Components Of Expenditure Research Articles

Incentive Mechanism and Resource Allocation for Collaborative Task Offloading in Energy-Efficient Mobile Edge Computing

We investigate a mobile edge computing (MEC) system that supports collaborative task offloading, allowing busy users to offload their tasks to the server and idle users, or perform them locally. However, executing computing tasks consumes device energy, making idle users unwilling to perform other users' tasks due to limited battery capacity. Additionally, the components of the total energy expenditure of the MEC system supporting collaborative task offloading are complex, necessitating appropriate resource allocation and offloading strategies to minimize the system's total energy consumption. To address these challenges, we propose a computing resource sharing auction (CRSA) algorithm to motivate idle users to participate in task offloading. Then, we establish a non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem to minimize the total energy consumed by the system. By utilizing the McCormick and continuous relaxation (CR) approaches, we develop a low-complexity resource allocation algorithm. Finally, the numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism and resource allocation algorithm.

Barriers and Motivations for Health Insurance Subscription Among Health-Care Users in Cameroon

IntroductionSurgical care is a significant component of the overall health expenditure in low- and middle-income countries. In Cameroon, out-of-pocket payments for surgical service are very high with many patients declining potentially curative surgical procedures. Less than 2% of the population is enrolled in a health insurance scheme leading to a propensity for catastrophic health expenses when accessing care. To assess the perceived barriers and motivations for health insurance subscription among health-care users in Cameroon. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional community-based qualitative study conducted in the Center Region of Cameroon. A total of 37 health-care users (health insurance subscribers and nonsubscribers) were purposively identified. Four focused group discussions and thirteen in-depth interviews were conducted. All anonymized transcripts were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. ResultsThe six major themes identified as barriers to health insurance subscription were lack of trust in the existing health insurance schemes, inadequate knowledge on how health insurance works, premiums believed to be too expensive, the complexity of the claims processing system, minimal usage of health-care services and practice of self-medication. Motivational factors included the knowledge of having access to quality health services even without money in the event of an unforeseen illness and having a large family/household size. The importance of mass sensitization on the benefits of health insurance was noted. ConclusionHealth insurance is still very underutilized in Cameroon. This results in significant out-of-pocket payment for health services by Cameroonians with catastrophic consequences to households. With most Cameroonians in the informal sector and underemployed, it is imperative to put in place a national strategic plan to overcome existing barriers and increase health insurance coverage especially among the poor. This has the potential to significantly increase access to safe, quality, timely and affordable surgical care.

Measuring local public expenditure effectiveness using sustainable development goals

PurposeThis paper aims to propose a tool to assess local public expenditure effectiveness based on a framework of alignment between outputs, outcomes and impacts – the Index of Municipal Expenditure Effectiveness (IMEE). This index is composed of a set of indicators associated with the typology of local expenditure.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes the methodological approach used in the development of the Index, considering the insights from the literature review and the opinion of a panel of experts. The indicators of outcomes and social impacts that are part of the Index are intentionally aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as they provide an essential guide to assess public value creation in the current context. For simplicity purposes, three main components of municipal expenditure were considered, namely Education, Essential Public Services and Local Public Transportation. The Index is then illustrated through a pilot application, using data from five Portuguese municipalities.FindingsThis study argues that measuring the public expenditure effectiveness based on outcome and impact indicators can provide the data needed for local governments to better understand the effects of their activities over time, ultimately assessing their contribution to public value.Practical implicationsAssessing the impact of local spending is important to ensure the best use of public resources. Linking local public expenditures with the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs is a promising avenue to understand up to what extent the application of the public money is contributing to create public value by impacting on citizens’ lives.Originality/valueThe proposed IMEE contributes to addressing a gap identified in public organizations, including local governments, regarding the lack of consideration of expenditure and outcome/impact relationships, and the use of variables to measure long term impacts.

