Components Of Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Evaluation of the frequency of metabolic syndrome and assessment of cardiometabolic index among men with erectile dysfunction: a prospective cross-sectional study.

Recently, an association has been observed between metabolic syndrome and erectile dysfunction (ED). This study aimed to evaluate the cardiometabolic index (CMI) in patients with ED. This cross-sectional study was performed on 144 patients with ED who were referred to a urology clinic in Rasht, Iran, from 2019 to 2021. Metabolic syndrome was evaluated according to National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel (NCEP) and Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria which are considered three positive criteria from five. Also, the ED severity was classified as weak, moderate, and severe based on the five-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF5) questionnaire. The mean age of participants was 53.46 ± 10.58 years. 56.9% had abdominal obesity, 48.6% had hypertriglyceridemia, 34.7% had low HDL-C, 55.6% had hypertension and 56.9% had elevated fasting blood sugar (FBS). 43.8% had diabetes and 13.2% had cardiovascular disease. The mean CMI was 2.51 ± 1.57. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 50.7%. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome and CMI (P = 0.001). The severity of ED had a significant relationship with high FBS in patients. CMI and components of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C had no statistically significant relationship with ED. However, the incidence of moderate and severe ED increased with increasing the number of metabolic syndrome components. ED is not significantly associated with metabolic syndrome and CMI, however, the severity of this disorder increases with increasing the number of components of metabolic syndrome.

Prevalence of metabolic phenotypes among citizens of Arctic area of the Russian Federation (in Arkhangelsk city setting)

BACKGROUND: Influence of obesity on the body at whole and with regard to metabolic changes is still unclear. In Russia there are a few data about prevalence of metabolic phenotypes among population based on epidemiological data.AIM: to assess the prevalence of metabolic phenotypes among citizens of Arctic area of the Russian Federation (in the Arkhangelsk city setting).MATERIALS AND METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted using a random sample of Arkhangelsk citizens (n=2380) 35–69 years old, which was obtained within a population study of cardiovascular diseases («Know your heart» (KYH)). The participants were divided into metabolic phenotypes according to the presence of obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) and metabolic syndrome (AHA/NHBLI): phenotype 1 — metabolically healthy normal weight, phenotype 2 — metabolically unhealthy normal weight, phenotype 3 — metabolically healthy obesity, phenotype 4 — metabolically unhealthy obesity.RESULTS: 2352 participants of KYH were included in the study, 982 (41,8%) men and 1370 (58,3%) women. Mean age was 53,9 (SD 9,7) years. The distribution of participants by metabolic phenotypes was as follows: 1167 (49,6%) persons had phenotype 1, 489 (20,8%) — phenotype 2, 248 (10,5%) — phenotype 3, 448 (19,1%) — phenotype 4. In men, the second common after the first phenotype was phenotype 2, while in women, the second position was shared by the 2nd and 4th phenotypes, which had approximately the same frequency. «Arterial hypertension» was the most prevalent component of metabolic syndrome and seen in 68–96% men and 38–94% women in the study with different phenotypes. The proportions of phenotypes with metabolic disorders increased with age.CONCLUSION: in a study of a random population sample within the framework of the concept of metabolic phenotypes, a half of the participants had no obesity and metabolic syndrome. Proportions of participants with metabolic disorders with and without obesity was 20% each. Only 10% of participants had «metabolically healthy» obesity. If excluding individuals without obesity and metabolic syndrome, the phenotype characterized by metabolic disorders in the absence of obesity was the most common among men. Phenotypes with metabolic disorders on the background of obesity or without obesity were equally common among women. The most common component of metabolic syndrome was «arterial hypertension». There was a tendency of accumulation of metabolic disturbances with age.

