Components Of Products Research Articles

Constructing labyrinth structure in molecularly imprinted composite membranes for efficiently separating acteoside

Molecular imprinted composite membranes (MICMs) had attracted much attention in the field of selective separation for bioactive components of natural products. However, it remained a challenge to improve the separation performance of MICMs. Herein, multi-chamber carbon cubes (MCCBs) were synthesized and introduced into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) powders to construct labyrinth structure in molecularly imprinted composite membranes (LMICMs), which were used for efficiently separating acteoside (ACT). The constructed labyrinth structure had complex multidimensional transport routes to trap abundant ACT molecules in LMICMs, thereby improving the rebinding capacities and permselectivity of LMICMs. Meanwhile, the prepared MCCBs with multi-chamber structure can provide a great accommodation space, improving the rebinding capacities of LMICMs. In addition, the labyrinth structure with the large interface resulted in the creation of numerous ACT-imprinted sites and cavities (ACT-ISC) in LMICMs, thus increasing the permselectivity of LMICMs to ACT. Importantly, it was no surprise that large rebinding capacity (154.74 mg/g), excellent rebinding selectivity (4.52) and high permselectivity (14.88) were successfully achieved. It was of great value to design LMICMs with labyrinth structure for efficiently separating of bioactive components from natural products.

Luxurious Locks: Harnessing the Power of Lipids for Transformative Hair Care Solutions

Abstract: The hair is a distinguishing feature of animals that has several functions, such as providing warmth, providing protection, facilitating sweating and pheromone evaporation, providing sensory stimulation, and, in certain situations, acting as color-based camouflage. Hair grooming and styling have progressed significantly over the years, and modern hair treatments primarily focus on enhancing hair quality. However, standard active ingredients in formulations display suboptimal performance, and some may present toxicity issues, demanding a stronger formulation design that is appropriate for performance and safety. The need for natural ingredients, such as macromolecules and biomolecules sourced from plants, animals, and marine environments, is increasing among consumers. The favorable benefits induced by including lipid-rich components in Personal Care Products (PCP) formulations are regarded as valuable elements. A lipid-based preparation is specifically employed for innovative medicine-targeted distribution of bioactive substances among all medication administration strategies. The distribution of LBDDS transdermally and topically is exciting since the lipid bilayer might enter the uppermost layer of skin with ease and release medicine in a regulated way. It offers benefits in terms of stability, bioacceptability, and biodegradability, as well as receptor-mediated fast absorption by the particular site. Various lipid-based formulations for hair care therapy have been created, showing some improvement in hair care. This review focuses on several lipid-based formulations for hair care therapy, including their thorough mechanism of action, efficacy on hair care, patents, obstacles, and future prospects, along with the challenges and future prospects in the hair care industry

Polysulfides for presulfiding of hydrogenation catalysts: synthesis, mechanism and applications

Presulfiding agents are widely used in oil refining and chemical industry, how to produce safe and efficient presulfiding agent by more environmentally friendly synthesis process are still problems to be solved. In this study, the organic polysulfide FSA-55 was synthesized by a practical one-pot process using isobutene and sulfur as raw materials and organic amine as a catalysts. The product components were analyzed and the possible catalytic reaction pathways in the thermal conversion of sulfides were elucidated. The amine catalysts showed a catalytic activities in inducing the ring opening of the cyclic molecular structure of sulfur at high temperature, thereby releasing the reactive sulfur radicals, which react with unsaturated double bonds through addition reactions. Different molecular structures of polysulfide were generated through molecular rearrangement and cyclization reactions. The suitability of the product as a presulfiding agent was investigated by analyzing the thermal properties and studying the presulfiding effect on hydrogenation catalysts. The polysulfide has a wide decomposition temperature range (100–260 °C), which can effectively avoid the occurrence of concentrated exothermic phenomena during presulfiding of hydrogenation catalysts. The presulfiding degree of the catalysts can reach 58.32%, which shows the great potential of oil processing as a presulfiding agent.