Forecasting expenditure components in Nigeria

PurposeThis study forecasts the government expenditure components in Nigeria, including recurrent and capital expenditures for 2021 and 2022, based on data from 1981 to 2020.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs statistical/econometric problems using the Feasible Quasi Generalized Least Squares approach. Expenditure forecasts involve three simulation scenarios: (1) do nothing where the economy follows its natural path; (2) an optimistic scenario, where the economy grows by specific percentages and (3) a pessimistic scenario that defines specific economic contractions.FindingsThe estimation model is informed by Wagner's law specifying a positive link between economic activities and public spending. Model estimation affirms the expected positive relationship and is relevant for generating forecasts. The out-of-sample results show that a higher proportion of the total government expenditure (7.6% in 2021 and 15.6% in 2022) is required to achieve a predefined growth target (5%).Originality/valueThis study offers empirical evidence that specifically requires Nigeria to invest a ratio of 3 to 1 or more in capital expenditure to recurrent expenditure for the economy to be guided on growth.

Out of pocket and catastrophic health spending in Mexico in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic

INTRODUCTION: The measurement of the financial coverage of a health system uses key indicators such as household out-of-pocket spending as well as catastrophic health spending. Said indicators depend on the financing structure of the health system as well as quality criteria and efficiency of the system in patient care. In the case of Mexico, in recent years there have been important changes in the structure of the health system in addition to suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic events that have significantly impacted the access to health of patients. Therefore, it is relevant to quantify the impact of these events on out-of-pocket spending and catastrophic spending on health in Mexico and have a robust diagnosis of the financial coverage of the system public health in Mexico.OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study is to quantify out-of-pocket spending and catastrophic spending on health in Mexican households for the year 2020. Comparing these estimates with previous years given the recent changes in the Mexican health system as well as the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic in these indicators.METHODS: Based on the information available in the 2020 National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH), out-of-pocket and catastrophic spending on health were estimated following the methodology proposed by the World Health Organization. A quantile regression was estimated to assess the effect of income distribution on out-of-pocket spending.RESULTS: In Mexico in 2020, 67.7% (24.2 million) of households had an out-of-pocket health expenditure (OOHE) and 6% of these households had a catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), with respect to all households this percentage represents 4.04%. According to the classification stipulated by the World Health Organization, healthcare has six expenditure components: orthopedics, medicines, maternity, hospital, alternative medicines, and ambulatory expenses. The three main expenditure was attributable to drugs (39.9%), ambulatory (25.3%), and hospital costs (20.3%).CONCLUSION: The effect of recent modifications to the public health system in Mexico in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic has been reflected in an increase in the percentage of households with out-of-pocket spending in Mexico, as well as the percentage of households with catastrophic spending in health. The main expense item is made in medicines, ambulatory care follow-up and hospitalization. It is a priority to establish efficient financial protection schemes that allow reversing this situation in terms of efficient access to health in Mexico.

Probabilistic estimates of future changes in evaporation from the Caspian Sea based on multimodel ensembles of CMIP6 projections

AbstractThe Caspian Sea level (CSL) is strongly sensitive to climate‐induced changes in its water balance components, especially evaporation from its surface as the main expenditure component of the Caspian Sea's (CS) water budget. Projecting evaporation and determining associated uncertainties obtained from such studies are critical for reliably predicting future CSL fluctuations and developing mitigation and adaptation strategies. This paper studies the projected changes in evaporation from the CS using 18 global climate models (GCMs) from the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) and Meyer's semi‐empirical formula. Future evaporation projections are constructed employing a weighted combination of the top‐ranked GCMs, including all ensemble members of selected individual models in a probabilistic framework. This study estimates late 21st century median evaporation of 945, 1016, 1105 and 1173 mm under the low‐emission, medium‐emission, medium‐to‐high emission and high‐emission scenarios, respectively. The weighted multimodel ensemble suggests CS's annual mean evaporation is projected to substantially increase by 3.9%, 13.2%, 20% and 27.9% under SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0 and SSP5‐8.5, respectively, for the late 21st century against the reference period. According to the spatial distribution of evaporation, arid eastern regions of CS experience higher evaporation than semi‐arid western and southwestern temperate regions. Additionally, the northwestern continental regions experience the least evaporation over the CS.

Fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate are determinants of energy intake: implications for a theory of appetite control.

Any explanation of appetite control should contain a description of physiological processes that could contribute a drive to eat alongside those that inhibit eating. However, such an undertaking was largely neglected until 15 years ago when a series of independent research programmes investigated the physiological roles of body composition and appetite. These outcomes demonstrated that fat-free mass (FFM), but not fat mass, was positively associated with objectively measured meal size and energy intake (EI). These findings have been accompanied by demonstrations that resting metabolic rate (RMR) is also positively associated with EI, with the influence of FFM largely mediated by RMR. These findings re-introduce the role of drive into models of appetite control and indicate how this can be integrated with processes of inhibition. The determinants of EI fit into an evolutionary perspective in which the energy demands of high metabolic rate organs and skeletal tissue constitute a need state underlying a tonic drive to eat. This approach should lead to the development of integrated models of appetite that include components of body composition (FFM) and energy expenditure (RMR) as tonic biological signals of appetite alongside other traditional tonic (adipose tissue derived) and episodic signals (gastrointestinal tract derived). This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.

The problem of nitrogen in modern agriculture

Optimal nitrogen supply to plants, in conditions of sufficient moisture, allows for high crop productivity with high-quality indicators. The aim of this article was to summarize and analyze statistical data on the dynamics of nitrogen input and expenditure from arable land worldwide and in Ukraine, as well as provide practical recommendations for addressing the nitrogen issue in modern agriculture. The research utilized theoretical generalization, comparative analysis, graphical, abstract-logical methods and statistical data from FAOSTAT for the period of 2000-2020. The research results have shown that nitrogen input from mineral fertilizers has been constantly increasing both globally and in Ukraine. In contrast to global indicators, there has been a significant reduction in nitrogen input from manure in Ukraine, as well as a decrease in nitrogen input from atmospheric precipitation and through biological fixation by leguminous crops. The components of nitrogen balance, such as leaching, evaporation, and denitrification, play a significant role in nitrogen expenditure. These expenditure components tend to increase both globally and in Ukraine. The largest share in the expenditure component of all countries worldwide, including Ukraine, is occupied by nitrogen removal by cultivated crops. Calculations showed that the nitrogen balance on arable land, both globally and in most countries across different continents for the researched period, was positive. However, in Ukraine, it was negative for 18 out of 21 years. To solve this problem, practical recommendations are proposed using the best practices and developments of economically developed countries worldwide

Aggregated imports and expenditure components in Bangladesh: A cointegration and equilibrium correction analysis

Even though there have been a few studies on Bangladesh's aggregate import demand, the effects of the global financial crisis (GFC) on aggregate import demand still need to be measured. The short-run determinants of import demand also remained to be identified in the country. This paper explores both short-run dynamic and long-run cointegrating relationships, capturing the impact of the GFC on aggregate import demand. This study uses annual data from 1980 to 2021 (N = 42) and employs different econometric techniques for efficient results essential for compelling policy implications. The study derives an efficient dynamic equation using the best error correction mechanism. Additionally, this study includes unconventional determinants, namely, foreign currency reserves and components of expenditure (i.e., exports, private consumption and government expenditures, and expenditures on investment goods), along with the traditional import demand function. The study finds that all conventional and unconventional determinants of import demand are significant in both the long and short run. All determinants except relative price positively influence the volume of import demand. The income elasticity reduces over time, and the price inelasticity remains non-zero and negative, which indicates the competitiveness of domestic product substitutes for importable goods in the economy. In the long run, trade liberalization and foreign currency reserves have a limited positive influence on import demand. The findings of this study would be helpful for import-related policy implications in the country.

