Component Of Foreign Direct Investment Research Articles

Economic effect of foreign direct investment in the oil and gas sector of Azerbaijan

The article studies the economic effect of foreign direct investment in the oil and gas sector of Azerbaijan. As a study result it was determined that it is most appropriate to direct foreign investments to the sectors capable of creating high added value. Since these investments are mainly oriented to industrial production and processing sector, there are wide export opportunities here. For the economic development of the oil and gas industry, it is advisable to increase the qualitative component of foreign direct investment. In general, the directions of foreign direct investment in the oil and gas sector correspond to the interests of the Republic of Azerbaijan, which means that it is necessary to increase the efficiency of foreign direct investment. This is possible due to optimization of strategic and operational business processes at the level of investor companies. Thus, as a result of the study, it can be said that the inflow of foreign direct investment in the oil and gas sector has had a positive impact on economic growth in the country as a whole. Keywords: oil and gas sector; foreign investment; foreign direct investment; investment environment assessment; economic development.

Shadow economy and FDI: the role of corruption and land resource

PurposeThis research examines how shadow economy affects foreign direct investment (FDI).Design/methodology/approachThe study utilizes a panel dataset including 124 nations between 1997 and 2015. Information on shadow economy, FDI and macro-economic characteristics is obtained from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and World Bank database. Various econometric methods are employed, such as the panel ordinary least squares (OLS) with fixed-effect estimator and the two-step system generalized method of moments estimation.FindingsThe findings of the study illustrate that shadow economy negatively influences total FDI inflows, and this adverse impact is mainly driven by greenfield investments – a component of FDI. Moreover, the authors provide evidence that the shadow economy has more devastating influences on FDI inflows in countries with higher corruption levels and fewer land resources.Practical implicationsOverall, this research suggests an important policy implication that the shadow economy should be controlled more strictly since it harms the FDI inflows, especially greenfield investment.Originality/valueThis research is among the first attempt of evaluating the effect of shadow economy on different FDI types. Furthermore, it examines how the shadow economy–FDI inflows nexus is changed when considering factors including corruption and land resource.

Closing the institutional gap: Protecting Technology in Foreign Direct Investment

What is the relationship of foreign direct investment with a state's investment protection regime? It has commonly been viewed that foreign investors can seek outside institutional guarantees when investing in countries with relatively weak institutions for property protection, but for technological components of foreign direct investment, this option is in fact quite limited. How then do multinational corporations protect their property in host countries, especially in terms of technological assets? I argue that foreign direct investment can affect how domestic institutions for property protection develop in its countries of destination, thereby contributing to better rule of law in such countries. Instead of avoiding host country institutions, MNCs employ strategies to engage with both the host and home governments, and achieve better property protection through domestic institutions. Using a combination of cross-country data on technological investment activity, interviews of business executives, and host country case studies, I show that FDI leads to improvements in intellectual property institutions in host countries, and demonstrate the mechanisms through which MNCs influence the legal environment in host countries.

Реінвестування доходів як основний компонент прямих іноземних інвестицій у промисловість України

Реінвестування доходів як основний компонент прямих іноземних інвестицій у промисловість України

WPŁYW STRUKTURY FINANSOWEJ ZIB NA WZROST GOSPODARCZY W POLSCE

The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of financial components of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows on economic growth in Poland in the years 2004–2018, with special emphasis on the role of reinvestment of earnings. The following hypothesis has been put forward: As FDI inflows into Poland and enters the successive stages of its profitability life cycle, impact of equity on economic growth decreases, while the importance of reinvestment of earnings rises. In order to verify the hypothesis, the VECM model was used, supplemented with an extended reaction analysis. The research results confirm that among FDI components, mainly equities and reinvestment of earnings have a significant impact on GDP changes. In the short term, the inflow of equity has the most important impact on economic growth. In the long-time, the importance of equity decreases, while the importance of reinvestment of earnings rises.

The effect of corruption on FDI and its modes of entry

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of corruption on foreign direct investment (FDI) and its two major modes of entry: greenfield investment (greenfield) and cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As).Design/methodology/approachData are collected from 131 countries. Modern econometric techniques, including the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator, two-stage least square estimator and two-step system GMM estimator, are used to evaluate the impact of corruption on FDI activities.FindingsThe empirical results illustrate that corruption is a deterioration factor that significantly hinders FDI inflows. However, this finding turns out to be contradictory when the two major components of FDI – greenfield investment and cross-border M&As – are separately examined. Specifically, while corruption consistently discourages cross-border M&As over time, it appears to exert positive effect on greenfield investments.Originality/valueThis is among the first to empirically examine the impact of corruption on FDI and its modes of entry in a number of countries spanning different time windows. In this sense, this paper also captures the changing nature of societies and economic conditions overtime and, therefore, enable academic researchers, policy-makers and business practitioners to draw broad inferences from the empirical results.