(068) Total Testosterone is Inversely Associated with C-reactive Protein Levels in Men: Findings from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Abstract Introduction Elevated C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and testosterone deficiency are associated with advanced age and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Further, serum CRP has proven to be a robust predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events. Testosterone decreases inflammation through several mechanisms, and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been shown to consistently lower CRP levels in aging, hypogonadal men. While cross-sectional studies have shown an inverse relationship between CRP and total testosterone (TT) levels, mixed findings have been reported when individual components of metabolic syndrome and additional comorbidities are considered. Given that androgens have been implicated in anti-inflammatory pathways, we hypothesize that men with testosterone deficiency will have low CRP levels, independent of added comorbidities. Objective We evaluated the relationship between CRP and TT levels in men from 2004-2018 using the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Methods Male participants with a documented serum TT level measured via mass spectroscopy during two separate visits >3 years apart were included in our cohort. CRP, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Triglyceride levels were collected via blood specimens. Comorbidity data were documented for all participants at each follow-up visit. Patients with serum TT or CRP levels >3 standard deviations from the mean of each respective variable were removed. Men with documented use of any form of TRT or a history of prostate cancer were excluded. Panel regression, a statistical technique implemented to analyze the relationship of a series of independent variables collected in pooled cross-sectional observations over time with a dependent variable, was used for univariable and multivariable modeling of CRP. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 347 patients (694 visits) met the inclusion criteria of this study. The median age of our sample was 71 years with a follow-up time of 8 years (range: 3-13 years). Participants had a median CRP level of 1.03 mg/dL [0.52, 2.11] and a median TT level of 446 ng/dL [339, 560]. In terms of comorbidities, diabetes was documented most frequently, followed by congestive heart failure (CHF) and cancer (Table 1). On univariable analysis TT, cancer, and HDL were associated with a decline in CRP, while BMI, CHF, Diabetes, and Triglycerides were associated with increased CRP. Age was not associated with CRP (Table 2). On multivariable analysis, we found that increasing TT was associated with a decline in CRP levels, independent of comorbidities (p = 0.022; Table 2). The strengths of our study include having well-documented laboratory values and comorbidity information for patients at multiple visits. However, causal associations cannot be inferred due to the retrospective nature of the data. Conclusions We report that an increase in TT is associated with a decline in CRP levels, after controlling for components of metabolic syndrome and other related comorbidities. This finding is consistent with the anti-inflammatory effects of androgens, which decrease pro-inflammatory mediators and leukotriene biosynthesis. Our study further highlights the benefits of restoring eugonadal testosterone levels in older, hypogonadal men via hormone replacement, potentially lowering CRP levels and reducing cardiovascular risk. Disclosure No

Metabolic syndrome components and vitamin D availability relationship in late postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND: The global prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is currently a real threat due to association with major chronic non-communicable diseases. Abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia contribute significantly to cardiometabolic risk in late postmenopausal women.AIM: to assess the frequency of deficiency and insufficiency of 25(OH)D in late postmenopausal residents of Yekaterinburg; to establish associations of 25(OH)D serum concentration with components of metabolic syndrome and severity of menopausal symptoms.MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the period from October 2018 to March 2020 145 independently living late postmenopausal residents of Yekaterinburg were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. The following scope of data regarding each of the subjects was collected: complaints and anamnesis, anthropometry, diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, assessment of 25 (OH)D level by the ECLIA method, LDL-C, HDL-C levels, serum TG by the enzymatic colorimetric method, as well as the evaluation of the modified menopausal index.RESULTS: Adequate serum level of 25(OH)D was detected in 20.6% patients, insufficiency and deficiency were found in 33.1 and 46.2% cases, respectively. In patients with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, the most frequent metabolic syndrome components were arterial hypertension (p=0.02; OR 3.5; CI 1.2–10.6) and abdominal obesity (p=0.03; OR 2.8; CI 1.1–7.2). Vitamin D deficient subjects had significantly lower serum HDL and increased TG levels (p=0.04), compared to the adequately provided 25(OH)D patients. Vitamin D levels were not associated with the severity of menopausal symptoms in late postmenopausal women. Regular daily intake of 400–2000 IU of colecalciferol contributed to higher serum 25(OH)D level.CONCLUSION: a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among postmenopausal women of Yekaterinburg was detected. Diagnosis and correction of vitamin D levels are necessary for timely reduction of cardiometabolic risk, primarily due to the potential pleiotropic effects of D-hormone on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

Association between serum aldehyde concentrations and metabolic syndrome in adults

The relationship between aldehyde exposure and metabolic syndrome is unclear; hence, we aimed to investigate the association between serum aldehyde concentrations and metabolic syndrome. We analyzed the data of 1471 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey enrolled from 2013 to 2014. The association of serum aldehyde concentrations with metabolic syndrome was assessed via generalized linear models as well as restricted cubic splines, and endpoint events were further analyzed. After adjusting for covariates, both moderate (odds ratio [OR] = 2.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34–5.56) and high (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.06–4.07) concentrations of isovaleraldehyde were associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome. Interestingly, although a moderate concentration of valeraldehyde was associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.70–1.65), a high concentration was not (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.17–1.79). Restricted cubic splines revealed a non-linear association between valeraldehyde and metabolic syndrome, and threshold effect analysis revealed that the inflection point for valeraldehyde concentration was 0.7 ng/mL. The results of the subgroup analysis revealed differences in the relationship of aldehyde exposure with components of metabolic syndrome. High isovaleraldehyde concentrations may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome, and valeraldehyde demonstrated a J-shaped relationship with the risk of metabolic syndrome.

