Gasoline Components Research Articles

Measurements of critical properties of ethyl propionate with the gasoline components

Ethyl propionate is a good choice as additive to improve the combustion performance of gasoline. In this work, the critical temperature (Tc) and critical temperature (pc) of five binary systems (ethyl propionate + n-hexane, ethyl propionate + n-heptane, ethyl propionate + n-octane, ethyl propionate + n-propanol, ethyl propionate + n-butanol) and one ternary system (ethyl propionate + n-hexane + n-propanol) were measured. The results show that the addition of ethyl propionate increases the Tc of n-hexane, n-propanol and n-heptane while decreases the Tc of n-octane and n-butanol. The binary system of ethyl propionate and n-heptane and the ternary system of ethyl propionate + n-hexane + n-propanol are positive azeotropes. The pc of all studied systems changes linearly with the concentration of ethyl propionate. The applicability of Redlich–Kister equations, Cibulka equations and Singh-Sharma equations were checked.

MBMS study on plasma‐assisted low‐temperature oxidation of n‐heptane and iso‐octane in a flow reactor

AbstractNonequilibrium plasma has a great potential in the lean combustion of gasoline engines. However, fundamental studies on plasma‐assisted combustion on gasoline components are limited. In the present study, Low‐temperature oxidation behaviors for n‐heptane and iso‐octane in a plasma flow reactor were investigated. Species measurements were performed at room temperature and low pressure of 40 mbar using the electron ionization molecular‐beam mass spectrometry (EI‐MBMS). A total of 72 and 57 species were quantified in n‐heptane and iso‐octane oxidation, respectively. Based on measured species data, reaction networks of n‐heptane and iso‐octane in the plasma system were discussed. Particularly, some typical low‐temperature intermediates, such as cyclic ethers, diones, and ketohydroperoxides, were observed, suggesting the applicability of the classical low‐temperature reaction scheme in the plasma system of large hydrocarbons. The results indicate that the major role of plasma discharge on the low‐temperature oxidation of large hydrocarbons is either to breakdown large fuel molecules or to accelerate the chain initiation reactions. We also investigated the parametric effects of voltage, frequency, and residence time on the species pools, and found that the increase of these parameters leads to higher production of intermediates. The whole system reactivity was most sensitive to the plasma voltage. The difference between plasma frequency and residence time on the species formation was found. Moreover, some highly temperature‐sensitive reactions, such as the RO2 → QOOH, proceed at very low temperatures (around 340 K) in the plasma system, which was potentially attributed to the additional energy from plasma‐generated species.

Modeling of motor gasoline components complex production

The motor gasoline production mixing flows ratios determination considering feedstock quality and quantity is the one of the most complex and multifactorial problems of catalyst crude oil processing. Mixing compounds ratios determination taking into account hydrocarbon feedstock properties and composition changes, as well as optimal catalyst process conditions will reduce the end products cost by reducing quality giveaway. The catalyst process isomerization C7-C8 implementation allows to increase low-octane fractions supply in commercial gasoline compounding by 7–10 % of the produced amount. At the same time, increasing the octane number of these fractions causes reducing the consumption of MTBE by 9 %, toluene by over 3% and alkylbenzene by 15 %. These changes can significantly reduce the cost of commercial gasoline while maintaining the quality.

A comprehensive experimental and kinetic modeling study of 1- and 2-pentene

Abstract 1- and 2-pentene are components in gasoline and are also used as representative alkene components in gasoline surrogate fuels. Most of the available ignition delay time data in the literature for these fuels are limited to low pressures, high temperatures and highly diluted conditions, which limits the kinetic model development and validation potential of these fuels. Therefore, ignition delay time measurements under engine-like conditions are needed to provide target data to understand their low-temperature fuel chemistry and extend their chemical kinetic validation to lower temperatures and higher pressures. In this study, both a high-pressure shock tube and a rapid compression machine have been employed to measure ignition delay times of 1- and 2-pentene over a wide temperature range (600–1300 K) at equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 in ‘air’, and at pressures of 15 and 30 atm. At high-temperatures (> 900 K), the experimental ignition delay times show that the fuel reactivities of 1- and 2-pentene are very similar at all equivalence ratios and pressures. However, at low temperatures, 1-pentene shows negative temperature coefficient behavior and a higher fuel reactivity compared to 2-pentene. Moreover, carbon monoxide time-histories for both 1- and 2-pentene were measured in a high-pressure shock tube for a stoichiometric mixture at 10 atm and at high temperatures. Furthermore, species versus temperature profiles were measured in a jet-stirred reactor at φ = 1.0 and 1 atm over a temperature range of 700–1100 K. All of these experimental data have been used to validate the current chemistry mechanism. Starting from a published pentane mechanism, modifications have been made to the 1- and 2-pentene sub-mechanisms resulting in overall good predictions. Moreover, flux and sensitivity analyses were performed to highlight the important reactions involved in the oxidation process.