Methodology for social life cycle impact assessment enhanced with gender aspects applied to electric vehicle Li-ion batteries

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study is to assess the potential social risks and benefits of EV Li-ion batteries by combining the S-LCA framework with gender aspects throughout all the life cycle phases of the battery. Methods The social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) methodology has been applied to determine social concerns about a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack design for electric vehicles (EVs) from cradle to grave. A questionnaire based on UNEP S-LCA guidelines and literature case studies of S-LCA on batteries and the energy industry has been prepared for each of the stakeholder categories and distributed among experts in the Li-ion battery sector (more than 21 industrial and academic experts representing the whole battery value chain). Furthermore, the social assessment also includes updated gender aspects to provide wider and more comprehensive social impacts to ensure a gender-neutral approach. Results and discussion The Li-ion battery presents a positive social impact in all the stakeholder categories evaluated, where the worker category has the best social performance driven by the highest score (scores range from 0 to 1, where 0 is the worst social performance and 1 is the best) in 13 indicators out of 23. Furthermore, local community, consumers, and society categories have a good social performance attributed to the absence of involuntary resettlement of individuals, the possibility of the product being reused for other purposes and technology accessible and affordable to developing countries, among others. Four out of seven indicators to evaluate the gender aspects and impacts have the highest score, demonstrating a commitment to fostering an inclusive and equitable work environment. The end-of-life phase presents a positive social performance with a score of 0.77 out of 1 attributed to the presence of infrastructure to dispose of product components other than landfill and incineration responsibly, the possibility of the product to be reused for other purposes and clear information provided to consumers on end-of-life options, among others. Conclusions The study presents generally good social impact and gender neutrality on the battery pack design. It gives an insight into the actual status of Li-ion battery social and gender impacts, and the results can be useful to policymakers to design and implement strategies for the welfare of various stakeholders.

Non-Destructive Monitoring of Peanut Leaf Area Index by Combing UAV Spectral and Textural Characteristics

The leaf area index (LAI) is a crucial metric for indicating crop development in the field, essential for both research and the practical implementation of precision agriculture. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely used for monitoring crop growth due to their rapid, repetitive capture ability and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, we developed a non-destructive monitoring method for peanut LAI, combining UAV vegetation indices (VI) and texture features (TF). Field experiments were conducted to capture multispectral imagery of peanut crops. Based on these data, an optimal regression model was constructed to estimate LAI. The initial computation involves determining the potential spectral and textural characteristics. Subsequently, a comprehensive correlation study between these features and peanut LAI is conducted using Pearson’s product component correlation and recursive feature elimination. Six regression models, including univariate linear regression, support vector regression, ridge regression, decision tree regression, partial least squares regression, and random forest regression, are used to determine the optimal LAI estimation. The following results are observed: (1) Vegetation indices exhibit greater correlation with LAI than texture characteristics. (2) The choice of GLCM parameters for texture features impacts estimation accuracy. Generally, smaller moving window sizes and higher grayscale quantization levels yield more accurate peanut LAI estimations. (3) The SVR model using both VI and TF offers the utmost precision, significantly improving accuracy (R2 = 0.867, RMSE = 0.491). Combining VI and TF enhances LAI estimation by 0.055 (VI) and 0.541 (TF), reducing RMSE by 0.093 (VI) and 0.616 (TF). The findings highlight the significant improvement in peanut LAI estimation accuracy achieved by integrating spectral and textural characteristics with appropriate parameters. These insights offer valuable guidance for monitoring peanut growth.

Integrated Analysis by Geophysical and Spatial Data to Identify the Formation of Kepuhlegundi Hot Spring on Bawean Island

Bawean Island is a~result of volcanic activity in the back-arc volcanism zone located on the north side of Java Island. Bawean Island was formed due to the geological structure being controlled by the Paleogene-Neogene tectonic line in the Meratus Pattern. The mantle tearing resulted in the formation of the Bawean Arc. The Kepuhlegundi Hot Spring is a~component of the volcanism product on Bawean Island. To analyze the formation of hot springs in more detail, we conducted magnetic method measurements and integrated the data with gravity satellite and Fault Fracture Density (FFD) methods. The three methods were used to determine the continuity of the mapped geological structures surrounding the hot springs. The FFD method can be used to map the weak zone of the hot spring, which is caused by the lineament surrounding it. The magnetic and gravity methods reveal anomalous contrasts that extend towards the hot springs in the direction of the structure. The magnetic and gravity methods reveal anomalous contrasts that extend towards the hot springs in the direction of the structure. Based on regional anomaly analysis, spectrum analysis indicates that the structure is located at a~shallow depth of 15 to 80 meters. The drawing in each method shows a~dominant orientation in the Northeast-Southwest direction, which corresponds to the orientation of the Meratus Structure Pattern. Kepuhlegundi Hot Spring is formed due to the control of geological structures, allowing hot fluids to flow through fractures as an aquifer.

