Density Components Research Articles

A Review on Additive Manufacturing of Topology Optimized Microchannel Heat Sink

Microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) have become essential for efficiently dissipating heat from high-power density components in various sectors, including electronics, aerospace, power systems, and medical devices. The recent advancements in additive manufacturing (AM) have revolutionized the fabrication of MCHSs, enabling multi-material construction, reducing production time and material waste, and overcoming the limitations of conventional manufacturing techniques. This review focuses on the application of AM in the development of topology-optimized MCHSs, offering insights into how AM technologies are transforming chip cooling solutions. We provide a comprehensive overview of the materials utilized in MCHS fabrication, including metals, alloys, ceramics, polymers, and nanocomposites. Additionally, the review highlights state-of-the-art designs, case studies, and commercial applications of AM in MCHS development. The findings suggest that AM can substantially enhance the thermo-hydraulic performance of topology-optimized MCHSs. As AM technologies continue to evolve—particularly in areas such as feature resolution, dimensional accuracy, surface roughness control, and material diversity—this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers navigating the rapidly advancing field of MCHS design.

Charged anisotropic strange stars in generalized rastall gravity

Abstract In this work, we have studied about the configuration of a charged anisotropic strange star in the context of generalized Rastall Gravity. We have discussed the equation of motion for a static type symmetric and spherically space-time using the MIT Bag model. Various physical aspects, like energy density, radial pressure and tangential pressure etc., have been constructed with the help of Krori-Barua metric potentials. We have matched interior and exterior Reissner-Nordstr¨om geometry to evaluate the unknown constants of the model. Several necessary physical aspects have been examined like energy density, both radial and tangential pressure components, energy conditions, compactness, surface redshift and stability of strange stars with respect to our proposed model analytically and graphically. All graphical analyses are governed for a particular compact star 4U1820 − 30 and by two coupling parameters α and β. We have concluded that the effects of extra coupling term RT are minimum than the term R as in the original Rastall Gravity on the physical characteristics of a star. Moreover, all physical aspects satisfied their specific limits, and hence our proposed model is viable and stable.

Design rules to scale-up magnetic screens made of bulk superconductors and closed-loop coated conductors: modelling and experiments

Abstract Hybrid magnetic screens combining a disk-shaped high-temperature superconducting bulk with closed-loop coated conductors have been recently demonstrated to significantly overcome the screening properties of a single bulk. The purpose of the present work is to investigate how to scale up these hybrid screens, i.e. further increase the field attenuation and widen efficiently the screened region using more closed-loop coated conductors. First of all, an axisymmetric finite element model using the Gmsh and GetDP environments with the H-Φ formulation is implemented and used to study the influence of physical and geometrical parameters of the screens. The results show that the low-field screening factor SF and the screened surface area are strongly dependent on the geometry while having large Jc materials is mandatory to maintain the screening properties up to high fields. An important design rule is that the spacing between the concentric loops should be sufficiently small, which we explain physically by analysing the different paths followed by the flux lines. Then, experiments are carried out in liquid nitrogen (77 K) with GdBa2Cu3O7 samples. Mapping the three components of the flux density above the screens subjected to an inhomogeneous applied field gives the following key results. First, the combination of the bulk with four loops spaced as recommended by the numerical model allows the screened surface area (SF>2) to be multiplied by ~9 with respect to the bulk alone. Second, reducing the asymmetry of the practical structure by flipping over some of the loops is highly beneficial for improving the screening properties: the maximum SF at 5.7 mm above the bulk is measured to be multiplied by 1.6 without any additional superconductor. Importantly, the design rules obtained from both the numerical model and the experiments can be further extended and applied to various geometries or sizes of hybrid superconducting screens.