Features of the Isobutane Alkylation with Butylenes on Zeolite Catalysts

Isobutane alkylation with olefins is an important process to produce a high-octane component of gasoline (alkylate) obtained using mineral acids as catalysts. Solid catalysts based on zeolites are a promising alternative to acids, but their rapid deactivation makes it difficult to implement the technology on an industrial scale. In this work, we investigated the CaLaHPtX catalyst based on molded NaX zeoliste. Physicochemical analysis of the catalyst (the residual concentration of Na2O is less than 1 wt %, acidity 1452 μmol of NH3/g, and IR-Fourier spectroscopy data with the presence of bridging OH-groups at aluminum atoms with absorption bands at 3657 and 3603 cm–1) suggest good catalytic properties. Alkylation of isobutane with butylenes was carried out on a pilot plant according to a new principle - in a “structured” mode, which guarantees a high isobutane/butylenes ratio in the reaction zone. Under these conditions, the catalyst operates for at least 24 h with stable performance (butylenes conversion – 97.1 wt %, alkylate yield – 94.1 wt %, selectivity to trimethylpentanes – 76.4 wt %). It was shown that before the catalyst is regenerated, it is necessary to stop the reaction before its activity begins to decrease in order to exclude the accumulation of hard-to-desorb deposits on its surface. The combination of alkylation in the “structured” mode and the CaLaHPtX catalyst promote a long-term reaction without reducing the quality of the alkylate for at least 5 cycles of reaction - reductive regeneration - reaction.

Transformations of stable gas condensate hydrocarbons into high-octane gasoline components over ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst

The process of stable gas condensate zeoforming was implemented at the laboratory scale under the conditions of varying feedstock composition and technological parameters (temperature, pressure, feedstock flow rate). The directions of hydrocarbon transformations were established. The influence of technological parameters on the composition and properties of the obtained product was estimated. From the perspective of involving the obtained zeoforming product into production of motor gasoline, optimal technological parameters were determined (the temperature of 375 °C, the pressure of 2.5 MPa, the feedstock flow rate of 2 h−1), the most preferred feedstock was established (the feedstock, which contains high amount of naphthenes, which sufficiently influence aromatization reaction). The recipes for motor gasoline blending were developed using the zeoforming product as the major component for the production of different grades, such as RON-92, RON-95, RON-98, meeting the modern specifications.

Commercial oil of Gerbi Absheron oil field

The article presents the study results of commercial oil from Gerbi Absheron oil field. Conducted research shows that this oil is low sulfur, low paraffin, tarry and heavy. The gasoline fractions obtained can be used as a component of motor gasoline, a feedstock for the catalytic reforming process and to obtain various solvents as well. Light kerosene and diesel fractions are a valuable raw material for the production of jet and diesel fuels of various grades. From residues above 500 °C, commercial oil from Gerbi Absheron oil field without any additives can produce road bitumen grade BNB 50/70 and construction bitumen grade BNB 70/30, which meet basic requirements. According to the study results, the joint processing with the fuel-oil scheme of this oil with Absheron Kyupesi, Pirallahy, Darwin Kupesi and others oils similar to it in terms of their physical-chemical properties can be recommended.

Investigations on the Spray-Atomization of Various Fuels for an Outwardly Opening Piezo Injector for the Application to a Pilot Injection Passenger Car Gas Engine

