Components Of Human Capital Research Articles

ФАКТОРЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА В РЕГИОНАХ ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА

The article examines the main factors in the formation of human capital in the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District. The article discusses in detail the main indicators that form the integral human development index, developed by the specialists of the United Nations Development Program. The key characteristics of socio-economic processes were identified, an analysis of the most important economic indicators of the studied subjects of the Russian Federation was given. It was found that one of the most important components of human capital is the social and economic stability of society. In the regions of the Far East, on the whole, an unfavorable socio-economic situation has developed, which directly affects human capital. It was found that, despite the higher level of income compared to the average for Russia, the real incomes of residents, adjusted for the cost of living in the considered regions, turned out to be lower than in Russia. An important factor in the development of human capital is the life expectancy of the population, which in the regions of the Far East is below the national average and does not reach the planned targets set by the Concept of the Demographic Policy of the Far East for the period up to 2025. It has been established that the main contribution is made by external causes of death in the male working-age population in the most sparsely populated regions, characterized by a low level of development of medical infrastructure and its availability. Another factor in the development of human capital is the level of education of the population. The development of this factor in the Far East repeats the all-Russian trajectory, maintaining the tendency to reduce the number of educational institutions at all levels, an increase in the number of students in programs of primary secondary and complete education is recorded. The persistence of such trends, together with changes in the age structure of the population, can negatively affect the development of human capital in the regions of the Far East.

ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКИЙ КАПИТАЛ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ: ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ

The purpose of the research is a quantitative and qualitative assessment of specific (demographic) aspects of the human capital accumulated within the territory of the Kurgan region and identification of the main problems associated with its formation in the context of studied region’s economic development stimulating. The theoretical part of article is devoted to the study of various approaches to human capital evaluating and estimation of its role in regional development. The empirical part of the research presents the results of monitoring the main components of human capital in the Kurgan region from the standpoint of its traditional (basic) characteristics, such as population size, age structure, migration flows, and employment. The methods used to achieve the stated goal consist of (1) the review of modern foreign and domestic literature, (2) the analysis of relevant statistical data (with using the modern techniques). The obtained results have both theoretical value (specification of the basic elements of human capital in rural areas) and practical value (can be applied by regional government in the development of rural support policies directions and tools in order to improve the quality of life of the rural population).

Methodical approach to the assessment of human capital level of machine-building enterprises

Human capital is a key factor in the success of any enterprise. Since human capital, like other types of capital, is prone to exposure to various types of risk and an important task of any enterprise is to assess the level of human capital. This paper proposes the author’s approach to the formation of the structural components of human capital. Its structure included three sets of indicators that characterize educational, intellectual and physical capital. Also, a methodological approach is proposed to evaluate the human capital level of machine-building enterprises, which consists of three interrelated stages. The methodological approach is based on a point evaluation of the indicators included in the human capital structure based on the questionnaire (polling) of the personnel of the analyzed machine-building enterprises. The assessment of the level of human capital was carried out separately for two groups of workers. It is established that the total value of the integral index of human capital corresponds to the average level for all examined enterprises and ranges from 0,463 to 0,585. It has been found that the personnel at the machine-building enterprises have a great potential for development and a high propensity for change. The advantage of human capital assessment on the basis of its structural components is the ability to determine the optimal need for human resources and forecast the cost of supporting and developing human capital.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА В ПАРАДИГМЕ ЦИФРОВОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ

The article highlights the problems of the impact of "digitalization" of society on the formation and transformation of human capital, and above all, the development of new competencies, knowledge and skills. The main components of human capital in the modern era, the features of the formal and informal educational process are clarified and disclosed. The necessity of minimizing the precariat class is proved. The main directions of qualitative improvement of human capital adequate to the challenges of the digital age and globalization are defined.

INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL FRAMEWORK PERGURUAN TINGGI DI INDONESIA BERDASARKAN INSTRUMEN AKREDITASI PROGRAM STUDI (IAPS) 4.0

This study aims to construct the intellectual capital framework (ICF) of universities in Indonesia based on the Study Program Accreditation Instrument (IAPS) 4.0. Using an exploratory approach, this research was conducted through a focus group discussion (FGD). The FGD was conducted with researchers in the field of intellectual capital (IC) and a number of assessors of the National Accreditation Board for Higher Education (BAN PT) who understood the process of changing from 7 standards to 9 criteria (IAPS 4.0). This study resulted in a university ICF consisting of 60 items: 30 items of human capital components, 18 items of structural capital components, and 12 items of relational capital components. In addition, this study also suggests the use of six ways of numerical coding system in conducting content analysis of this framework.

Interregional Migration of Human Capital and Unemployment Dynamics: Evidence from Italian Provinces

AbstractSince the mid-1990s interregional migration flows in Italy have dramatically increased, especially from the South to the North. These flows are characterized by a strong component of human capital, involving a large number of workers with secondary and tertiary education. Using longitudinal data for the period 2002-2011 at NUTS-3 territorial level, we document that long-distance (i.e., South-North) net migration of high-skill workers has increased the unemployment at origin and decreased it at destination, thus deepening North-South unemployment disparities. On the other hand, long-distance net migration of low-skill workers has had the opposite effect, by lowering the unemployment at origin and raising it at destination. Further evidence also suggests that the diverging effect of high-skill migration dominates the converging effect of lowskill migration. Thus, concerns for an ‘internal brain drain’ from Southern regions look not groundless.

The return to noncognitive characteristics in the Russian labor market

For decades economic literature considered intellect to be the main determinant of individual results in the labor market. While there has been significant research on the traditional human capital as the main determinant of labour market results, there is huge heterogeneity across individual wages on the labour market which remains unexplained. Noncognitive characteristics represent a relatively stable way of thinking, feeling and behaving in certain situations, which appears to provide an explanation for these differences. This study presents scarce evidence of the link between noncognitive skills and economic outcomes conducted on extensive Russian data. Using RLMS—HSE data for 2016—2017, returns to the Big Five taxonomy of personality traits are estimated with an extended Mincer-type model. The results are in line with previous research on the topic and indicate the existence of a strong link between noncognitive skills, employment and wages for all socio-demographic and professional groups. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the economic returns across these groups. Besides, the measured effect of personality traits is comparable to the effect from the traditional human capital components.

Do cognitive and non-cognitive abilities mediate the relationship between air pollution exposure and mental health?

Considered as a key component of human capital, mental health has drawn substantial scholarly attention for its effect on people’s health status and economic outcome. When facing the challenge of stress, people’s heterogeneity in cognitive ability and non-cognitive ability causes difference in patterns of coping, resulting in different manifestations in mental health. Previous researches have shown that cognitive and non-cognitive abilities have positively direct or indirect effects on mental health, but few studies research their role of coping with air pollution. We used the China Family Panel Survey (CFPS) and matched individual data with county or district level PM2.5 information from NASA. The study found that air pollution has negative effect on mental health with every increase of 1μg/m3 in PM2.5 deteriorating mental health by 0.038 standard deviation, which is the total effect of air pollution. However, the direct effect of air pollution on mental health will decrease to 0.028 in absolute value when considering mediating effects. By employing different approaches, we found positive mediating effects via cognitive ability and non-cognitive ability. Individuals with high cognitive and non-cognitive abilities are able to accurately diagnose problems and select the optimal coping strategies, thus restoring positive mental health.

THE MISSION OF THE REGIONAL UNIVERSITY AND ITS FOCUS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE REGION

The purpose of the article: The article clarifies and justifies the mission of a modern regional university, which focuses on the activities of a university on the development of human capital in the region.Materials and methods: Based on the data of scientific literature, strategic documents of the state, materials of regional statistics, surveys of respondents, the strategic direction of the formation of a regional university is justified - orientation of its mission, research and educational activities on the development of human capital. A range of directions for improving the functioning of a regional university has been proposed and justified in order to bring the content of its activities in line with the regional focus and the new mission.Results of the research: Regional universities are presented in the article as high-tech educational organizations of higher education, the vector of strategic development of which should be focused on maximum integration into the economy and social sphere of the regions. Structural components of human capital are proposed - education capital, health capital, labor, cultural and moral capital, intellectual capital, entrepreneurial capital, social capital, cyclically interacting with each other in the process of personal and professional development of a teacher.
 Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students.
 Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of The mission of the regional university and its focus on the development of human capital in the region is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.

