Milk Components Research Articles

Determination of 11 nutrients in liquid milk by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

To establish an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of 11 nutritional components(thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, biotin, choline, L-carnitine) in liquid milk. Milk samples were shaken with 20 mmol/L ammonium formate solution and heated in a water bath at 100 ℃ for 30 min, then incubated with papain and acid phosphatase at 45 ℃ for 16 h, the lower liquid was collected after centrifugation for analysis. UPLC separation was performed on an ACQUITY~(TM) HSS T3(3.0 mm×150 mm, 1.8 μm) column, 2 mmol/L ammonium formate(containing 0.1% formic acid) solution and acetonitrile(containing 0.1% formic acid) were used as mobile phase. Quantitative detection was performed by internal standard method. 11 nutritional components can be effectively separated and detected in 12 min, and the linear correlation coefficients(R~2) were all above 0.995. The limits of detection(LODs) were between 0.05 and 0.50 μg/L, and the limits of quantification(LOQs) were between 0.20 and 1.25 μg/L. The recovery rates of three-level addition were 85.6%-119.3%, and the precision RSDs were between 3.68% and 7.82%(n=6). Based on the detection of 60 liquid milk samples from 5 different animals, it was found that the contents of 11 nutrients in liquid milk from different milk sources were significantly different, but pyridoxine could not be detected. The method can quantitatively detect 11 water-soluble nutrients, including free and bound forms, by effective enzymolysis. It is sensitive, reproducible and can meet the needs of quantitative detection.

Widely targeted metabolomics reveals dynamic alterations in colostrum, transitional, and mature milk of jennies

Donkey milk has recently garnered significant attention as a source of nutrition and potential health benefits for humans. However, a thorough understanding of the metabolite profile of colostrum and milk of jennies during the first two weeks post-foaling is still lacking. Herein we employed widely targeted metabolomics to comprehensively characterize the metabolite profiles of colostrum, transitional, and mature milk of jennies (n = 18) at four different timepoints after foaling: day 1 (colostrum; L1), day 3 (early transitional milk; L3), day 7 (late transitional milk; L7), and day 14 (mature milk; L14). Overall, 606 metabolites across 17 classes and 304 significantly different metabolites were identified. In comparison with mature milk, colostrum exhibited a higher abundance of lipids, including fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids. Transitional milk, on the other hand, was characterized by a significant increase in the levels of amino acids and their metabolites and organic acids and their derivatives, which participate in various protein biosynthesis and absorption-related metabolic pathways essential for neonatal development. Altogether, our data provide comprehensive insights into how the stage of lactation affects the metabolism of bioactive components in donkey milk. This information enhances our understanding of how to optimize milk production in jennies.

Effect of exogenous oestrogen treatment frequency on induction of artificial lactation in pseudopregnant sows.

In this study, we examined whether the frequency of exogenous oestrogen treatment affects the induction of artificial lactation and milk production. Furthermore, we analysed changes in milk components obtained from artificially lactating sows. Pseudopregnant induced by treatment with 30 mg of estradiol dipropionate (EDP) on Day 10 (Day 0 = the last day of estrus) were divided into three groups: those administered 5 mg of EDP once on Day 39 (n = 5), twice on Days 32 and 39 (n = 5) and three times on Days 25, 32 and 39 (n = 6). All animals were treated with prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) on Day 46 for induced lactation. Artificial lactation was induced in 66.7%-80.0% of sows, and the EDP treatment frequency before PGF2α administration had no significant effect on either the induction rate of artificial lactation or the milk yield during the experimental period. The milk composition (levels of crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, lactose and immunoglobulin) did not differ among the groups. In conclusion, the number of EDP treatments prior to PGF2α administration had no effect on either the efficiency of artificial lactation induction or milk production.