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Pilot injection gas engines are commonly used as large stationary engines. Often, the combustion is implemented as a dual-fuel strategy, which allows both mixed and diesel-only operation, based on a diesel engine architecture. The current research project focuses on the application of pilot injection in an engine based on gasoline components of the passenger car segment, which are more cost-effective than diesel components. The investigated strategy does not aim for a diesel-only combustion, hence only small liquid quantities are used for the main purpose of providing a strong, reliable ignition source for the natural gas charge. This approach is mainly driven to provide a reliable alternative to the high spark ignition energies required for high cylinder charge densities.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">When using such small liquid quantities, a standard common-rail diesel nozzle will apparently not be ideal regarding some general specifications. Due to this fact, an outwardly opening piezo injector is intended to be used due to its high performance in several aspects. An issue, which is almost unknown in literature, is the atomization behavior for fuel types differing significantly from the viscosity properties of regular gasoline fuel.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The aim of this publication is to clarify, whether the outwardly opening piezo injector can produce an atomization quality, which is sufficient to be used as a pilot injection ignition source for natural gas engines. The experimental results were obtained by means of a combined methodology using both Mie-scattering and PDA (Phase Doppler Anemometry) in a constant volume chamber. The injected masses showed a difference of up to 30% for the examined fuels, whereas liquid penetrations displayed a smaller difference. The Sauter Mean Diameters (SMD) for diesel-like fuels were 5…10μm larger compared to operation on gasoline-like fuels. Additionally, the needle motion for given actuation parameters was studied using a laser vibrometer. Influences of rail pressure, injector temperature, actuation time and reproducibility were investigated, showing that the injector has great reproducibility, but on the other hand requires a complex understanding of the actuation strategy in engine operation.</div></div>

Effect of occupational exposure to petrol and gasoline components on liver and renal biochemical parameters among gas station attendants, a review and meta-analysis.

Kidney and liver are of the most affected organs during permanent exposure to petrol and gasoline components in gas stations. This study aims to investigate the renal and liver involvements in these workers using meta-analysis. PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, ISI web of science, and Google scholar motor engine were searched using Mesh terms of the relevant keywords. Screening of titles, abstracts and full texts was continued until the eligible articles meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria were selected. Quality assessment was conducted using NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Quality score). The pooled standard mean difference of the renal and liver indices between exposed/unexposed groups was estimated using Stata ver. 11 software. In this systematic review, 22 papers were entered. The pooled standard mean difference (95% confidence interval) between exposed and unexposed groups was estimated as of 0.74 (0.28, 1.21) for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 2.44 (1.80, 3.08) for aspartate transaminase (AST), 2.06 (1.42, 2.69) for alanine transaminase (ALT), 0.10 (-0.09, 0.29) for total Bilirubin (TB), 0.74 (-0.42,-1.90) for total protein (TP),-0.49 (-0.82,-0.15) for albumin, 0.88 (-0.10, 1.87) for uric acid, 1.02 (0.45, 1.59) for creatinine and 1.44 (0.75, 2.13) for blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Our meta-analysis showed that the serum AST, ALT, ALP, total protein, total bilirubin, BUN, uric acid and creatinine levels were higher among workers exposed to petrol and gasoline than control group, while albumin was lower in the serum of the exposed workers. Therefore, occupational exposure to gasoline stations can create adverse effects on kidney and liver function.

Developing a Method for Producing a New Component of Automobile Gasolines on the Basis of a By-Product of Petrochemistry

A method of producing a new component of automotive gasoline based on by-products of petrochemicals and oil refining—light-boiling distillates of fractionation of a reaction mixture of synthesis of butyl alcohols (EHIBA) and a hexane fraction of a process of isomerization of light straight-run gasoline (hexane fraction)—is described. Gas-liquid chromatography and coulometric titration have revealed EHIBA to be a mixture of butyl ethers, butyl alcohols, and water and that it can be used as a component of automotive gasoline after the removal of water. The dehydration of EHIBA was carried out by rectification and extraction methods. It has been found that the extraction process has a number of advantages, allowing the efficient separation of water without the impurity of organic compounds. The choice of a selective solvent (hexane fraction) by calculating the phase equilibrium according to the NRTL model made it possible to obtain, as a result of extraction with the subsequent separation of water, a new component of gasoline—the hexane fraction + 10% EHIBA. It is shown that unleaded AI-92-K5 gasoline, obtained with the addition of 8 wt % of the new component, fully complies with the requirements of regulatory documents. Based on laboratory tests to determine the rate of water deposition, a technological calculation of the separator was performed to separate the EHIBA hexane extract and water. The use of coalescing devices to significantly reduce the size of the separator is proposed. According to preliminary estimates, the use of EHIBA (about 250 t/month) as part of the new component will provide an economic effect of about 13 million rubles per year and can be considered a way to increase product margins.

Transformation of Paraffin and Olefin Hydrocarbons on a Modified Zeolite-Containing Catalyst of Cracking

Industrial zeolite-containing OMNIKAT-210P catalyst modified with Ni, Co, Cr is used as a catalyst to study the conversion of hydrocarbons contained in catalytic cracking gases. The aim of the study is to obtain a high-octane component of gasoline. The metals are deposited on nanosized particles of a zeolite-containing catalyst. The particle size is at a level of (5–10) × 10−9 m. The particle size allows metals Ni, Cr, Co to be applied evenly on the surfaces of the nanoparticles. The particles then form balls 2–3 mm in size that are dried (120°C) and calcined (450–500°C). The yield of liquid products is at a level of 48.3–30.3 wt %, depending on the time of sampling.