Analysis of Management Elements in Antibiotic Inventory Control with EOQ and MMSL Methods at Aisyiyah Bojonegoro Hospital

Inventory control is important in managerial activities because it involves investment and is hospitals' most significant expenditure component. The Aisyiyah Bojonegoro Hospital requires a logistics management system that can maintain the safety and effectiveness of the use of drugs for the smooth running of hospital pharmaceutical services in the long term. This analytical observational study analyzes management elements in controlling antibiotic inventory by simulating the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Minimum-Maximum Stock Level (MMSL) methods. Determination of the sample purposively, i.e., 17 types of antibiotic drugs category A from the results of the ABC analysis, with the inclusion criteria being high cost, high volume, clinically important drugs for antibiotic drugs that are included in the 2020 Hospital Formulary and the exclusion criteria are drugs with inadequate supply. The analysis technique used the Mann-Whitney test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that. Applying the EOQ and MMSL methods has been proven to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the supply of category A antibiotics at Aisyiyah Bojonegoro Hospital.

Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2022 tentang Hubungan Keuangan Pusat dan Daerah terhadap Pengendalian Belanja Pegawai Kabupaten dan Kota Se Sumatera Barat

One of the hot issues regulated in Law Number 1 of 2022 Concerning Financial Relations between the Central Government and Regional Governments (UU HKPD) is the limitation of regional employee spending outside of teacher allowances allocated through Transfers to Regions (TKD) of a maximum of 30% of budget spending. The HKPD Law provides for a transitional deadline of the next five years for the maximum employee spending obligations to be met. This condition is faced by West Sumatra Province which has 12 regencies and 7 cities. The portion of personnel expenditure to total APBD spending in 2019 was 38%, in 2020 it was 43%, soaring in 2021 to 40%. The interesting research questions are what are the factors that trigger the trend of increasing the share of personnel spending to APBD spending, can district and city governments in West Sumatra be able to fulfill the obligation to share personnel spending to APBD spending at a maximum of 30% in the next five years and what strategic policies should be done. The results of the study show that the portion of personnel expenditure to total APBD expenditure in the next five years is projected to be unable to meet the maximum percentage of personnel expenditure to total expenditure. Research data shows that the average portion of personnel spending to district/city regional spending is 43% in 2023, 44% in 2024, 46% in 2025, 48% in 2026, and 49% in 2027. For this reason, efforts are needed to reduce the portion of personnel expenditure to total regional expenditure which can be carried out with two strategies at once, namely not increasing the component of personnel expenditure, the amount of which is under the authority of the center and not adding employee formations within a certain period of time.

Pembangunan Pertanian di Provinsi Jawa Barat : Analisis Kebijakan fiskal

This study aims to determine the effect of local government expenditure on agricultural affairs and direct expenditure on the productivity of the agricultural sector in the Regency/City of West Java Province. The data used in this study is secondary panel data containing 26 regencys/cities in West Java Province during 2010 to 2017. Researchers used the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method to identify the model used. The results of the study indicate that government expenditure in the forestry, livestock and food crops sub-sectors as well as direct expenditure components which include goods, services and capital have a positive and significant impact on agricultural productivity. This is indicated by the t-statistic having a greater value than the t-table (p-value <0.05). The regression model also has BLUE criteria, namely homoscedasticity, non-multicollinearity, and normally distributed data. The policy implications that can be carried out on the research results are: (1) Expansive fiscal policy is needed to encourage the agricultural sector in regencys/cities in West Java, (2) Use the budget dynamically for regions that have a comparative advantage in each of the leading commodities. , and (3) the acceleration of industrial technology in agriculture is needed so that productivity can be greater or exponential.

Role of Expenditure Components on Import Demand in Iran

Role of Expenditure Components on Import Demand in Iran

Water Consumption: Effect on Energy Expenditure and Body Weight Management.

