving the certain groups of dietary fibers into the physicochemical and biochemical processes of interaction with the components of fish raw materials are considered; the influence of various conditions of processing on gelation and emulsification is studied. The factors that provide antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of various dietary fibers are given. The properties and examples of using the commercial fiber preparations obtained from various sources are analyzed separately, and the significance of the molecular structure of chitosan and collagen for ensuring the specified technological parameters is considered. It is concluded that using the dietary fiber in the manufacturing process of fish products increases the economic efficiency of production and contributes to the development of the healthy food industry.

Digital light processing fabrication of porous cordierite ceramics from polysilxoane-based slurries

Herein, a pohotosentive polysiloxane (PSO)/talc/Al2O3 slurry was prepared for the digital light processing printing. Liquid photosensitive PSO was exploited as a triple-functioned material, acting both as the resin matrix, a high reactive Si source and a pore generator. Through adjusting the raw material components, polysiloxane can be sintered with talc and Al2O3 fillers after being pyrolyzed to 1200 oC while pores with variable diameters can be generated. Ternary component slurry prepared based on the above strategy possesses the characteristics of low viscosity, high reaction activity and good homogeneity. Sintering schedule of the printed thin-walled precursor was investigated to guarantee the morphology of cordierite product was consistent with the printed model. This work aims to provide a new strategy for DLP printing of MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary and other polymer derived ceramics.

Efficient stepwise-purification and mechanism of germanium-containing materials with ammonium

Germanium (Ge) is a dispersed metal and it is mainly recovered from secondary resources. In order to improve the purification efficiency of Ge-containing materials, a new method for purification of Ge-containing materials by ammonium was proposed. The results showed that the zinc (Zn) components in raw materials were complex, including water-soluble Zn and water-insoluble Zn, which should to be removed by the two-stage purification of primary water purification (PWP) and secondary ammonium purification (SAP). The results of single factor experiment on the process of SAP showed that under the optimal purification conditions of total ammonium concentration of 0.69 mol/L, pH of 2.5∼, liquid–solid ratio of 3:1 mL/g, reaction time of 10 min and reaction temperature of 20 °C, 95.68% Zn could be removed from raw materials. The purification mechanism indicated that the water-soluble Zn in the form of physical adsorption and water-insoluble Zn in the form of chemical adsorption can be removed in PWP stage and SAP stage, respectively. After the two-stage purification, the Zn component that was difficult to be removed by burning was greatly reduced, which provided favorable conditions for improving the quality of Ge concentrate.

Study of technological properties of the sample ethiopian iron ore of the arabian-nubian shield. Part 2. Microscopic analysis of ore samples with a thickness of +40.0+5.0 mm

As a result of the research, the mineral composition of the mineralogical and petrological varieties of material of the 10-20 mm and 20-40 mm size classes of the studied ore sample was specified. Transparent and polished sections of the above-mentioned granulometric samples were prepared. Microscopic examination was carried out using a transmitted and reflected light microscope «Carl Zeiss Jena NU-2 Microscope». A description of the discovered minerals was completed. It was found that the main ore minerals of the studied ore are dispersed hematite and hydrohematite, and their amount is about 54.0% of the total volume. Microscopic analysis also revealed hydrohematite spherulites, including in the intergranular space in quartz aggregates. It is shown that secondary ore minerals in the studied raw materials are goethite and hydrogoethite. Microscopic analysis showed their content at the level of 4.0 %. The color of goethite and hydrogethite, which are represented by iron hydroxides of yellow, brown, brown and black color and their form in the form of nodular aggregates, spherulites of crusts, and nest-like aggregates, is also determined. It was found that the main non-metallic mineral in the studied raw material is quartz, the content of which is on average 30 %. This mineral in the sample of the studied ore is characterized by a variety of morphological features and a wide range of grain sizes – from several micrometers to several centimeters. Microscopic examination of quartz showed that it is represented by xenomorphic grains with a complex nature of fusions with other minerals, rounded and acute-angled grains, chalcedony (agat) grains and thin-prismatic crystals. The presence of a secondary non-ore mineral, which has clay properties and is represented by kaolinite, is also shown. An additional study was carried out, in which chalcopyrite – an additional component of iron ore raw materials – was analyzed. The conducted microscopic studies made it possible to draw a conclusion about the mineral and petrological characteristics of the raw material. It is shown that the type of iron ore of the Arabian-Nubian shield is similar to ores of volcanic-sedimentary origin and brown iron ores

Screening and optimization of starch from marine microalgae isolated from Penang sea water Malaysia

Starch is a major carbohydrate source in human staple foods and a component of raw materials for non-food applications. Microalgae are the subject of extensive investigation due to their high carbohydrate content, ease of growth, and capacity to absorb more carbon dioxide while still producing greenhouse gases during photosynthesis. Two marine microalgae strains from Malaysia's Penang Sea Water have been successfully isolated and are designated as Klebsormidium flaccidum GN-2, and Nannochloropsis oculata YG-2. K. flaccidum GN-2 produced 16.84% of starch, biomass 0.81 g/L whereas N. oculata YG-2 contained 3.06% and 0.40 g/L of starch and biomass, respectively. K. flaccidum GN-2 was selected to proceed for optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The starch produced was 19.06% and 0.98 g/L of biomass under the optimized conditions of 35.53 ppt salinity, 23 h of light exposure, and a flow rate of 1 v/v of carbon dioxide. Subsequent nutrient deprivation experiments showed a decrease in biomass and starch. In conclusion, marine microalgae isolated from the Penang Sea successfully produced starch. Further study should be carried out to improve the condition and factors to produce higher starch content in K. flaccidum GN-2 and make it a new promising starch source.