RON and MON chemical kinetic modeling derived correlations with ignition delay time for gasoline and octane boosting additives

For regulatory and certification purposes the indices that characterize the ignition propensity for a fuel, Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON), are measured in a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine. In an effort to reduce the cost and time of CFR engine testing, computer simulation based work capable of predicting the octane numbers for any fuel blend has received increased attention. Notably, the works of Westbrook et al. [1], Badra et al. [2], and Kim et al. [3] simulated the second stage hot ignition delay time (IDT) for fuels and correlated their ignition delay time with experimental RON/MON measurements to determine the relationship between calculated IDT and RON/MON, thereby providing a means to analytically assess the apparent RON/MON and octane sensitivity (OS=RON-MON) values for the fuel. Using a similar methodology, the current study investigated RON-like and MON-like simulated engine compression histories calculated using GT-Power. The current work's calculated IDTs were determined for mixtures of primary reference fuel (PRF) gasoline and major blending components (i.e., iso-octane, n-heptane, ethanol, and toluene), and neat octane boosting additives (e.g., ethyl-benzene, iso-butanol, di-iso-butylene (DIB)) using 0-D closed homogeneous reactor chemical kinetic simulations driven by volume-time and pressure-time compression profiles. The primary goal of the current work was to explore any possible dependence of the fuel's predicted octane number with the compression profile used (i.e., volume-time profile and pressure-time profile). To investigate any possible dependence, the calculated IDTs for both the volume profile and pressure profile driven simulations were used to develop RON and MON correlation curves based on the PRF and neat fuel experimental literature data from McCormick et al. [16]. The model derived RON and MON correlation curves were used to analytically assess the octane numbers of PRFs, toluene PRFs (TPRFs), and both PRFs and TPRFs blended with ethanol for comparison with experimental data from Foong et al. [13]. The simulations indicated a synergistic blending effect on octane number for ethanol blended with PRFs and TPRFs. Overall, the volume profile driven RON/MON/OS assessments had less difference from the experimental PRFs and TPRFs data (i.e., on the order of approximately +/- 2-6 ONs) than the pressure profile driven RON/MON/OS assessments (i.e., greater than approximately +/- 6 ONs). Lastly, the volume and pressure profile driven RON and MON assessments for selected mixtures were compared to the RON and MON assessments completed in [1] which were determined with pressure profile driven simulations.

Низкотемпературное изомеризационное превращение газового бензина на модифицированных цеолитных катализаторах

New multicomponent catalytic systems synthesized by modifying zeolites (НМOR17 and HZSM-5) and γ-Al2O3 with metals (Co, Ni), zirconium dioxide and subsequent sulfation and tungestation of the obtained samples. It was shown that the introduction of zirconia into the M/MOR (where M = Co, Ni) system allows one to lower the isomerization temperature by 140-160°С, turning the medium-temperature skeletal-isomerisation catalyst M/MOR into a low-temperature M/MOR/ZrO2. It was found that sulfated Co/MOR/ZrO2/SO42- and Co/HZSM-5/ZrO2/SO42- have a higher isomerization activity, which makes it possible to increase the content of isomeric C5-C6 components with high octane numbers in gas gasoline from 43 to 66%. It was found that upon contacting the gas gasoline with the Co/MOR/ZrO2/SO42- or Co/HZSM-5/ZrO2/SO42- catalytic systems, efficient processing of higher molecular weight C7+ alkanes occurs not only into iso-C5 and C6, but also into n-pentane whose content in contact products rises from 19 to 40%. For the first time it was found that at temperatures of 160-200 °C, impurity gaseous C4- alkanes in the gas gasoline are consumed of when contacted with synthesized catalysts, turning into liquid alkanes. It was established that sulfated catalysts have more isomerizing activity in the low-temperature isomerization conversion of gas gasoline than volframated ones. The effect of the concentration of SO42- ions on the activity of the catalysts was studied and it was found that 2 wt.% is satisfactory for the studied catalysts. The temperature dependence of the activity of the most active of the synthesized catalysts in this process – Co/HZSM-5/ZrO2/SO42-, was studied. The results showed that the optimum temperature for the isomerization functioning of the selected catalyst is 180 oC. The change in the activity of the optimal catalyst (Co/HZSM-5/ZrO2/SO42-) depending on the reaction period was also studied. It was established that with the course of the process, the activity of the catalyst increases and reaches a maximum of 30 minutes work. After this, the activity of the catalyst gradually decreases. In this case, the total concentration of iso-C5 and iso-C6 increases by 22.9% and reaches 66.1%, and the conversion of C7+ components of gas gasoline is 69.2%.