Investigation into the fabrication of plant-based simulant connective tissue utilizing algae polysaccharide-derived hydrogel

Connective tissue is an important component of meat products that provides support to animal muscles. Hydrogels are considered a promising alternative to connective tissues and simulate actual products by adjusting the gel texture and mouthfeel. This study used soybean protein isolate (SPI), corn starch (CS), konjac glucomannan (KGM), and seaweed powder (SP) as raw materials to examine the effect of different added SP and KGM concentrations on the gel texture. The G' of the gel increased five-fold when the SP and KGM concentration was increased from 1 % to 3 %. The results of mechanical property tests showed that with the addition of SP, the gel hardness increased from 316.00 g to 1827.23 g and the tensile strength increased from 0.027 MPa to 0.089 MPa. Sensory evaluation showed that the samples with 2 % SP and KGM presented the highest overall acceptability score and the most significant similarity to real connective tissue. The connective tissue simulants exhibited excellent water-holding capacity (>90 %), significantly increasing their juiciness. SEM indicated that 2 % KGM addition improved gel network structure stability. The results demonstrate the potential of seaweed polysaccharide-derived hydrogels as connective tissue mimics. This provides a new strategy for the preparation of high mechanical strength hydrogels and lays the foundation for structural diversification of plant-based meat.

Effect of TiC addition on microstructure and properties of network structured TiC–ZrO2 composite conductive ceramics

Zirconia (ZrO2) ceramics have excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature conductivities. However, ZrO2 ceramics do not possess room-temperature conductivity, which significantly limits their application as functional components in smart communication devices and wearable smart products. To achieve room-temperature conductivity in ZrO2 ceramics, this study prepared a network-structured TiC–ZrO2 composite conductive ceramic with a low titanium carbide (TiC) addition using pressureless sintering. The influence of the TiC addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical properties of the TiC–ZrO2 composite material was investigated. The results showed that the composite material consists of cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2), tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2), and titanium carbide (TiC) phases. When the TiC content was 11 vol %, the relative density, open porosity, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of the sample were 98.6 ± 0.1 %, 0.16 ± 0.06 %, 383 ± 38 MPa, and 4.66 ± 0.26 MPa m1/2, respectively. The electrical percolation threshold of the TiC–ZrO2 composite was between 8.0 and 11.0 vol %. When the TiC content is 18.8 vol %, the sample exhibited the lowest room-temperature resistivity of 3.00 × 10−5 Ω m. The electrical resistance of the TiC–ZrO2 composite material is mainly attributed to the grain boundary effect. With increasing TiC content, the resistivity of the composite material decreased, exhibiting linear conductivity and achieving conductive percolation characteristics.

Research on Catalytic Reaction of Cotton Straw Pyrolysis Based on Model Compounds

The study starts from the clean conversion of desulfurized ash and biomass resources, based on correlation analysis and Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, studies the components of cotton stalk pyrolysis products and describes the mechanism and effects of desulfurized ash as a catalyst in the pyrolysis process. Regression analysis, support vector machine, and other methods are used to predict the yield or output of pyrolysis products, which is of great significance for the efficient utilization and sustainable development of cotton stalks. The study found that desulfurized ash significantly promoted the thermal decomposition of cotton stalks, increased the pyrolysis gas yield and lower heating value, increased the production of hydrogen-rich gas in the pyrolysis gas, and reduced the production of carbon oxides. Through the study of model compounds, it was found that desulfurized ash has different catalytic effects on the process of cellulose and lignin components in cotton stalks generating pyrolysis gas.