The Use of Milk Bovine Extracellular Vesicles to Mitigate Gut-Liver Axis Dysfunction Under Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral Nutrition (PN) is a lifesaving strategy that provides intravenous nutrition in patients when enteral feeding is contraindicated, or access is insuffcient to prevent malnutrition. PN is used in low-birth-weight neonates whereprolonged use is associated with severe metabolic complications, including parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). PNALD is characterized by hepatitis, cholestasis, fibrosis, steatosis, and eventual organ failure. Elevated rates of PNALD in pediatric patients may be driven by liver immaturity, aberrant metabolic adaptation, and leaky gut barrier.To characterize the etiology of PNALD, we recently established a pediatric mouse model of PN. Using this model, we explored the intravenous use of bioactive milk components to augment hepatic immune response in pediatric mice without enteral milk intake. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in cell-to-cell communication, contain immune-augmenting microRNA, and are enriched in bovine milk. After isolating EVs from bovine milk and characterizing them, we explored EV use in vitro via M1 macrophage responses, showing TNF-alpha inhibition in the presence of LPS. Wethen hypothesized that EVs would protect the pediatric liver from hepatitis under PN feeding in vivo. Mouse pups were randomized to intravenous PN, PN + EV (1.39x109 particles/uL), or sham surgery control for 6 days. Flow cytometry showed PN elevated hepatic macrophages (CD11b+F4/80+), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (CD11b+GR1+) andreduced relative T cell populations compared with sham controls. PN+EV treatment restored hepatic immune profiles to patterns observed in sham controls. Spleen and liver cytokines also mirrored changes in hepatic flow results, where elevated proinflammatory IL-1 beta was induced with PN alone, but similar levels were found in sham and PN+EVanimals. MicroRNA sequencing showed the EV isolates contain 48% Let-7, a described myeloid suppressor microRNA. This data demonstrates that intravenous EV administration - or future synthetic microRNA - may provide a noveltherapeutic approach for patients requiring PN nutrition support, especially those with elevated risk of PNALD induced inflammation and organ dysfunction. Dairy Innovation Hub, UW-Madison. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

An extensive investigation into the bioactive component of breast milk, lactation, and clinical application of Galactagogues: A review

Nowadays, people are becoming more and more conscious of the link between nutrition, diet, and health. This bond is established from birth. In addition to being thought of as the finest nutrition for a newborn to preserve its physical and nutritional well-being, breastfeeding is usually seen as the best choice for a baby during the early stages of life. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) advises breastfeeding exclusively for six months, after which the mother and child may decide to continue nursing in addition to introducing supplemental meals for the remainder of the baby's first year or beyond. Since breast milk includes a variety of bioactive ingredients, including proteins, vitamins, nucleotides, oligosaccharides, immunoglobulin, and some minerals, it is often regarded as the major nutritional supply for babies. A crucial opportunity for intervention to improve breastfeeding success is when inadequate supply of breast milk is often identified as the primary reason for early breastfeeding cessation. When non-drug breastfeeding support approaches fail to improve a persistently poor milk production, mothers frequently turn to drugs called galactagogues for assistance. Galactagogues function by interfering with the complex hormonal balance that controls breastfeeding, specifically with regard to prolactin and oxytocin. The available data about the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological treatments for lactation insufficiency is assessed in this narrative review. The majority of research has focused on the use of domperidone, and studies have indicated that there are modest short-term improvements for breast milk production. While there is less evidence supporting metoclopramide safety and efficacy than there is for domperidone, metoclopramide functions similarly to domperidone, thus in the event that domperidone is ineffective, it may be a good alternative for therapy. Lack of information on alternative medicines, such as metformin, oxytocin, prolactin, and herbal remedies, renders their clinical usage unreasonable. The study points out important gaps in the data and makes recommendations for possible future research topics related to galactagogues' impact on nursing.

Composition of breast milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants and its influence in Z-Scores for infant physical growth

BackgroundBreast milk contains various crucial nutrients and biologically active substances and is ideal for newborns. This study aimed to analyze the composition of breast milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants and its influences on the growth of infants.MethodsInfant-mother dyads examined at our Hospital (March 2016 to May 2017) were included. Milk was collected at 0–1 month, 2–3 months, and 5–6 months and analyzed using a MIRIS human milk analyzer. Z-scores of weight-for-length (WLZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and length-for-age (LAZ) were calculated.ResultsThis study included full-term (> 37 weeks of gestation, n = 177) and premature (< 37 weeks, n = 94) infant-mother dyads. The premature infants showed higher ΔWAZ, ΔLAZ, and ΔWLZ from infancy to toddlerhood for the physical growth speed, compared with term infants (P < 0.001). All proteins and true protein components of breast milk decreased with infants’ age (P < 0.001). For premature and full-term infants, differences in ΔWAZ and ΔLAZ from birth to infancy and the difference in ΔLAZ, WAZ, and LAZ in toddlerhood were positively associated with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) (all P < 0.05), while the Z-score differences in ΔWLZ from birth to infancy were negatively associated with NPN (all P < 0.05). For premature babies, from birth to infancy stage, ΔWAZ was positively correlated with NPN and carbohydrates while negatively correlated with dry matter (all P < 0.05), and ΔLAZ correlated with NPN (β = 0.428, P = 0.005).ConclusionBreastfeeding helped premature infants compensatory growth when compared to term infants. Whileduring early infancy stage ΔWLZ gain was negatively associated with increased amounts of NPN in breast milk. This might mean although NPN increase the Z-scores of weight-for-age and length-for-age, with no rise in adipose tissue mass.