INTERNATIONAL FEATURES AND NATIONAL PECULIARITIES OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

Topicality. Subjective educational, professional, moral and psychological properties of a person which were important at all times, nowadays receive special significance in the context of the formation of a global knowledge economy,. It now becomes an axiom that a person, his knowledge and skills, his ability to creativity is the main productive resource and the main value of society. Valuable measure gets an economic importance in the sense that, in the case of its deformation, all society's efforts, expenditures of government and intergovernmental institutions, households and other actors in sufficient (or high) cost of human capital achievement will fail in forming the main value and the main productive resource of society. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to study the functional role, international features of the formation of human capital and their manifestations in the national economy. Research results. The most developed countries are those which have a high level of human capital development. The functional role of human capital in world development is realized through qualitative improvement of the human potential of the country, the formation of the abilities and needs of its population, plus the characteristics of the contribution of these non-market investments to economic growth, efficiency and competitiveness. Human capital, like all kinds of capital, is not objectively predetermined, it is the result of the joint efforts of the man himself, his family, enterprise, and state. For a person, these efforts are associated with labor costs, time and financial resources, for enterprises and the state - mainly with the financial costs associated with economic and social development. The financial cost of a qualitative improvement of the workforce, which means its transformation into human capital, takes the form of investment � all kinds of investments into a person, that can be valued in cash or another form and are purposeful, that contribute to the growth of labor productivity and increase income level. Investments in human capital in comparison with investments in other types of capital are distinguished by a number of peculiarities that influence the decision making of the subject in relation to the choice between current consumption or savings for the purpose of further investment and accumulation of human capital. Each of the subjects, investing in individual human capital, pursues its own goals and sees in his own way the future benefits of its accumulation. The dynamics, structure and volume of these investments shows that they differ significantly in the industrialized countries and in Ukraine. The volumes of investments into different components of human capital in Ukraine are lower than in Western countries, the USA, and Japan. As a result, in the last decades there has been a deformed structure of investment in a person, which complicates its quantitative and qualitative reproduction. Conclusion. International tendencies of human capital development are manifested in the following: the formation of a human-centric concept and the humanization of world development; growth of the role of financial markets in investing in human capital; a large proportion of human capital in the national wealth of highly developed countries; high and stable expenditures on human capital development at all levels of the economy; rapid response of the educational sphere to structural changes in the economy; the transformation of knowledge into the most extensive sphere of investment. In the system of reproduction of human capital in modern Ukraine has accumulated a number of acute problems of socio-economic and moral-ideological nature, which, due to the unfavourable development of events, could lead not only to the progress of the economic system, but also to its destruction.

Does Money Matter for Intergenerational Income Transmission?

The intergenerational income elasticity (IIE) is a crucial measure of income mobility. In this article, we develop a structural model to examine the channels through which this elasticity operates. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we separately identify the human capital and the financial components. The human capital component examines the transmission of human capital, independent of financial investments, whereas the financial component examines the impact of income that is uncorrelated with human capital, that is, exogenous income. Using a two‐stage framework, we show that the IIE operates through both channels. Moreover, our estimates show that the financial component may have a larger effect than previously estimated, plausibly attributing to 36% of intergenerational income transmission. Indeed, this result holds even when the financial component is defined in an incredibly narrow manner. This suggests that cash payments could promote intergenerational mobility.

Human capital and poverty reduction in OPEC member-countries

A vast study has shown a mixed result on the implications of a natural resource on growth and poverty. Theoretically, the Resource Curse Hypothesis stresses that natural resource serves as an obstacle for growth. However, the connection between human capital and poverty in OPEC member countries remain under-researched. To ensure inclusiveness in growth, it is essential to focus on human capital models that incorporate the components of poverty reduction. As a result, this study investigates the interactive relationship between human capital components and poverty reduction in OPEC member countries. It is a cross-country study of a panel fully modified least-squares of 12 countries within the OPEC region. The interactive effects of the components of human capital development have a long-run impact on poverty reduction in OPEC member countries. Besides, human capital components confirm a positive effect on poverty reduction. Thus, since human capital is a crucial determinant of improving economic growth, OPEC member countries should invest more on the quality of human capital through education and health to improve the living standard of people and societal welfare.