Association between metabolic syndrome components and impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease.

Current evidence on management of impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains scarce, and exploring modifiable risk factors is crucial. We evaluated the profiles of ICDs in PD patients and aimed to determine the associations between ICDs, metabolic syndrome components and other clinical features. We enrolled patients diagnosed with PD in this study and conducted comprehensive clinical assessments. We recruited 39 PD patients with ICDs and 66 PD patients without ICDs. Out of the 39 patients with ICDs, 19 (48.7%) had one impulse control disorder, while 20 (51.3%) had two or more. The most commonly reported symptom of ICDs was compulsive eating (48.7%). Significant differences were observed between the PD patients with and without ICDs in terms of their HbA1c levels, history of diabetes mellitus, dopamine agonist use, levodopa equivalent dose of dopamine agonists (LED DA), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores. HbA1c levels were significantly higher in the PD patients with compulsive eating. Stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed with the dependent variables of ICDs (yes/no) and compulsive eating (yes/no). Among the 105 PD patients, those with ICDs exhibited higher levels of HbA1c, HAMD score and LED DA than those without ICDs (p < 0.01). Among 39 PD patients with ICDs, those with compulsive eating exhibited higher levels of HbA1c (OR = 2.148, 95% CI = 1.004-4.594, p < 0.05). Among 105 PD patients, those with compulsive eating exhibited higher levels of HbA1c, LED DA and HAMD score (p < 0.05). This study provides insights into the profiles of ICDs in PD patients and their associations with various clinical features. Compulsive eating was the most common ICDs symptom reported. Notably, HbA1c levels were found to be higher in patients with compulsive eating, indicating that poor blood glucose control may be a potential risk factor for ICDs in PD. However, it should be noted that the higher HbA1c levels could also be a consequence of compulsive eating rather than a causal factor for ICDs in PD. Further research is needed to confirm the modifiable risk factors for ICDs in PD.

Cumulative exposure to metabolic syndrome increases thyroid cancer risk in young adults: a population-based cohort study.

A re-increasing trend of thyroid cancer since 2015 has been observed despite a similar examination rate, and the incidence of thyroid cancer among young adults continues to rise. This study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service. Individuals 20-39 years of age who underwent ≥ 4 health checkups from 2009-2013 were enrolled and followed throughout 2019. To quantify the metabolic burden, groups were divided by the number of diagnoses of metabolic syndrome across four consecutive health examinations. Among the study population (n = 1,204,646), 5,929 (0.5%) were diagnosed with thyroid cancer during a follow- up period of 5 years. The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) values of thyroid cancer occurrence according to the number (1-4) of diagnoses of metabolic syndrome across the four health examinations compared to the group without metabolic syndrome were significantly greater, as follows: 1.12 (1.02-1.23), 1.25 (1.10-1.42), 1.33 (1.15-1.55), and 1.48 (1.25-1.75) (p for trend < 0.01), respectively. Each component of metabolic syndrome showed a significant increase in hazard ratio according to the number of diagnoses except for impaired fasting glucose criteria. Cumulative exposure to metabolic syndrome was associated with thyroid cancer risk in young adults.

Metabolically Healthy Obesity Is a Misnomer: Components of the Metabolic Syndrome Linearly Increase with BMI as a Function of Age and Gender.

We aimed to examine the relationships between body mass index (BMI) and metabolic syndrome (MS) components as a function of age and gender across weight categories. This cross-sectional study included 19,328 subjects who participated in a health-screening program. We analyzed 14,093 apparently healthy subjects with a BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 (ranging from 18.5 to 46 kg/m2). At a BMI of 18.5 kg/m2, 16% of subjects had one or more MS components (MS ≥ 1). The number of MS components increased linearly with BMI. The most prevalent components for MS1-4 were hypertension (in men) and increased waist circumference (in women). Among 6391 non-obese subjects with MS = 0, there was a linear increase in blood pressure, glucose, and triglycerides, as well as a decline in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as BMI increased. In 2087 subjects with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, a true normometabolic state (MS = 0) was observed in only 7.5%, declining to less than 1% at a BMI ≥ 36 kg/m2 (ATP criteria). Women were metabolically protected relative to men between the ages of 30 and 50 years. (A) MS components increase linearly with BMI from the lowest normal BMI and continue to increase with age and BMI; (B) metabolically healthy obesity is rare in subjects with a high BMI and declines with age; (C) hypertension is the most common component in men; and (D) in women, MS components are seen at older ages than in men for the same BMI. Metabolic health declines with age and BMI in nearly all subjects with obesity.