Nutritional support for immune health during infections

Infectious diseases are common in underdeveloped and developing countries. Malnutrition plays an important role in disease etiology, remarkably increasing morbidity and mortality risks during the early stages of life, such as infancy and childhood. Nutrients such as glutamine, arginine, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, zinc, selenium, iron, vitamins A, C, E, D and B6, components of breast milk, and adequate energy intake strengthen the immune system, reduce infection risk, and play a key role in combating diseases. This review highlights the importance of nutrition for the treatment of infectious diseases.

Feeding rumen-protected methionine during the peripartum period improved milk fat content and reduced the culling rate of Holstein cows in a commercial herd

Researchers have reported the benefits of feeding rumen-protected methionine (RPM) during the peripartum on the health parameters of dairy cows. Rumen-protected Met has reportedly improved milk yield, milk components, and liver health, but the literature is scarce on its effects in commercial herds. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of feeding RPM (Smartamine M, Adisseo Inc., Antony, France) prepartum (8 g/cow per day) and postpartum (15 g/cow per day) on performance, metabolic profile, and culling rate of Holstein cows in a commercial herd. One hundred sixty-six (n = 166) Holstein cows, 58 nulliparous and 108 parous, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments, consisting of TMR top-dressed with RPM (RPMet; 2.35% and 2.24% Met of MP for close-up and fresh cows, respectively) or without (control [CON] 2.03% and 1.89% Met of MP for close-up and fresh cows, respectively), fed from 21 ± 6 d prepartum until 16 ± 5 d postpartum. From 17 DIM until dry-off, all cows received RPMet. Daily milk yield was recorded, and milk samples were collected in the first and second weeks after calving to determine their composition. Blood samples were collected before the morning feeding on -14, -7, +1, +7, and +14 d relative to calving. Mortality and morbidity were recorded during the first 60 DIM. Cows supplemented with RPMet had greater milk yield during the first 16 DIM (31.76 vs. 30.37 kg/d; SEM = 1.04, respectively), and had greater milk fat content (4.45 vs. 4.10%; SEM = 0.11, respectively), but not milk total protein (3.47 vs. 3.39%; SEM = 0.04, respectively) and casein contents (2.74 vs. 2.66%; SEM = 0.04, respectively) than CON cows. Cows in RPMet had increased plasma Met concentrations than cows in CON (24.9 vs. 21.0 µmol/L; SEM = 1.2, respectively). Although morbidity was similar between treatments, the culling rate from calving until 60 DIM was lower for RPMet cows than for CON cows (2.4% vs. 12.1%; SEM = 0.02). In conclusion, cows receiving RPMet have greater milk yield, improved milk fat content, and a lower culling rate at 60 DIM than CON cows.

An instrument-free, integrated micro-platform for rapid and multiplexed detection of dairy adulteration in resource-limited environments

In dairy industry, expensive yak's milk, camel's milk, and other specialty dairy products are often adulterated with low-cost cow's milk, goat's milk and so on. Currently, the detection of specialty dairy products typically requires laboratory settings and relies on skilled operators. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a multi-detection technology and on-site rapid detection technique to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the detection of specialty dairy products. In this study, we introduced a fully integrated and portable microfluidic detection platform called Sector Self-Driving Microfluidics (SDM), designed to simultaneously detect eight common species-specific components in milk. SDM integrated nucleic acid extraction, purification, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and lateral flow strip (LFS) detection functions into a closed microfluidic system, enabling contamination-free visual detection. The SDM platform used a constant-temperature heating plate, powered by a mobile battery, eliminated the need for additional power support. The SDM platform achieved nucleic acid enrichment and transfer through magnetic force and liquid flow driven by capillary forces, operating without external pumps. The standalone SDM platform could detect dairy components with as low as 1% content within 1 h. Validation with 35 commercially available samples demonstrated 100% specificity and accuracy compared to the gold standard real-time PCR. The SDM platform provided the dairy industry with an efficient, convenient, and accurate detection tool, enabling rapid on-site testing at production facilities or sales points. This facilitated real-time monitoring of quality issues during the production process, quickly identifying potential risks and preventing substandard products from entering the market.