نموذج مقترح لقياس محددات الأداء المزرعي للممارسات الزراعية الجيدة لمزارعي محصول العنب بمنطقة النوبارية

نموذج مقترح لقياس محددات الأداء المزرعي للممارسات الزراعية الجيدة لمزارعي محصول العنب بمنطقة النوبارية

Educational Services for Intellectual Capital Growth or Transmission of Culture for Transfer of Knowledge—Consumer Satisfaction at St. Petersburg Universities

Higher education has complex roles in society, the economy, and politics; it helps to transmit culture, transfer knowledge, and develop the personality of citizens. This diversity of roles is confronted with the limited resources that are related to the sources of financing, that is, students and their families, the national government, and local authorities, among others. The discussions related to the role of universities concern the economy of knowledge and the digital tools influencing education. The specific case of St. Petersburg universities simultaneously represents the impact of the deep socio-political transition from Soviet society to the liberal principles of a market economy, including the perception of higher education institutions as service sector companies. The services allowed by universities include research and training; however, from the consumer point of view, universities should create specific value: the increase of the intellectual components of human capital. These complex functions are interconnected. During 2017–2018, a survey in St. Petersburg was organised to ascertain the opinion of students, professors, and employers on the quality of education. The results of the survey demonstrate the impact of the exaggerated implementation of the liberal principles on education, both positive and negative. The positive effect is the renewing of content and innovative training techniques due to competition among universities. The negative impacts include the preference for popular disciplines and the opportunistic behavior of students that lose their passion for acquiring knowledge and choose instead the passive attitude of consumers of a competitive service. They are less interested in the sphere of their studies, in searching for a job, in the interaction with other social and economic actors, and even in the research and education options presented by the universities.

Уровень образования как фактор демографического прогноза

Книга посвящена вопросам прогнозирования численности и структуры населения Земли до конца XXI века. Рассматриваются как технические детали построения подобных демографических прогнозов, так и последствиям различных вариантов прогноза для будущих траекторий развития человечества. Особое внимание авторы уделяют уровню образования населения, важнейшей, по их мнению, составляющей человеческого капитала. При этом, как подчеркивается в книге, образовательная структура населения является не только производной от демографических изменений и скорости «экспансии образования» в различных регионах и странах мира, но и сама оказывает и будет оказывать существенное влияние на демографические процессы; именно в этом кроется ее определяющие значение для населения нашей планеты в XXI веке.

Generic and Specific Skills as Components of Human Capital: New Challenges for Education Theory and Practice

Human capital theory in recent decades has become the basis for educational policy in many developed countries. Expert discussions, however, often undervalue research findings and developments related to this theory that since the 1970s have consistently enriched understanding of how human capital contributes to personal well-being and socioeconomic development of society as a whole. Educational policy lags behind these elaborations, which leads to a decline in the impact of education upon development worldwide. In the 21st century, fundamentally new trends in socioeconomic dynamics pose unprecedented challenges for educational systems around the world, including Russia. Despite the quantitative growth of money and time spent on education, performance per unit of education costs has fallen. The human potential, created by education, is facing more and more difficulties in its capitalization: economic growth is slowing down at both at the country level and globally. This situation brings to life new attempts to claim insignificance of education for economic growth and for individual success. So far, these attempts have not been very influential in educational policy, but in many countries, such arguments already serve as a backdrop for budget decisions that are detrimental for education. Educational systems need to complement practices that contribute to the development of human capital. In this regard, several theoretical elaborations that have not yet became part of the mainstream discussion on human capital, could be helpful for understanding the role of human capital in socioeconomic progress and possible ways to improve it in the short and long term.