ASSOCIATION OF URIC ACID WITH COMPONENTS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE IN BENGALURU

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is also known as syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome is dened as a group of disease developed due to accumulation of multiple risk factors that includes resistance to insulin, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and hypertension. Metabolic syndrome, is associated not only with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, but also with many other systemic disorders such as cerebrovascular accident, chronic lung disease and fatty liver disease. Hyperuricemia (above 7.0 mg/dL in men and 6.0 mg/dL in women) has been reported to be closely related to diabetes, hypertension, obesity, renal function decline, and cardiovascular disease, most of which are principal contributors in the development and progression of MetS. The study aimed to assess the associations of serum uric acid with the components of MetS. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the hospitals attached to Bangalore medical college and research Institute. 110 patients with metabolic syndrome who satised the inclusion criteria were included. Data was collected in the form of history, clinical examination, and relevant investigations. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, p value of &lt;0.5 being signicant Results: The mean age of the study participants was found to be 51.55+7.760 years of age. 62.7% of the study participants were males The mean serum uric acid level of the study participants was found to be 6.325+2.7910. 41.82% of the study participants who had metabolic syndrome had hyperuricemia. The association was found to be statistically signicant between hyperuricemia and hypertension, central obesity, low HDL, high FBS among the study participants. Conclusions: Serum uric acid is closely associated with metabolic syndrome and its components. Serum uric acid can also be considered as a mandatory investigation in patients who has any of the ve components of metabolic syndrome

Adipokines in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Clinical Data.

Adipokines are signaling proteins involved in metabolic, endocrinological, vascular and immunogenic processes. Associations of various adipokines with not only insulin resistance but also with increased insulin sensitivity, increased systolic blood pressure, and atherosclerosis highlight the significance of adipokines in several components of metabolic syndrome and metabolic diseases in general. As pregnancy presents a unique metabolic state, the role of adipokines in pregnancy, and even in various pregnancy complications, appears to be key to elucidating these metabolic processes. Many studies in recent years have attempted to clarify the role of adipokines in pregnancy and gestational pathologies. In this review, we aim to investigate the changes in maternal adipokine levels in physiological gestation, as well as the association of adipokines with pregnancy pathologies, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia (PE). Furthermore, we will analyze the association of adipokines in both maternal serum and cord blood with parameters of intrauterine growth and various pregnancy outcomes.

Association of Metabolic Syndrome Components and Nutritional Status with Kidney Cancer in Young Adult Population: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea.

The aim of this study was to determine the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) with kidney cancer and the impact of age and gender on such an association. Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, 9,932,670 subjects who had check-ups in 2009 were followed up until the diagnosis of kidney cancer or death or until 2019. Kidney cancer was significantly associated with MetS (HR 1.56). This association was higher in the younger age group (HR: 1.82, 1.5, and 1.37 in 20-39 years, 40-64 years, and ≥65 years, respectively). In terms of the association of kidney cancer with obesity and central obesity, young-aged males showed higher HR for kidney cancer than old-aged ones (HR of obesity: 1.96, 1.52, and 1.25; HR of central obesity: 1.94, 1.53, and 1.3 in 20-39 years, 40-64 years, ≥65 years, respectively), while young-aged females showed lower HR. Kidney cancer was associated with obesity and MetS. The association was higher in younger populations than in older ones. Regarding gender, MetS, obesity, and central obesity showed higher associations with kidney cancer in younger aged male population, while there was no significant difference in such associations according to age in the female population.

Characteristics of components of metabolic syndrome in patients with diabetic kidney disease depending on the phenotype of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Nine-year exposure to residential greenness and the risk of metabolic syndrome among Luxembourgish adults: A longitudinal analysis of the ORISCAV-Lux cohort study.