Unveiling the hidden electroencephalographical rhythms during development: Aperiodic and periodic activity in healthy subjects

ObjectiveThe study analyzes power spectral density (PSD) components, aperiodic (AP) and periodic (P) activity, in resting-state EEG of 240 healthy subjects from 6 to 29 years old, divided into 4 groups. MethodsWe calculate AP and P components using the (Fitting Oscillations and One-Over-f (FOOOF)) plugging in EEGLAB. All PSD components were calculated from 1-45 Hz. Topography analysis, Spearman correlations, and regression analysis with age were computed for all components. ResultsAP and P activity show different topography across frequencies and age groups. Age-related decreases in AP exponent and offset parameters lead to reduced power, while P power decreases (1–6 Hz) and increases (10–15 Hz) with age. ConclusionsWe support the distinction between the AP and P components of the PSD and its possible functional changes with age. AP power is dominant in the configuration of the canonical EEG rhythms topography, although P contribution to topography is embedded in the canonical EEG topography. Some EEG canonical characteristics are similar to those of the P component, as topographies of EEG rhythms (embedded) and increases in oscillatory frequency with age. SignificanceWe support that spectral power parameterization improves the interpretation and neurophysiological and functional accuracy of brain processes.

Ultra‐High in‐Plane Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Composites Reinforced by Three‐Dimensional Carbon Fiber/Graphene Hybrid Felt

ABSTRACTThe heat dissipation problem brought about by high heat density components is a key bottleneck restricting the development of the new electronics industry. At present, traditional low thermal conductivity (TC) polymer composites can no longer meet the heat dissipation demand. The requirements for their thermal performance are also increasing. In this work, the epoxy resin/carbon fiber /graphene hybrid felt (Epoxy/CF/G) composites with high in‐plane TC were constructed through the synergistic interaction of one‐dimensional carbon fiber (CF) and two‐dimensional graphene (G). The synergistic effect of CF and G on thermal conductivity is explored. Graphene can bridge adjacent carbon fibers (CFs) to reduce phonon scattering and build multistage heat transfer paths, facilitating the thermal properties. The thermal conductivity value (K) of the prepared composites reaches 24.09 W/mK at a packing load of 35.25 wt%, which is superior to that of Epoxy/CF composites (12.73 W/mK). The heat transport mechanism is analyzed using infrared thermography. The heat dissipation effect is verified by light emitting diodes, further understanding the internal heat flow conduction process. This synergistic effect strategy provides a promising approach for further constructing thermal conduction networks with industrial application value.

Topological Casimir Effect In Models With Helical Compact Dimensions

We investigate the influence of the helical compactification of spatial dimension on the local properties of the vacuum state for a charged scalar field with general curvature coupling parameter. A general background geometry is considered with rotational symmetry in the subspace with the coordinates appearing in the helical periodicity condition. It is shown that by a coordinate transformation the problem is reduced to the problem with standard quasiperiodicity condition in the same local geometry and with the effective compactification radius determined by the length of the compact dimension and the helicity parameter. As an application of the general procedure we have considered locally de Sitter spacetime with a helical compact dimension. By using the Hadamard function for the Bunch-Davies vacuum state, the vacuum expectation values of the field squared, current density, and energy-momentum tensor are studied. The topological contributions are explicitly separated and their asymptotics are described at early and late stages of cosmological expansion. An important difference, compared to the problem with quasiperiodic conditions, is the appearance of the nonzero off-diagonal component of the energy-momentum tensor and of the component of the current density along the uncompact dimension.

SHM System for Composite Material Based on Lamb Waves and Using Machine Learning on Hardware.

There is extensive use of nondestructive test (NDT) inspections on aircraft, and many techniques nowadays exist to inspect failures and cracks in their structures. Moreover, NDT inspections are part of a more general structural health monitoring (SHM) system, where cutting-edge technologies are needed as powerful resources to achieve high performance. The high-performance aspects of SHM systems are response time, power consumption, and usability, which are difficult to achieve because of the system's complexity. Then, it is even more challenging to develop a real-time low-power SHM system. Today, the ideal process is for structural health information extraction to be completed on the flight; however, the defects and damage are quantitatively made offline and on the ground, and sometimes, the respective procedure test is applied later on the ground, after the flight. For this reason, the present paper introduces an FPGA-based intelligent SHM system that processes Lamb wave signals using piezoelectric sensors to detect, classify, and locate damage in composite structures. The system employs machine learning (ML), specifically support vector machines (SVM), to classify damage while addressing outlier challenges with the Mahalanobis distance during the classification phase. To process the complex Lamb wave signals, the system incorporates well-known signal processing (DSP) techniques, including power spectrum density (PSD), wavelet transform, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), for noise reduction, feature extraction, and data compression. These techniques enable the system to handle material anisotropy and mitigate the effects of edge reflections and mode conversions. Damage is quantitatively evaluated with classification accuracies of 96.25% for internal defects and 97.5% for external defects, with localization achieved by associating receiver positions with damage occurrence. This robust system is validated through experiments and demonstrates its potential for real-time applications in aerospace composite structures, addressing challenges related to material complexity, outliers, and scalable hardware implementation for larger sensor networks.