Framework to supporting monitoring the circular economy in the context of industry 5.0: A proposal considering circularity indicators, digital transformation, and sustainability

Digital transformation can contribute to the increasing circular economy in organizations, facilitating their adherence to the economic, social, and environmental pillars of sustainability and, therefore, to the Industry 5.0 paradigm. In this context, this work proposes a framework for holistically addressing these themes with tools (circularity indicators and technological resources) to assist organizations in the manufacturing sector that aim to adopt circular processes with a focus on the pillars of sustainability. To elaborate the framework, the SODA (Strategic Options Development and Analysis) method was applied to explore, with the help of the interviewed specialist, the complexities of the problem studied, enabling the identification of 7 important issues or dimensions on the path to circularity. To shape the framework, 7 experts were interviewed (one for each dimension) to validate and classify the circularity indicators (prospected in the literature and added by them), correlating them to the spheres of sustainability and digital transformation technologies. The results of the framework analysis showed that achieving circularity demands the consideration of the following factors: the circularity of energy aiming at its efficiency, circularity of inputs for better use of resources, investments in circularity for process optimization, establishment of new circular businesses taking advantage of the good experiences obtained, circular and non-circular supply chain integration, compliance and governance for circularity meeting the expectations of stakeholders and the relevance of feasibility studies to technical, economic and environmental to implement circularity of product components.

A revenue management approach for tourism logistics optimization

AbstractTourism is a very complex industry and represents one of the most profitable activity in the world. A tourist product requires the execution of several multifaceted activities. Indeed, transportation, accommodation, entertainment, food, and beverages represent only some of the products/services required by a tourist. It is evident that a single enterprise cannot provide all the components of a tourist product, but several interrelated actors should collaborate. This leads to a very complex supply tourist chain that needs to be optimized. The relevant theories and methods of logistics can be used to efficiently manage all the flows that are generated in a tourist chain. The definition of appropriate policies, at the different nodes of the chain, can improve the performance of all the actors involved in tourism logistics. In this paper, we concentrate our attention on tour operators that are relevant in the touristic logistic chain since they are involved in several activities. We introduce different revenue management policies to support tour operators in the decision of accepting the most profitable tourist requests. A request consists of flights and hotel booking, characterized by a starting time of the trip and the length of stay at the destination. We allow for various combinations of flight legs and multiple categories of hotels to accommodate a variety of customer preferences and needs. A computational study is carried out by considering different scenarios, and the performance of the considered revenue management policies is analyzed in detail.

An insulin-like signalling pathway model for Fasciola gigantica

BackgroundThe insulin/insulin-like signalling (IIS) pathway is common in mammals and invertebrates, and the IIS pathway is unknown in Fasciola gigantica. In the present study, the IIS pathway was reconstructed in F. gigantica. We defined the components involved in the IIS pathway and investigated the transcription profiles of these genes for all developmental stages of F. gigantica. In addition, the presence of these components in excretory and secretory products (ESPs) was predicted via signal peptide annotation.ResultsThe core components of the IIS pathway were detected in F. gigantica. Among these proteins, one ligand (FgILP) and one insulin-like molecule binding protein (FgIGFBP) were analysed. Interestingly, three receptors (FgIR-1/FgIR-2/FgIR-3) were detected, and a novel receptor, FgIR-3, was screened, suggesting novel functions. Fg14-3-3ζ, Fgirs, and Fgpp2a exhibited increased transcription in 42-day-old juveniles and 70-day-old juveniles, while Fgilp, Fgigfb, Fgsgk-1, Fgakt-1, Fgir-3, Fgpten, and Fgaap-1 exhibited increased transcription in metacercariae. FgILP, FgIGFBP, FgIR-2, FgIR-3, and two transcription factors (FgHSF-1 and FgSKN-1) were predicted to be present in FgESPs, indicating their exogenous roles.ConclusionsThis study helps to elucidate the signal transduction pathway of IIS in F. gigantica, which will aid in understanding the interaction between flukes and hosts, as well as in understanding fluke developmental regulation, and will also lay a foundation for further characterisation of the IIS pathways of trematodes.