Growing evidence shows a beneficial effect of exposure to greenspace on cardiometabolic health, although limited by the cross-sectional design of most studies. This study examined the long-term associations of residential greenness exposure with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and MetS components within the ORISCAV-LUX study (Wave 1: 2007-2009, Wave 2: 2016-2017, n=395 adults). Objective exposure to residential greenness was measured in both waves by the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and by Tree Cover Density (TCD). Linear mixed models were fitted to estimate the effect of baseline levels and change in residential greenness on MetS (continuous score: siMS score) and its components (waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose and systolic blood pressure), respectively. This study provides evidence that an increase in SAVI, but not TCD, may play a role in preventing MetS, as well as improving HDL-cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose levels. Greater baseline SAVI was also associated with lower fasting plasma glucose levels in women and participants living in municipalities with intermediate housing price, and greater baseline TCD was associated with larger waist circumference. Overall, findings suggest a mixed impact of increased greenness on cardiometabolic outcomes. Further longitudinal research is needed to better understand the potential effects of different types of greenness exposure on cardiometabolic outcomes.

Protective Impact of Vanillic Acid on Lipid Profile and Lipid Metabolic Enzymes in Diabetic Hypertensive Rat Model Generated by a High-Fat Diet.

Diabetes is the most common component of metabolic syndrome, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipoproteinemia. This study aims to determine whether vanillic acid has antihyperlipidemic properties in diabetic hypertensive rats. For this study healthy male albino Wister rats (180-220 gm) were selected. A 20-week highfat diet (HFD) was given to produce diabetic hypertension in Wister rats. Control and diabetic hypertensive rats were treated with vanillic acid. Vanillic acid effects on lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, free fatty acids, high-density lipoproteins (HDL)) and lipid metabolizing enzymes LPL, LCAT, and HMG CoA reductase studied by a conventional method. To understand the effect of vanillic acid control, experimental rat lipid and metabolic enzymes were studied and treated and controlled animal liver tissues were observed using the different histology staining agents. Vanillic acid caused considerable lipid profile reductions except for HDL and increased plasma HDL levels. After eight weeks of vanillic acid administration also boosts lipid marker enzyme activity (HMG CoA reductase, LPL, and LCAT). In addition, vanillic acid reduces the accumulation of collagen in liver tissues. These research studies suggest that vanillic acid has antihyperlipidemic effects in diabetic hypertensive rats fed an HFD.

Association of the metabolic syndrome components with the chronotype, level of daytime sleepiness and dispositional optimism in patients with arterial hypertension

Introduction: Arterial hypertension (AH) coexists with such conditions as obesity, insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia, that is, interrelated metabolic disorders that characterize the metabolic syndrome (MS). The aim of the study was to establish relationships between components of MS and chronotype, level of daytime sleepiness, and dispositional optimism in patients with AH. Methods: The study included 42 patients diagnosed with stage 2 essential AH. To study the chronotype, we used the validated questionnaire “Composite Scale of Morningness” and scales from official available sources. Dispositional optimism (LOT-R) was assessed using a questionnaire adapted from O.A. Sychova. Epworth scale was used to assess the severity day sleepiness. Laboratory parameters were determined using commercially available kits. Results: The main components of the MS are found in more than half of the patients with AH, of which 61.90% have abdominal obesity, 42.86% have hypertriacylglycerolemia, 26.19% have hyperglycemia, and 66.67% have a decrease in HDL-C levels. Patients with AH with diagnosed components of MS have an evening chronotype, daytime sleepiness, and low optimism is diagnosed to the same extent as patients without MS. At the same time, evening (53.85%) and intermediate (38.46%) chronotypes are found in patients with abdominal obesity, and the frequency of daytime sleepiness registration, and a low level of optimism does not depend on the presence of abdominal obesity; patients with dyslipidemia are characterized by low optimism, evening and intermediate chronotypes, and severe daytime sleepiness; and a glucose level ≥5.6 mmol/l is registered in most patients with an evening chronotype. Conclusion: The research conducted showed significant relationships between abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and evening chronotype, daytime sleepiness, and low optimism in patients with AH.

Establishing reference values for percentage of appendicular skeletal muscle mass and their association with metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents.