Water, which is of vital importance, has a critical role in maintaining the normal function of the body, and even mild dehydration can play a role in the development of various diseases. Therefore, it is of great importance to meet the recommended daily water consumption amounts. In addition to the numerous roles of water in metabolism, its effect on energy metabolism should not be overlooked. Water consumption can increase energy expenditure and be an additional tool for weight management. Therefore, the importance of water consumption, which is like a hidden component for treating of obesity, should be emphasized. This review was written to explain the possible mechanisms of water consumption in energy expenditure and body weight management. Because water consumption is associated with sympathetic activity, which increases metabolic rate (thermogenesis) and daily energy expenditure, the increase in sympathetic activity caused by water consumption is an important and unrecognized component of daily energy expenditure. In addition to the concept of water-based thermogenesis, water, which is a potential improvement factor in body composition, also plays an auxiliary role in body weight loss with both less energy intake and increased fat oxidation. From this perspective, water consumption may have critical importance in the fight against increasing obesity worldwide. Considering its effect on energy metabolism in various ways, it becomes necessary to focus more on the importance of water on human health. (Created by BioRender.com).

Islamic Education Financial Management (Study at Darur Rasyid Islamic Boarding School Aceh Singkil)

The purpose of writing is to discuss the financial management of Islamic education at the Darur Rasyid Islamic Boarding School, Aceh Singkil, both from financial planning, financial accounting and financial evaluation and accountability. The method used in this study is a qualitative method, with the approach used is Naturalistic, as well as with triangulation techniques, then data collection techniques using documentation, interviews, and observations. The step of analyzing the data is to collect the data, reduce the data, present the data and then conclude. The results of this study are: 1. The leadership of the Islamic boarding school as top manager and treasurer prepares any programs that will be implemented and then is held together with the head of the foundation, the boarding school committee, as well as the teachers, Then determine how much the budget will be spent on program implementation. 2. There is a financial assistant unit appointed to assist the madrasah treasurer in managing education finances at Darur Rasyid Aceh Singkil Islamic Boarding School. So far, with the existence of the financial assistance unit, it can allocate and distribute Islamic boarding schools' funding sources effectively and efficiently and on target. 3. Bookkeeping or recording of education finances carried out at the Darur Rasyid Aceh Singkil Islamic Boarding School only uses the general treasury book (receipts and disbursements book). The auxiliary cash book or subsidiary ledger tends to not function properly because all receipts and expenditure records are integrated into the general cash book. The details of the cost of each component of expenditure tend to be unreported and not specifically detailed. 4. Education financial reports and accountability are prepared and addressed to foundations and all authorized parties, namely, among others, accountability reports are reported every 6 months. And using the Flat Grant financing model based on the distribution system of funds.

The Effect of Ambon Banana (Musa acuminata cola) Diet on Young Adults' Resting Metabolic Rate

Young adults (18-25 years) are vulnerable to experiencing imbalanced energy levels. To maintain energy balance, they must control their appetite and drive to eat. This can be done by reducing the resting metabolic rate (RMR). RMR is a significant component of total energy expenditure (TEE). Ambonese banana (Musa acuminata cola), which contains inorganic nitrate, can increase nitrite oxide (NO) in the body, which has an essential role in reducing RMR by increasing the efficiency of mitochondrial respiration. This research is experimental with a pretest–posttest design. The subjects were 80 medical students of Muhammadiyah Malang University. RMR was measured using an indirect calorimeter. Analysis of data used t dependent test. The result of the t-conditional test showed that there were significant differences between RMR pre-experiment and post-experiment of the treatment group who had normal BMI (P = 0.009) and overweight BMI (P = 0.028); on the other hand, the result for the control group showing that there were no differences between RMR pre-experiment and post-experiment of normal BMI’s respondents (P = 0.326) and overweight respondents (P = 0.715). The Ambonese banana (Musa acuminata cola) diet increases nitrite oxide (NO) concentration, which has a role in increasing the efficiency of mitochondrial respiration. Efficient mitochondrial respiration causes a decrease in RMR.
 Keywords: Ambonese banana, resting metabolic rate, young adults

Government expenditure on key sectors of the economy and stock market performance in Nigeria