Association between production and reproduction parameters based on parity and breed of dairy cows in the Czech Republic

Abstract. Milk production and the efficiency of dairy cow breeding are significantly influenced by reproductive factors. The purpose of our research was to examine the relationships between selected milk production and reproductive parameters. We evaluated 659 dairy cows, including 444 purebreds from the Czech Fleckvieh and Holstein breeds and 215 crossbreds. Our primary objective was to assess the impacts of breed and parity on specific milk production and reproductive parameters. The study revealed significant results regarding the interaction between certain breed groups and parity. In particular, there was a noticeable increase in milk yield with parity. Furthermore, it was also evident that the highest milk yield values were related to the milk content. Breed group H, which represents cows with a more than 50 % Holstein bloodline, had the highest values of the monitored milk content. Our findings show that first-lactation crossbred Czech Fleckvieh cows had a reduced milk yield, decreased fat, and lactose content in milk. However, they had a more favourable calving interval when compared to purebred Czech Fleckvieh and higher-parity Holstein crossbreds. Crossbred H, in comparison to C100 and C50, whether purebred or crossbred with Czech Fleckvieh, showed a relatively higher content of some milk components. The results for service periods and calving intervals were not statistically significant. The findings of this study highlight the promising potential of higher-parity Holstein crossbred cows in terms of milk yield and the advantages of lower-parity ones concerning milk contents.

Lactation performance, feed efficiency, and blood metabolites of dairy cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin: A systematic review and meta-analysis

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the impact of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on lactation performance, feed efficiency, and blood metabolites in dairy cows. In the systematic review, articles were selected based on the following criteria: (1) Data focusing on the influence of bovine somatotropin doses on milk production; (2) Submission of original data; (3) Articles published in journals; and (4) Articles in English or Portuguese. The analysis of variance was used with a completely randomized design and mixed models methodology. Polynomial regression was applied to significant fixed effects (rbST dose). The use of rbST resulted in increased milk yield and 4% fat-corrected milk yield, while fat, protein, and lactose contents remained unaffected. Dry matter and metabolizable energy intakes, as well as milk/feed efficiency, exhibited a linear increase, but body condition score (BCS) was negatively impacted. The administration of rbST led to higher blood concentrations of triglycerides and insulin. Cows treated with rbST showed a 23% increase in non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations compared to non-treated cows. Additionally, growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2 displayed a linear increase with rbST treatment. In summary, rbST administration increased milk yield and fat-corrected milk yield without affecting milk components. However, despite increasing intake, it resulted in BCS losses and alterations in blood parameters such as NEFA, IGF-1, and IGF-2.

Comparison of canine colostrum and milk using a multi-omics approach

BackgroundA mother’s milk is considered the gold standard of nutrition in neonates and is a source of cytokines, immunoglobulins, growth factors, and other important components, yet little is known about the components of canine milk, specifically colostrum, and the knowledge related to its microbial and metabolic profiles is particularly underwhelming. In this study, we characterized canine colostrum and milk microbiota and metabolome for several breeds of dogs and examined profile shifts as milk matures in the first 8 days post-whelping.ResultsThrough untargeted metabolomics, we identified 63 named metabolites that were significantly differentially abundant between days 1 and 8 of lactation. Surprisingly, the microbial compositions of the colostrum and milk, characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were largely similar, with only two differentiating genera. The shifts observed, mainly increases in several sugars and amino sugars over time and shifts in amino acid metabolites, align with shifts observed in human milk samples and track with puppy development.ConclusionLike human milk, canine milk composition is dynamic, and shifts are well correlated with developing puppies’ needs. Such a study of the metabolic profile of canine milk, and its relation to the microbial community, provides insights into the changing needs of the neonate, as well as the ideal nutrition profile for optimal functionality. This information will add to the existing knowledge base of canine milk composition with the prospect of creating a quality, tailored milk substitute or supplement for puppies.

Characterization and Hydrolysis Mechanism Analysis of a Cold-Adapted Trypsin-Like Protease from Antarctic Krill.