The impact of value added components of GDP and FDI on economic freedom in Europe

This paper investigates the possibility of a long-run relationship between the Economic Freedom Index (EFI), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and value added components of GDP in thirty Eastern, Central and Western European countries. The study further examines whether the FDI and sector-specific components of GDP have any significant impact on economic freedom for these countries. We use annual data and employ Pedroni and KAO panel cointegration analyses to assess the long-run relationships. The results indicate that there is a significant long-run relationship between the variables under study. Moreover, the evidence shows that the service and industry value added components positively affect EFI, while the agriculture value added component has a negative effect on EFI. However, contrary to the prior literature, we observe a marginally significant and negative relationship between EFI and FDI in the random effects model.

The Effect of Corruption on FDI and Its Modes of Entry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of corruption on foreign direct investment (FDI) and its two major modes of entry: greenfield investment (greenfield) and cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As). Design/methodology/approach – Data is collected from 131 countries. Modern econometric techniques, including the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator, two-stage least square estimator, and two-step system GMM estimator, are utilized to evaluate the impact of corruption on FDI activities. Findings – The empirical results illustrate that corruption is a deterioration factor that significantly hinders FDI inflows. However, this finding turns out to be contradictory when the two major components of FDI – greenfield investment and cross-border M&As, are separately examined. Specifically, while corruption consistently discourages cross-border M&As over time, it appears to exert positive effect on greenfield investments. Originality/value – This is among the first to empirically examine the impact of corruption on FDI and its modes of entry in a number of countries spanning different time windows. In this sense, this study also captures the changing nature of societies and economic conditions overtime, and therefore, enable academic researchers, policy-makers, and business practitioners to draw broad inferences from the empirical results.

Mergers Along the Global Supply Chain: Information Technologies and Routine Tasks

AbstractThis paper empirically analyses how the adoption of Information Technologies (IT) has changed the organization of global supply chains. We focus on international mergers, which are a growing and important component of foreign direct investment. We use data on North–South mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We show that the effect of IT adoption on the number of vertical M&As is decreasing with the routine intensity of the industry. Our interpretation is that the IT revolution enabled new monitoring mechanisms. This allowed Northern headquarters to better monitor suppliers, especially those in less routine‐intensive industries –which were harder to monitor before.

Financial components of FDI and choice of capital structure: an analysis for 30 OECD countries

ABSTRACTEven though the choice of capital structure depends on the three different financial components of foreign direct investment (FDI), previous research has regarded FDI as unidimensional rather than multidimensional. This study addresses new findings in the FDI area and investigates the relevant determinants of capital structure in 30 OECD countries from 2006 to 2014 within the framework of a simultaneous equation model. Our primary findings reveal that each component has its own deterministic features driven by relevant policy variables and risks in the market. While an increase or decrease in equity capital shows the ability of the host country to attract new investments, the subsequent components are mostly used to adjust the equity capital investment exposure.

The limits of firm-level globalization: Revisiting the FSA/CSA matrix

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) engaging in foreign direct investment (FDI) need advantages allowing them to offset the liability of foreignness in host countries. This liability of foreignness gives rise to additional operational costs related to economic, institutional, and cultural differences between home and host countries. MNEs therefore need to own or control firm-specific advantages (FSAs) that, along with country-specific advantages (CSAs) and internalization advantages, affect international business transactions. In this paper, we revise Rugman’s classic FSA/CSA matrix to better reflect how firms bundle their assets with CSAs. We further contribute to the prior debate on the linkages between the global factory paradigm and internalization theory by empirically evaluating the validity of a key proposition associated with the global factory, namely that FDI becomes relatively less important as a building block of the modern MNE. We do so using data on FDI and cross-border mergers and acquisitions, a major component of FDI.