Measuring The Priority Of Tourism Village Development In The New Tourism Era

The study aims to analyze the priority of developing tourist villages during the new normal period in Petang District, Badung Regency Bali. The theory and concepts used to answer the problems in this research are the concept of tourism product components, the concept of a tourism village, the concept of new normal tourism. The research method used is qualitative research using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Sources of data in this study are primary data and secondary data obtained through the process of observation, interviews and focus group discussions. The results of this study indicate that the priority of developing a tourism village in Petang District in the new normal era is an ancillary aspect as the main development priority. Then, the order of priority aspects of development that can be done next is attraction, accessibility, amenity, available packages and activity. Related to ancillary as the main priority aspect, there are institutional sub-criteria as things that can be prioritized first compared to the development of additional services. Based on the analysis that has been carried out, the form of institutional development that will be implemented is by holding a collaboration between the Petang District Government and the tourism institutional where the assistance collaboration is carried out in stages starting with the establishment of a tourism management system.

Simultaneous detection of eight dairy-derived components using multiplex PCR combined with gene membrane chip

Food adulteration poses a significant risk to food safety, especially in the case of milk and dairy products, which have garnered substantial attention from regulatory authorities. In this study, we developed a method for simultaneous detection of eight animal-derived components in milk and dairy products, employing multiplex PCR combined with gene membrane chip. These components encompass cow, yak, buffalo, goat, sheep, horse, donkey, and camel. Eight dairy-derived animal-specific probes, along with eukaryotic internal reference and plant-derived internal reference probes, were designed and immobilized on nylon membranes for hybridization with PCR products, enabling source identification. Utilizing reverse dot blot hybridization, the gene membrane chip facilitates the determination of eight dairy-derived components and the presence of plant-derived components. The method demonstrated an absolute sensitivity of 0.01 ng in the multiplex PCR and membrane chip hybridization system, with a detection limit of 0.1%, meeting market supervision requirements. Upon analysis of 75 commercially available dairy products, a mislabeling rate of 29.33% was revealed. Comparative analysis with conventional PCR and real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated the method's high specificity, good repeatability, and significantly improved detection throughput, thereby enhancing the screening efficiency for adulterants in dairy products and the targeted detection capability.

Study on Palm Oil Cultivation and Processing Technology to Support The Biofuel Program (Optimization for The Development of Palm Oil-Based Energy Plantation in Indonesia)

Abstract Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is an important commodity for Indonesia, after fossil oil is no longer the main component of export products. The bioenergy product that has been well developed and applied is biodiesel. The development of CPO for bioenergy has some obstacles, such the amount of CPO needed is large so that it will affect the capacity of CPO used for food. In addition, the price of CPO which is considered high is around US$ 700-900/ton, whereas the ideal price of CPO as a bioenergy raw material is a maximum of US$ 400/ton. Several approaches that are recommended as a solution to overcome these problems are optimization of palm oil cultivation, harvesting management, and also processing technology. The methodology used in this research includes collecting data from palm oil industry players, palm oil mills (PKS), academics involved in the development of the palm oil industry, and professional organizations related to palm oil. The data was obtained by conducting discussions and knowledge sharing with them. The results of this study will assist policy makers, in this case the Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) and the Ministry of Agriculture to determine bioenergy development policies that involve aquaculture ecosystems, land selection, industrial location and optimal process technology. The Ministry of Industry and Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) can partner to develop palm oil-based energy, the Ministry of Agriculture will develop palm cultivation which is sufficient to support mustard products for energy, palm land can be restructured according to energy needs. To support the energy plantation program, it is recommended that the government set up a palm plantation devoted to energy covering an area of 250,000 hectares on state land or state-owned enterprises (BUMN). Procurement of palm oil plantations can be done in stages from 25 hectares, according to land potential and budget.

Numerical modeling of the non-equilibrium condensation in multi-component flows through the high expansion ratio nozzles

Excessive flow expansion in the thruster nozzles reduces the flow temperature and pressure. This provides conditions for the condensation phenomena in the nozzle, which can affect the thrust performance of thrusters. In this paper, the condensation effect of water components in the decomposition products of hydrogen peroxide in a typical thruster nozzle is modeled. To describe the state and properties of the real gas mixture, the Peng-Robinson equation of state is used. Moreover, the effects of H2O2 concentration and nozzle profile on the condensation and nozzle performance parameters are studied. The results show that by more flow expansion and crossing the saturated state of condensable components, the thrust coefficient improves up to 6%. This improvement decreases by increasing the H2O2 concentration in the reaction chamber for a fixed nozzle expansion ratio. Due to the small growth of droplets during the free molecular regime of the droplet growth in the high-speed flow, the non-equilibrium condensation continues until the nozzle outflow. In addition, although all the profiles have the same expansion ratio for nucleation start, increasing the nozzle length results in larger nano-droplets, more liquid mass fraction formation up to 4%, and moving the Wilson point to the further upstream sections in the nozzle.