Cold-adapted proteases are capable of efficient protein hydrolysis at reduced temperatures, which offer significant potential applications in the area of low temperature food processing. In this paper, we attempted to characterize cold-adapted proteases from Antarctic krill. Antarctic krill possesses an extremely active autolytic enzyme system in their bodies, and the production of peptides and free amino acids accompanies the rapid breakdown of muscle proteins following the death. The crucial role of trypsin in this process is recognized. A cold-adapted trypsin named OUC-Pp-20 from Antarctic krill genome was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. Recombinant trypsin is a monomeric protein of 26.8 ± 1.0 kDa with optimum reaction temperature at 25 °C. In addition, the catalytic specificity of OUC-Pp-20 was assessed by identifying its hydrolysis sites through LC-MS/MS. OUC-Pp-20 appeared to prefer Gln and Asn at the P1 position, which is an amino acid with an amide group in its side chain. Hydrolysis reactions on milk and shrimp meat revealed that it can effectively degrade allergenic components in milk and arginine kinase in shrimp meat. These findings update the current knowledge of cold-adapted trypsin and demonstrate the potential application of OUC-Pp-20 in low temperature food processing.

Polymorphism of the DGAT1 gene and its relationship to milk yield and some chemical properties of milk during the first stage of production in local cows and Holstein cows; a comparative study

In present study, 50 dairy cows of the local and Holstein breeds were used (34 local cows and 16 Holsteins). Milk samples were collected from 50 cows once every two weeks from the morning milking (to estimate the daily amount of milk, multiply the amount by 2). One-day test to calculate the daily and monthly milk yield. Samples were taken at a rate of 50 ml for each cow, and the proportions of the main milk components (fat, protein, lactose and non-fat solids) were estimated. Blood samples were drawn from cows for the purpose of DNA extraction. Then the DGAT1 gene was amplified using the primers of the studied piece, which was 411 bp in size. The gene was cut using Taq1 restriction enzyme. The results showed the presence of three genotypes: AA, AK, and KK. In terms of the quantity of daily, weekly, monthly, and first stage milk production, the findings also demonstrated that the genotypes AK and KK of the Holstein breed were superior (P&lt; 0.05) than the two genotypes AA and AK of the local breed. While the genotype AA of the local breed was superior to the genotype AK in terms of daily, weekly, and monthly milk production as well as the first stage, it was also discovered that there is a correlation between the genotypes and the chemical components of milk, as the results showed that the genotype AA was significantly superior (P&lt;0.05) by the percentage of fat in the local breed on the AK and KK genotypes of both breeds.

Emerging Trends in Bioavailability and Pharma-Nutraceutical Potential of Whey Bioactives.

Whey, a component of milk and a useful by-product of the dairy industry's casein and cheese-making, has been used for generations to augment animal feed. It contains a range of proteins, including α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, heavy and light chain immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, glycomacropeptide, and lactoperoxidase. Whey proteins exhibit great potential as biopolymers for creating bioactive delivery systems owing to their distinct health-enhancing characteristics and the presence of numerous amino acid groups within their structures. Whey has considerable factors such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, antiviral, and antibacterial properties in addition to chelating. The global market of whey protein stood at USD 5.33 billion in 2021, with a projected compound annual growth rate of 10.48% spanning the interval from 2022 to 2030. The escalating demand for whey protein is intrinsically linked to the amplifying consciousness surrounding healthy lifestyles. Notably, protein supplements are recurrently endorsed by fitness and sports establishments, thereby accentuating the focal point of customers toward whey protein. This review focuses on nutritional composition, whey bioactives, and their bioavailability with potential health benefits.

Chemerin Stimulates the Secretory Activity of BME-UV1 Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Adipose tissue is an active endocrine gland, synthesizing and secreting multiple signaling molecules termed adipokines. Following the detection of adipokines and their receptors in the mammary tissue of various species, it is indicated that adipokines play a role in the development of the mammary gland. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration-dependent influence of three adipokines, leptin, adiponectin, and chemerin, on the viability, apoptosis, and secretory activity of BME-UV1 bovine mammary epithelial cells. The study confirmed that BME-UV1 cells contain the leptin receptor (Ob-R) protein, and express transcripts of adiponectin (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) and chemerin (CMLKR1 and GPR1) receptors. Regardless of the administered dose, none of the three tested adipokines had an effect on the viability of BME-UV1 cells, and the number of apoptotic cells remained unchanged. However, chemerin (100 ng/mL) stimulated BME-UV1 cells to synthesize and secrete αS1-casein, the major protein component of milk. These results indicate that chemerin may be a potent regulator of the bovine mammary epithelial cells' functional differentiation, contributing, along with the major systemic hormones and local growth factors, to the development of the bovine mammary gland.

A Comprehensive Review of Bovine Colostrum Components and Selected Aspects Regarding Their Impact on Neonatal Calf Physiology.