The association between appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and cardiometabolic risk has been emphasized. We estimated reference values of the percentage of ASM (PASM) and investigated their association with metabolic syndrome (MS) in Korean adolescents. Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey performed between 2009 and 2011 were used. Tables and graphs of reference PASM were generated using 1,522 subjects, 807 of whom were boys aged 10 to 18. The relationship between PASM and each component of MS in adolescents was further analyzed in 1,174 subjects, 613 of whom were boys. Moreover, the pediatric simple MS score (PsiMS), the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index were analyzed. Multivariate linear and logistic regressions adjusting for age, sex, household income, and daily energy intake were performed. In boys, PASM increased with age; the trend was different in girls, in whom PASM declined with age. PsiMS, HOMA-IR, and TyG index showed inverse associations with PASM (PsiMS, β=-0.105, P<0.001; HOMA-IR, β=-0.104, P<0.001; and TyG index, β=-0.013, P<0.001). PASM z-score was negatively associated with obesity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.22; 95% CI, 0.17-0.30), abdominal obesity (aOR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.20-0.36), hypertension (aOR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.52-0.80), and elevated triglycerides (aOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.56-0.79). The probability of acquiring MS and insulin resistance decreased as PASM values increased. The reference range may offer clinicians information to aid in the effective management of patients. We urge clinicians to monitor body composition using standard reference databases.

The Impact of Metabolic Syndrome Components on Erectile Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Erectile dysfunction is commonly encountered in diabetic patients and in patients with metabolic syndrome; however, only a few studies have assessed patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) regarding their sexual function. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of metabolic syndrome and its components on the erectile function of T2DM patients. A cross-sectional study including T2DM patients was conducted from November 2018 until November 2020. Participants were evaluated for the presence of metabolic syndrome and their sexual function was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. A total of 45 consecutive male patients participated in this study. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 84.4% and erectile dysfunction (ED) in 86.7% of them. Metabolic syndrome was not associated with ED or ED severity. Among metabolic syndrome components, only high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) was associated with ED [x2 (1, n = 45) = 3.894, p = 0.048; OR = 5.5 (95% CI: 0.890–33.99)] and with the IIEF erectile function scores (median 23 vs. 18, U = 75, p = 0.012). Multiple regression analyses showed that HDL was non-significantly associated with the IIEF erectile function scores. In conclusion, among T2DM patients HDL is associated with ED.

Home-Based Exercise During the Coronavirus Pandemic

Lockdown measures to control disease transmission were implemented at the start of the COVID-19 era, worsening the already existing sedentary lifestyle. Reduced physical activity (PA) and unhealthy eating habits have a negative impact on mental health in chronically ill patients, including diabetes patients. Mental illness, on the other hand, encourages a sedentary lifestyle, exacerbating all components of metabolic syndrome. While well-controlled diabetic patients with an HbA1c of less than 7% had a less severe clinical presentation and COVID-19 mortality rates, the favorable effect of PA on immunomodulation and immunoregulation should not be neglected. Given recent data indicating that a sedentary lifestyle is the third independent risk factor for COVID-19 complications and death (after advanced age and organ transplant), including regular PA has never been more vital. Since PA has a major impact on both glycemic control and mental health, implementing structured home-based activity programs could improve glycemic control and psychological well-being, hence positively impacting COVID-19 outcomes.

The Role of Vitamin D in Obese Children with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Associated Metabolic Syndrome

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a complex chronic condition, which in the absence of screening–monitoring markers and effective standardized treatment is one of the most important issues in pediatric pathology. In this study, we analyzed the role of vitamin D supplementation in obese children with/without NAFLD and the impact on the components of the associated metabolic syndrome (MS). The study included 22 children with simple obesity (SO) and 50 with NAFLD, aged between 6 and 14 years, who received regimen-based therapy or vitamin D supplementation in case of deficiency. Anthropometric and paraclinical data associated with MS were statistically compared before and after treatment. It was observed that there was a statistical association of NAFLD with MS components, which were present both in SO and in the 6–9 years group. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with the presence of obesity, NAFLD and MS components, and correction of the deficiency induced a tendency to normalize the associated parameters. In the case of a treatment strictly based on the regimen, we found decreases in vitamin D values and additional alteration of some parameters. Supplementation with vitamin D potentiates the effects of the specific regimen, and the effects seem to be dependent on the MS components.

Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Metabolic syndrome is closely related to obesity. Increased adiposity promotes inflammation and oxidative stress, which are precursors of various complications involving metabolic syndrome components, namely insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. An increasing number of studies confirm the importance of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in the etiology of metabolic syndrome. However, few studies have reviewed the mechanisms underlying the role of oxidative stress in contributing to metabolic syndrome. In this review, we highlight mechanisms by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase mitochondrial dysfunction, protein damage, lipid peroxidation, and impair antioxidant function in metabolic syndrome. Biomarkers of oxidative stress can be used in disease diagnosis and evaluation of severity.