New recipes for producing a high-octane gasoline based on naphtha from natural gas condensate

Oxygenates should be added to gasoline fractions because they are environmentally friendly and have a high-octane rating. This research investigates new recipes for producing high-octane gasoline based on gas raw materials by using isooctene. Blend stocks from naphtha from natural gas condensate, isooctene, isopentane, (methyl tert-butyl ether) MTBE, isopentane, ethylbenzene, toluene, and isopropylbenzene with different percentages are blended to select the optimal samples in order to produce gasoline grades A92 and A95 in accordance with Russian and European standard regulations (GOST 32513 and EN228:2012). Physicochemical characteristics and operational properties of various components of the fuel are studied. Results showed that the quality of the produced gasoline is highly based on measuring oxidation stability via an induction period, where the value of it is more than 462 min. This indicates that optimal samples do not form gum during storage. Moreover, power at full load, minimum specific fuel consumption, as well as exhaust emissions, including carbon monoxide (CO) content, nitrogen oxides (NOX) content, and hydrocarbon (CH) content are given good prospects for produced gasoline. Finally, the quality and quantity of naphtha produced from natural gas condensate which has low octane number were maximized by blending with components of gasoline for producing high-octane gasoline. Moreover, the content of aromatic, olefin and benzene for an environmental gasoline in the general case exactly meets the conditions of the Russian and European standard rules according to GOST 32513-2013 and EN228:2012. Furthermore, an environmental gasoline gives good prospects to refining companies in light of decreasing the overhead, enhancing the grade of product, and great effect on the environment.

Vapour pressure of butanol as a component of gasoline

Vapour pressure of butanol as a component of gasoline

An efficient head-tail co-conversion process for high quality gasoline via rational catalytic cracking

To meet the requirement of gasoline new standard, a concept process for head-tail co-conversion of the longer chain n-alkanes (C10-C12) and olefins (C5-C7) with similar C-C bonding energy in FCC gasoline was developed to reduce olefin content and T50 of gasoline simultaneously. Here 1-hexene and n-decane were chosen as head-tail model compounds of these olefin and n-alkane components in FCC gasoline. By analyzing the product distribution of co-feeding and single-feeding of n-decane and 1-hexene at different reaction temperatures, higher yield of gasoline with lower T50 and higher content of i-paraffin could be obtained through co-feeding process at 325 °C. Besides, the olefin content of gasoline could be successfully decreased. Based on chemical kinetic analysis, it could be found that by co-conversion of n-decane and 1-hexene, the cracking path of 1-hexene was restrained and the formation of i-paraffin was enhanced due to the hydrogen transfer of n-decane with carbocation converted from 1-hexene.

Determination of the Health Costs of Effective Detoxification Based on Effective Doses of Benzene Exposure To workers in oil and gas mining companies, Central Java, Indonesia

Benzene is a natural component of crude oil and gasoline. Benzene occurs naturally in crude oil at levels of up to 4 g / l and benzene has been classified as a group carcinogen. This research was conducted in oil and gas mining companies, West Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted using a cross sectional method. The sample in this study were 30 respondents. The variables that became the data of this study included benzene concentration (C) daily exposure time (tE), frequency of annual exposure (fE), duration of exposure (Dt), height, weight, age, respiration rate (BR), and urine of workers. The results showed an average measurement of benzene concentration in oil and gas mining companies, West Java, Indonesia on the KPC portion of 0.1 ppm and in the laboratory section at 0.2 ppm, which means it is still below the Threshold Value (NAB) which is equal to 0.5 ppm5. Obtained the highest effective dose to be consumed by respondents in the KPC unit for beef liver is 6x10-4 kg at a cost of IDR 33,31046813, chicken 3x10-4 kg at a cost of IDR 13,1251,9985, and avocado is 4x10-6 kg at a cost of IDR 0,16206628 , while the highest effective dose to be consumed by respondents in the laboratory unit for beef liver is 1x10-2 kg at a cost of IDR 12,14687477, chicken 6x10-4 kg at a cost of IDR 22,14504841, and avocado is 6x10-6 kg at a cost of IDR 0, 27344083. Control recommendations are to adopt a lifestyle that can minimize exposure to poisons and improve detoxification pathways.