Does FDI lead to a deterioration of income distribution?: Evidence from Malaysia

Income inequality has long been a frustrating feature of Malaysian economic development. The country income inequality, represented by the Gini Coefficient has decreased only slightly to 0.41 in 2014 from 0.51 in 1970. This income inequality, however, was accompanied by rapid economic growth. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has grown by an average of more than 7 percent per year for 25 years or more. The expectations that the high economic growth would accompany low income inequality as hypothesized by the inverted ‘U-shaped’ Kuznets curve have not come true for Malaysia. Why did it occur? Unlike many other conventional studies which look at the relationship between growth and income inequality to explain this phenomenon; this study intent to looks at the foreign direct investment (FDI) relationship with income inequality. Since 1990s, FDI has been an important source of economic growth for Malaysia, bringing in capital investment, technology and management knowledge needed for economic growth. FDI had increased almost thirty-fold during 1970s to 2000s. There is a heated debate on the effects of FDI on income distribution. While FDI may have been good for development this masks the facts that not all types of workers necessarily gain from FDI to some extent. FDI induced skill specific technological change where it can be associated with skill-specific wage bargaining or skill-intensive sectors. This study presents an attempt to evaluate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on income distribution among labors. The Malaysia’s Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is constructed as a framework for the analysis. In this SAM the detail framework of the component of FDI in various sectors, production sectors and labor groups are essential to analyse different effects from different component of FDI on the labor’s income distribution among different labor group. This structure of SAM would answer the question of either and which component of FDI will benefit the most to the low income. The study finds that the FDI expansion has impacted negatively on the distribution of income across different labor groups, where it has increased the high-low or skilled-unskilled income inequality. It also indicates that there are differences in the composition of the FDI that impacts income distribution among labor. The apparent differences in the magnitude of the effects of the different FDI components suggests that variations in the FDI allocations among sectors should be considered as a possible policy variable to achieve income equality goals.

Capital Mobility and Current Account Imbalance: Nonlinear Threshold Vector Autoregression Approach

In this study, we utilize the growth rate of gross domestic product as the threshold variable to construct two nonlinear threshold vector autoregression models to re-examine the findings in Yan (2007:23) that “current account imbalance causes capital mobility in developed countries; capital mobility causes current account imbalance in emerging countries.” The nonlinear causality test shows that the findings of Yan (2007) can exist only in certain regimes and the primary factor that affects the causality between current account and financial account (and its components of foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and other investment) is the asymmetry caused by the business cycle.

Barbarians at the Gates: State Control of Global Mergers and Acquisitions

Cross-border mergers and acquisitions are a major and often politicised component of foreign direct investment. Using data on individual transactions between 1970 and 2006, we examine the restrictions countries place on mergers and acquisitions, whether they use these controls to discriminate against foreigners seeking to acquire domestic firms, and what factors may predict the propensity to block foreign entry by this method of direct investment. Drawing partly on the existing literature, we test hypotheses that state intervention can be explained by characteristics of the countries whose firms are targeted by acquirers, including per capita income, democracy, trade exposure, market size, government share of national income and industrial structure. Although democracy, trade exposure and high government expenditure are associated with more stringent merger control laws, none of these attributes cause states to discriminate against cross-border mergers. Countries with high per capita incomes, large markets and strict merger control laws, do use those regulations to discourage foreign acquirers. A second set of tests, based on observations of individual deals, rather than national aggregates, reveal that governments are particularly averse to foreigners acquiring firms that are bankrupt or in the defence sector. Overall, governments do treat cross-border mergers and acquisitions differently, and use their merger control laws to discriminate against foreign investors, particularly with respect to certain types of transactions.

What Drives Economic Growth? The Case of Cross‐Border M&A and Greenfield FDI Activities

SUMMARYThe effect of aggregate foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth remains uncertain in the literature. We revisit this FDI–Growth relation by analyzing the components of FDI – greenfield investment and cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&As). Our analysis contributes to the existing literature by focusing on potentially heterogeneous growth effects of different FDI entry modes. Using a sample of 84 countries from 1987 to 2001, we separately examine the growth effects of greenfield investment and M&As. We find that greenfield investment and M&As have different impacts on economic growth. Greenfield investment promotes economic growth while M&As can be beneficial only when the host country has an adequate level of human capital. Our results provide support for receiving M&As when policymakers allocate more resources for human capital accumulation.

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Involved in Technology Transfer to China

Technology transfer is a frequent component of foreign direct investment and cross-border cooperative agreements. Little is known concerning the comparative effectiveness of technology transfer accomplished by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries. The goal of this study is to compare small and large organizations on measures of learning accomplished by their respective partners during technology transfer. Twenty-eight Canadian manufacturing firms involved in technology transfer to China were surveyed and seven case studies were conducted in China. Learning in recipient firms was not significantly associated with the size of their Canadian transferors. The case study results revealed other factors that seemed to influence learning.