Simultaneous identification of multiple animal-derived components in meat and meat products by using MNP marker based on high-throughput sequencing

Simultaneous identification of multiple animal-derived components in meat and meat products by using MNP marker based on high-throughput sequencing

Is Camphor the Future in Supporting Therapy for Skin Infections?

The aim of this review is to present the potential application of camphor-a bicyclic monoterpene ketone-in the prevention of skin infections. Skin diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by prolonged symptoms that significantly diminish the quality of life. They affect the dermis, the epidermis, and even subcutaneous tissue. They very often have a bacterial or fungal background. Therapy for dermatological skin disorders is difficult and long-term. Therefore, it is important to find a compound, preferably of natural origin, that (i) prevents the initiation of this infection and (ii) supports the skin's repair process. Based on its documented anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-acne, anesthetic, strengthening, and warming properties, camphor can be used as a preventative measure in dermatological infectious diseases and as a component in medical and cosmetic products. This work discusses the structure and physicochemical properties of camphor, its occurrence, and methods of obtaining it from natural sources as well as through chemical synthesis. The use of camphor in industrial preparations is also presented. Additionally, after a detailed review of the literature, the metabolism of camphor, its interactions with other medicinal substances, and its antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi involved in skin diseases are discussed with regard to their resistance.

Evaluation of internship program Kampus Merdeka in the community-based total sanitation facilitator field at community health center Dr. Soetomo

The MSIB Kampus Merdeka program is a program that plays a role in bridging and securing the availability of quality talent for national industries that need alternative solutions to obtain talent that meets the qualifications and fits the culture of the organization so that they can make a real contribution over a long period. However, in the implementation of the internship program by the Surabaya City Health Office partners in the field of Community-Based Total Sanitation facilitators, there are still discrepancies in several components. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Merdeka Campus Internship program at the Surabaya City Health Office for the Community-Based Total Sanitation Facilitator field. This research is a type of evaluative research with a qualitative descriptive approach using the CIPP Model (Context, Input, Process, Product). Data was obtained through interviews and observations. Data analysis techniques by presenting data in the form of descriptions and verified by concluding. The results of the evaluation based on 4 components show that the content component is not yet appropriate in terms of background and program objectives, the input component is still lacking in human resources and the use of facilities and infrastructure, the process component is in accordance with the specified operating hours and the evaluation of activities carried out is not optimal, the product component is still largely developed due to the limited role of student interns. This study concludes that there are still elements in several components that are evaluated that are still not in accordance with the program plan.

Species-level understanding of the bacterial community in Daqu based on full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences

Daqu is used as the fermentation starter of Baijiu and contributes diversified functional microbes for saccharifying grains and converting sugars into ethanol and aroma components in Baijiu products. Daqu is mainly classified into three types, namely low (LTD), medium (MTD) and high (HTD) temperature Daqu, according to the highest temperatures reached in their fermentation processes. In this study, we used the PacBio small-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology to determine the full-length 16 S rRNA gene sequences from the metagenomes of 296 samples of different types of Daqu collected from ten provinces in China, and revealed the bacterial diversity at the species level in the Daqu samples. We totally identified 310 bacteria species, including 78 highly abundant species (with a relative abundance >0.1% each) which accounted for 91.90% of the reads from all the Daqu samples. We also recognized the differentially enriched bacterial species in different types of Daqu, and in the Daqu samples with the same type but from different provinces. Specifically, Lactobacillales, Enterobacterales and Bacillaceae were significantly enriched in the LTD, MTD and HTD groups, respectively. The potential co-existence and exclusion relationships among the bacteria species involved in all the Daqu samples and in the LTD, MTD and HTD samples from a specific region were also identified. These results provide a better understanding of the bacterial diversity in different types of Daqu at the species level.