Isothermal Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Measurement of Isobutanol + Isooctane/N-Heptane Binary Mixtures at Temperatures Range of 303.15-323.15 K

The addition of alcohol as an oxygenated compound in gasoline blends may increase the vapor pressure of gasoline mixture. As a result, the study of vapor-liquid equilibrium for gasoline component and alcohol is necessary. In this study, the vapor-liquid equilibrium of isobutanol – isooctane/n-heptane blends were obtained experimentally at temperatures in the range 303.15 to 323.15 K using modified simple quasi-static ebulliometer. The apparatus was validated by comparing the vapor pressure of pure isobutanol, isooctane, and n-heptane with the published data and giving average absolute deviation (AAD) between experimental and calculated ones with magnitude less than 1.0%. The addition of isobutanol with the mole fraction range from 0.2 to 0.6 would increase the vapor pressure of the isooctane and n-heptane up to 12% and 14% respectively. The vapor pressure of binary mixtures was correlated with the Wilson, Non-random two-liquid (NRTL), and Universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) equations with AAD 1.6%, 1.5%, and 1.7%, respectively for isobutanol + isooctane system and 1.8%, 1.7%, and 2.0%, respectively for isobutanol + n-heptane system. The systems studied show positive deviation from Raoult’s Law.

Bio-Based Solvents and Gasoline Components From Renewable 2,3-Butanediol and 1,2-Propanediol: Synthesis and Characterization.

In this study approaches for chemical conversions of the renewable compounds 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) that yield the corresponding cyclic ketals and glycol ethers have been investigated experimentally. The characterization of the obtained products as potential green solvents and gasoline components is discussed. Cyclic ketals have been obtained by the direct reaction of the diols with lower aliphatic ketones (1,2-PD + acetone → 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolane (TMD) and 2,3-BD + butanone-2 → 2-ethyl-2,4,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolane (ETMD)), for which the ΔH0r, ΔS0r and ΔG0r values have been estimated experimentally. The monoethers of diols could be obtained through either hydrogenolysis of the pure ketals or from the ketone and the diol via reductive alkylation. In the both reactions, the cyclic ketals (TMD and ETMD) have been hydrogenated in nearly quantitative yields to the corresponding isopropoxypropanols (IPP) and 3-sec-butoxy-2-butanol (SBB) under mild conditions (T = 120–140 °C, p(H2) = 40 bar) with high selectivity (>93%). Four products (TMD, ETMD, IPP and SBB) have been characterized as far as their physical properties are concerned (density, melting/boiling points, viscosity, calorific value, evaporation rate, Antoine equation coefficients), as well as their solvent ones (Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameters, miscibility, and polymer solubilization). In the investigation of gasoline blending properties, TMD, ETMD, IPP and SBB have shown remarkable antiknock performance with blending antiknock indices of 95.2, 92.7, 99.2 and 99.7 points, respectively.

Isomerization of n-C5/C6 Bioparaffins to Gasoline Components with High Octane Number

The thermal and catalytic conversion processes of alternative feedstocks (e.g., waste and biomass) to different engine fuels can result in the formation of a significant amount of light hydrocarbons as by-products in the boiling range of gasoline. The properties of these C5/C6 hydrocarbons need to be improved due to many reasons, e.g., their benzene content, and/or poor oxidation stability (high olefin content) and low octane number (<60). The aim of the research work was to increase the octane number of benzene containing C5/C6 bioparaffin fractions by catalytic isomerization. These by-products were obtained from special hydrocracking of waste cooking oil to hydrocarbons in the boiling range of aviation turbine fuels (JET fuels)/diesel fuels. Experiments were carried out in a reactor system containing down-flow tubular reactors over Pt/Al2O3/Cl and Pt/H-Mordenite/Al2O3 catalysts at 115–145 °C and 230–270 °C, respectively. Based on the results obtained at different process parameter combinations, it was concluded that the hydrogenation of benzene was complete over both catalysts, and the liquid yields were higher (ca. 98% > ca. 93 %) in the case of Pt/Al2O3/Cl. In addition, the octane number was also enhanced (ca. 32 > ca. 27 unit) in the products compared to the feedstock. This was because a higher isoparaffin content can be obtained at a lower operating temperature. Moreover, cracking side reactions take place to a lesser extent. The utilization of these isomerized bio-origin light fractions can contribute to the competitiveness of second-generation biofuels.