Equations of magnetic field of transformer steel sheets

This study described a method for determining the magnetic field in transformer steel sheets for any magnetisation direction. In the proposed approach, limiting hysteresis loops for the rolling and transverse directions were used. These loops, which were determined separately in both directions, were modified depending on the direction of magnetisation. The assumed area of the magnetic field occurrence was divided into elementary segments, and the appropriate components of field strength and flux density were assigned to the edges and elementary segments of the grid dividing this area. The relationships between the flux density and field strength along both the rolling and transverse directions in the elementary segments were introduced into the equations of the magnetic field distribution, which were based on Maxwell’s equations in the integral form. These equations facilitated the determination of changes in the magnetic field, considering the magnetic hysteresis. The correctness of these equations was validated through comparisons of the results of numerical calculations with the analogous results of measurements performed using a laboratory package of transformer sheets.

Progressive changes in non-neoplastic ground-glass nodules on follow-up computed tomography (CT).

Non-neoplastic ground-glass nodules (GGNs) generally decrease in size or density during follow-up; however, some exhibit the opposite effect (and show progressive changes), which can lead to unnecessary resection. This study sought to determine the progressive changes in non-neoplastic GGNs using follow-up computed tomography (CT). This cross-sectional study included 70 patients diagnosed with pathologically confirmed non-neoplastic GGNs from January 2017 to March 2023. Of the patients, 35 showed progressive changes and 35 showed no significant changes. The initial and preoperative chest CT images were reviewed to evaluate their changes. The progressive changes in the GGNs were classified into the following five types: type I: increasing density; type II: increasing size; type III: increasing density and solid component; type IV: increasing size and density/solid component; and type V: increasing size, density, and solid component. The T-test, Pearson chi-square test, Wilkinson sign test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for the data analysis. A two-sided P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Among the 35 GGNs with progressive changes, type II (14, 40.0%) was the most common, followed by types IV (9, 25.7%), I (5, 14.3%), V (5, 14.3%), and III (2, 5.3%). The number of lesions that changed in <6, ≥6 and <12, ≥12 and ≤24, >24 months was 22 (62.9%), 4 (11.4%), 5 (14.3%), and 4 (11.4%), respectively. Among the 28 GGNs with an increasing volume, the number of lesions with a volume doubling time (VDT) of <344 and >441 days was 20 (71.4%) and 8 (28.6%), respectively. Except for these progressive changes, the other features did not exhibit significant changes, especially the ill-defined boundary (74.3% vs. 71.4%, P>0.99). GGNs with progressive changes are more likely to be non-neoplastic if the changes occur in a short period or the lesions maintain an ill-defined boundary.

Slowly rotating relativistic stars in [formula omitted] theory of gravity

In this paper, we investigate slowly rotating compact stars within the framework of f(R) gravity in a self-consistent way. We derive the equations describing the structure of compact stars in f(R) gravity and solve both the exterior and interior problems simultaneously. The study includes an equation of state. We considerably analyze the moment of inertia and its dependence on the stellar mass and the f(R) gravity. Future studies of the moment of inertia of compact stars may help determine the difference between f(R) gravity and general relativity, providing information on the high field domain of gravity. For our current analysis, we consider five different compact stars, namely, PSR1903+327, PSR1937+21, PSRJ1614−2230, CenX−3, and VelaX−1. To determine the viability of our model, we conduct a number of physical experiments, such as the analysis of energy density and pressure components, equilibrium and energy conditions, stability analysis, and the adiabatic index. The relationship between stellar objects’ mass, energy density, radius, and moment of inertia is observed. Our findings indicate that obtained results are physically adequate and consistent with the model we considered.