Digital Economy and Society: Baltic States in the EU Context

Abstract Research purpose. The high penetration of the Internet and increased level of use of digital devices create conditions for the development of the digital economy and society. Understanding and management of this model are essential whilst seeking to compete in the global market and to ensure a high standard of living for citizens. However, despite the opportunities presented by the digital economy, the Baltic States have not yet fully exploited the potential of digital technologies for sustainable development. The purpose of this research is to assess the progress of the Baltic States towards developing a digital economy and society and to identify areas requiring priority investments and action. Design/Methodology/Approach. The Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) published by the European Commission is used to explore the potential of the digital economy. It is an index measuring progress in digital performance through five components: connectivity, human capital, use of internet, integration of digital technology and digital public services. DESI is a crucial tool to reflect the performance of the Baltic States in the context of other European countries. Findings. The survey shows the individual performance of each Baltic country and compares them amongst themselves as well as with other EU countries. Estonia has the highest DESI when compared with other Baltic countries; however, lower scores in connectivity and integration of digital technology components are observed. Lithuania scores high in the integration of digital technology, whereas the human capital component remains lower. Latvia is a leader amongst connectivity but descents to other Baltic countries in human capital and integration of digital technology components. Originality/Value/Practical implications. The digital economy remains a widely discussed topic; however, a lack of unanimous scientific definition and detailed research on this economic model complicates understanding of digital technologies. It is essential for each government to analyse the model and focus on the improvement of the digital economy in order to ensure that the country remains digitally competitive in the world.

The Organizational Development of Producer Associations in Southern Colombia

The present article has the purpose of measuring the organizational development of the associative organizations in the south of Colombia through members' and associates' perception regarding the intellectual capital developed in the components of human, structural and relational capital. The study was of a quantitative and descriptive type, in which the survey technique was used through a Likert-scale applied to members and associates of 27 associative organizations. Faced with the results, organizations were obtained with an organizational advance that exceeds 60% in the components of human and structural capital, which implies that the organizations developed aspects of human capital such as the knowledge of its members, the professional relevance, the processes of improvement and the antiquity of the association, while in the structural capital aspects such as standards and values, certifications and brands stand out and the revolving fund among others. Nevertheless, relational capital has not yet reached its development, especially in its marketing and business relations components.

INCREASING ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF HIGHER EDUCATION AS A COMPONENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL

Human capital is a key production resource that is available to the greatest part of population. The investments in education and training contribute to the growth of economic efficiency. There are many proofs in support of the thesis that investment in education is stimulating to economic growth, course of average labour productivity and growth of real earnings. There is a strong correlation between the education and earnings: higher educational level implies higher level of wages, while higher salaries further motivate people to acquire permanent education. Human capital practically vanishes unless it is used. In such cases, human capital acts consistently nearly equally to financial capital, by displacing into the environments where higher yields are expected. The above explicated approach to research is often criticised, especially bearing in mind its static character. In real life, the degree of material embodiment of human capital is mostly the function of ability of involvement in activities of lifelong education and acquisition of practical skills. Economic value of human capital depends on its contribution to creation of values of goods and services. Hence, the possibility that certain components of human capital are highly evaluated at specific time and in particular environment, while without any significance in other circumstances should be always borne in mind. Relative value of particular components of human capital greatly depend on the stage of economic and social development of a country where their meaning is perceived. In present conditions of earning, in the process of creation of human capital, the activities directed towards lifelong education and professional advancement and digital literacy have become increasingly significant. Education, and especially higher education, contributes to economic and social development of certain communities in most various ways. In accordance with the approach to basic needs, education is increasingly recognised as an elementary need which helps to satisfy many other needs and contributes to the life quality improvement. In the educational policy, rapid development of technology imposes two key conclusions. The first is that education should be directed towards the capability of acquisition of new knowledge during lifetime (the ability to learn is learnt), while the other is dissemination of education to all social strata. The competence of human capital includes the application of new knowledge in everyday practice. Therefore it is not surprising that this form of capital permanently increases its participation in the structure of total capital in all contemporary economies. At the same time, the attitude that human capital is a backbone of overall development of each nation (economic, social etc.) is predominant in economic science today, while education is its most significant framework.

Nurturing natural capital

Nurturing natural capital