Multinational Affiliates and Local Financial Markets

We use data on the sources of debt finance of U.S. majority-owned foreign affiliates in 53 countries over the period 1983 to 2001 to examine the role of financial market development, and exposure to host country-specific risk on the financing choices of these affiliates. We find that total balance sheets are about four times as large as the cross-border component of foreign direct investment (FDI). The extent of financial leverage through local debt is positively related to host-country corporate tax rates, exchange rate variability, local currency-denominated sales, and financial development. Factors that further the role of local debt reduce that of parent company debt, and through this substitution overall leverage increases.

Multinational Affiliates and Local Financial Markets

We use data on the sources of debt finance of U.S. majority-owned foreign affiliates in 53 countries over the period 1983 to 2001 to examine the role of financial market development, and exposure to host country-specific risk on the financing choices of these affiliates. We find that total balance sheets are about four times as large as the cross-border component of foreign direct investment (FDI). The extent of financial leverage through local debt is positively related to host-country corporate tax rates, exchange rate variability, local currency-denominated sales, and financial development. Factors that further the role of local debt reduce that of parent company debt, and through this substitution overall leverage increases.

Multinational Affiliates and Local Financial Markets

We use data on the sources of debt finance of U.S. majority-owned foreign affiliates in 53 countries over the period 1983 to 2001 to examine the role of financial market development, and exposure to host country-specific risk on the financing choices of these affiliates. We find that total balance sheets are about four times as large as the cross-border component of foreign direct investment (FDI). The extent of financial leverage through local debt is positively related to host-country corporate tax rates, exchange rate variability, local currency-denominated sales, and financial development. Factors that further the role of local debt reduce that of parent company debt, and through this substitution overall leverage increases.

Components of Foreign Direct Investment Flows

Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows constitute an important element of both regional and global integration. FDI data are often appraised as if they consist exclusively of new equity flows, when in fact they also include reinvested earnings as well as short-term and long-term intra-company debt flows. This paper examines these “components” of inward FDI flows in the balance-of-payments of Latin American countries, and compares them with inward and outward FDI flows for OECD countries, including the United States. The paper examines whether the component flows for individual countries are substitutes or complements for each other, or whether they are independent of one another; the results indicate that the component flows often are independent of each other. Therefore, differences in alternative FDI theories can be partially resolved by more explicit recognition of differences in the determinants and consequences of the components of FDI. Such differences, furthermore, have a variety of implications for government policymakers as well as corporate decision-makers. Resumen Los flujos de Inversión Directa Extranjera (IDE) constituyen un elemento impotante de la inegración regional y global. La información sobre IDE con frecuencia es considerada como si solo estuviera compuesta de flujos de capital cuando en realidad también incluye otros componentes como la relnversión de la ganancias y los flujos a corto y largo plazo de deuda entre compañias. Este artículo examina estos componentes de flujos de IDE en la balanza de pagos de paises latinoamericanos y los compara con los flujos hacia adentro y afuera de IDE en paises miembros de la OECD, incluyendo a los Estados Unidos. En particluar, se estudia si los flujos de estos componentes son substitutos o complementarios, ó si son independientes entre si. Como consecuencia de lo sugerido en este artículo, se propone que las diferencias en las teorías alternativas de IDE pueden ser parcialmente resueltas a través de un reconocimiento mas explícito de las diferencias en los determinantes y las consecuencias de los diversos componentes de la IDE. Adicionalmente, se muestra que estas diferencias tienen una variedad de implicaciones en los tomardores de decisiones involucrados en la definitión de política tanto pública como corporativa. Resumo Os fluxos de investimento estrangeiro direto (IED) constituem um elemento importante de integração regional e global. Os dados sobre IED são freqüentemente avaliados como se consistissem apenas de norvos investimentos no patrimônio líquido, quando de fato eles também incluem o reinvestimento de lucros como também fluxos creditícios de curto e longo prazo internos à companhia. Esse trabalho examina esses “componentes” dos fluxos de entrada do IED sobre o balanço de pagamentos de países latino americanos e os compra com o fluxos de entrada e saída de IED para os países da OCDE, incluindo os Estados Unidos. O artigo examina se os componentes dos fluxos para países individuais são substitutes ou complementos ou es eles são independentes entre si. Os resultados indicam que os componentes dos fluxos são freqüentemente independentes entre si. Portanto, diferenças entre teorias alternativas sobre o IED podem ser parcialmente resolvidas pelo reconhecimento mais explícito das diferenças nos deteminantes e nas conseqüencias dos componentes do IED. Além do que, estas diferenças apresentam uma variedade de implicações para a política governamental como também para a tomada de decisão corporativa.