Colostrum contains macro- and micronutrients necessary to meet the nutritional and energy requirements of the neonatal calf, bioactive components that intervene in several physiological aspects, and cells and microorganisms that modulate the calf's immune system and gut microbiome. Colostrum is sometimes mistaken as transition milk, which, although more nutritive than whole milk, has a distinct biochemical composition. Furthermore, most research about colostrum quality and colostrum management focuses on the transfer of maternal IgG to the newborn calf. The remaining components of colostrum and transition milk have not received the same attention, despite their importance to the newborn animal. In this narrative review, a large body of literature on the components of bovine colostrum was reviewed. The variability of these components was summarized, emphasizing specific components that warrant deeper exploration. In addition, the effects of each component present in colostrum and transition milk on several key physiological aspects of the newborn calf are discussed.

Comparison of Machine Learning Tree-Based Algorithms to Predict Future Paratuberculosis ELISA Results Using Repeat Milk Tests.

Machine learning algorithms have been applied to various animal husbandry and veterinary-related problems; however, its use in Johne's disease diagnosis and control is still in its infancy. The following proof-of-concept study explores the application of tree-based (decision trees and random forest) algorithms to analyze repeat milk testing data from 1197 Canadian dairy cows and the algorithms' ability to predict future Johne's test results. The random forest models using milk component testing results alongside past Johne's results demonstrated a good predictive performance for a future Johne's ELISA result with a dichotomous outcome (positive vs. negative). The final random forest model yielded a kappa of 0.626, a roc AUC of 0.915, a sensitivity of 72%, and a specificity of 98%. The positive predictive and negative predictive values were 0.81 and 0.97, respectively. The decision tree models provided an interpretable alternative to the random forest algorithms with a slight decrease in model sensitivity. The results of this research suggest a promising avenue for future targeted Johne's testing schemes. Further research is needed to validate these techniques in real-world settings and explore their incorporation in prevention and control programs.

Comparative study on microbiological, physicochemical and nutritional properties of whole cow milk by thermal and non-thermal processing technologies

The majority of the bioactive components in milk exhibit sensitivity to heat treatments. This research is the first systematically compare the effects of thermal (low-temperature long time pasteurization, LTLT; high-temperature short time pasteurization, HTST; ultra-high temperature, UHT; microwave-assisted heating; retort sterilization) and non-thermal (ultraviolet-C, UV-C; high hydrostatic pressure processing, HPP; filtered sterilization; high-intensity ultrasound, HIUS) treatments on the physicochemical properties and immune-active serum proteins of whole milk aliquots under the equivalent microbicidal efficacy. LTLT and HTST had little impact on whole milk. HPP at 400 MPa for 5 min was an optimal alternative to pasteurized milk in terms of equivalent microbicidal efficacy, higher nutrient retention (∼6% and 16.2% loss for IgG and lactoferrin) and fewer oxidation products (0.69 nmol/mg protein carbonyls). The serum protein denaturation of 600 MPa HPP-treated milk (79.4% and 31.36% loss for IgG and lactoferrin) was significantly higher than in pasteurized milk, but still lower than in UHT milk (97.16% and 70.85% loss for IgG and lactoferrin). Since photo-oxidation induced by high-dose irradiation was detrimental to the organoleptic properties, relying on UV-C as stand-alone replacement to pasteurization is not advisable. Combined with existing pasteurization methods, UV-C can achieve superior microbial inactivation at mild sterilization temperatures. HIUS, a promising novel tool, should be further optimized regarding the relevant standards to enable it to be used in industrial-scale processing and reproducibility. Compared with traditional thermal treatments, non-thermal strategies offer a significant reduction in the microbial load of raw milk while better preserving bioactive proteins, However, optimizing processing parameters remains essential to strike a balance between microbial inactivation and retention of active substances.

Quality attributes of whole milk powder processed using ultrasonication and UV-C radiation compared with equivalent thermal treatment

Nonthermal technologies have shown great potential in both reducing microbial loads and retaining bioactive components in milk. This study evaluated the quality of whole milk powder produced using UV-C and ultrasonication (US) compared to regular heat treatment (HT). The results showed that UV-C and US achieved an equivalent bactericidal effect (reduction of total bacteria count) of raw milk compared with HT. HT decreased the native whey protein concentration and led to significant protein and lipid oxidation. US decreased the particle size of milk powder particles but increased its solubility by 18% compared with HT. UV-C retained ∼80% of native lactoferrin and immunoglobulins in raw milk. UV-C and US increased short-chain fatty acid levels in reconstituted milk, probably due to the residual lipase.