Purpose — This study examines the effect of Government Expenditure (GE) on key sectors of the economy and Stock Market Performance (SMP) in Nigeria.Method — Statistics Bulletin published by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) was utilized as source for time series data between 1980 and 2021. SMP is proxied with MCAP and ASI while expenditure on agriculture, defense, education, and health formed components of government expenditure. The FM-OLS and ARDL methodology were adopted to determine the GE's short and long-term impact on SMP in Nigeria. ADF unit root testing, correlation analysis, Engle and Granger co-integration analysis, and preliminary descriptive statistics testing were all carried out.Result — The outcome indicates that all through the long and short term, GE on education, defense and agriculture have significant influence of SMP in the long run via MCAP channel. GE on defense and agriculture significantly affects SMP in the short run via ASI channel. Hence, this study concludes that GE components are key determinants in explaining the effect of government spending on SMP in Nigeria. The magnitude of this effect is a function of stock market proxy used.Contribution — This study provides empirical evidence on the impact of government spending on key sectors of the economy on stock market performance in Nigeria using two proxies (market capitalization and all share index) in short run and longrun.

The metabolic cost of physical activity in mice using a physiology-based model of energy expenditure

ObjectivePhysical activity is a major component of total energy expenditure (TEE) that exhibits extreme variability in mice. Our objective was to construct a general, physiology-based model of TEE to accurately quantify the energy cost of physical activity. MethodsSpontaneous home cage physical activity, body temperature, TEE, and energy intake were measured with frequent sampling. The energy cost of activity was modeled considering six contributors to TEE (basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, body temperature, cold induced thermogenesis, physical activity, and body weight). An ambient temperature of 35 °C was required to remove the contribution from cold induced thermogenesis. Basal metabolic rate was adjusted for body temperature using a Q10 temperature coefficient. ResultsWe developed a TEE model that robustly explains 70–80% of the variance in TEE at 35 °C while fitting only two parameters, the basal metabolic rate and the mass-specific energy cost per unit of physical activity, which averaged 60 cal/km/g body weight. In Ucp1−/− mice the activity cost was elevated by 60%, indicating inefficiency and increased muscle thermogenesis. The diurnal rhythm in TEE was quantitatively explained by the combined diurnal differences in physical activity, body temperature, and energy intake. Incorporating body temperature into human basal metabolic rate measurements significantly reduced the inter-individual variation. ConclusionsThe physiology-based model of TEE allows quantifying the energy cost of physical activity. While applied here to mice, the model should be generally valid across species. Due to the effect of body temperature, we suggest that basal metabolic rate measurements be corrected to a reference body temperature, including in humans. Having an accurate cost of physical activity allows mechanistic dissection of disorders of energy homeostasis, including obesity.

An empirical analysis using new instrumental variable methods of distributional effects of corruption on public expenditures in developing countries.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43546-023-00452-1.

Resting metabolic rate in relation to incident disability and mobility decline among older adults: the modifying role of frailty.

Alterations in resting metabolic rate (RMR), the largest component of daily total energy expenditure, with aging have been shown in various studies. However, little is known about the associations between RMR and health outcomes in later life. To analyze whether RMR is associated with incident disability and mobility decline in a 10-year longitudinal study, as well as the moderating role of frailty in these associations. Data from 298 older adults aged 70 and over from the Frailty and Dependence in Albacete (FRADEA) study in Spain were used, including a baseline measurement in 2007-2009 and a follow-up measurement 10years later. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. Outcomes were incident disability in basic activities of daily living (BADL, Barthel Index), incident disability in instrumental ADL (IADL, Lawton index), and mobility decline (Functional Ambulation Categories scores). Fried's frailty phenotype was used as an indicator of frailty. Logistic regression analyses were conducted. Fully adjusted and stratified analyses revealed that only in the pre-frail/frail group, a higher RMR was associated with a lower risk of incident BADL disability (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.23-0.96, p = 0.037), incident IADL disability (OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.18-0.84, p = 0.017), and mobility decline (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.14-0.64, p = 0.002). To our knowledge, this is the first study looking at the associations between RMR and functional health using a longitudinal research design. The results suggest that RMR could be used as an early identifier of a specific resilient group within the pre-frail and frail older population, with a lower risk of further health decline.