Abstract 4136938: Autonomous Personalized Dynamic ECG Analysis Predicts 1-hour Incidence of Sudden Cardiac Arrest

Background: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a leading cause of death in the USA. Defibrillators prevent SCA by delivering shocks for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT). However, current clinical methods for predicting SCA are limited. We have shown that distinct nonlinear fluctuation patterns “hidden” within normal-appearing ECG waveforms have unique prognostic value. Hypothesis: Autonomous personalized dynamic ECG analysis predicts the 1-hour incidence of SCA. Methods: In an established pressure-overload model that exhibits key features of human VT and SCA (e.g., cardiac restitution properties), 30% of 37 freely ambulating animals had spontaneous SCA in 4 weeks. The exposures included a rolling 1-hour window of time, frequency and nonlinear domain measures of heart rate and QT time series during sinus rhythm, and EntropyX QT , a higher-dimensional machine learning-based nonlinear measure of cardiac repolarization dynamics. Results: In multivariate analyses, the major independent predictors of 1-hour incidence of SCA were (1) high EntropyX QT ; (2) high parasympathetic tone, as indexed by the high-frequency component of the heart rate power spectral density; and (3) the degree of coupling between RR and QT intervals. The baseline values of EntropyX QT and parasympathetic tone increased by 3.6-fold and 46.5-fold, respectively, during the hour preceding SCA. The adjusted ROC curve area was &gt; 89%. Conclusion: Continuous autonomous analysis of cardiac repolarization and autonomic dynamics strongly and independently predicts the subacute incidence of SCA. Incorporation of these measures into current strategies of SCA risk stratification has potential to save many lives and warrants further evaluation.

Stray Magnetic Field around the Transformer

Distribution transformers installed in residential buildings should not disturb residents’ living comfort through noise, fire hazards and variable magnetic fields. The article presents the results of measurements concerning magnetic flux density having a frequency of 50 Hz in the space around oil-immersed transformers having a power of 1600 kVA, 800 kVA and 100 kVA as well as dry-type transformers having a power of 1600 kVA and 2500 kVA. Oil-immersed transformers generate magnetic induction at the same distance in the space outside the tank, approximately four times lower than that generated by dry-type transformers. Both in terms of oil-immersed and dry-type transformers, induction at a distance of 2 m away from the transformer is at the level of several μT and is approximately 10 times lower than values permissible for human presence. In terms of the variable flux density component of leakage, both oil-immersed and dry-type transformers can be installed in residential buildings.

Mechanized Transplanting Improves Yield and Reduces Pyricularia oryzae Incidence of Paddies in Calasparra Rice of Origin in Spain

The rice variety Bomba is grown in Calasparra—a rice of origin in southeast Spain—resulting in a product with excellent cooking quality, although its profitability has declined in recent years due to low grain yields and susceptibility to rice blast disease (Pyricularia oryzae Cavara). An innovation project to test the efficacy of mechanized transplanting against traditional direct seed sowing was conducted in 2022 and 2023 at four locations for the first time. A lower plant density (67–82 plants m−2) and shorter plants with higher leaf nitrogen content were observed in transplanted plots compared with seed sowing (130–137 plants m−2) in the first year. The optimal climatic conditions for P. oryzae symptom appearance were determined as temperatures of 25–29 °C and a 50–77% relative humidity. The most-affected sowing plots presented 3–20% leaf area damage and a reduction in yield to values of 1.5 t ha−1 in the first year and 2.12 t ha−1 in the second year. In transplanted plots, there was generally less humidity at the plant level and therefore, disease incidence was low in both seasons. Grain yields did not significantly differ among the treatments studied; however, there were differences in the yield components of panicle density and the number of grains for panicles. Principal component analysis revealed two principal components that explained 81% of the variability. Variables related to yield contributed positively to the first component, while plant biomass variables contributed to the second component. Plant density, tiller density, and panicle density were found to be positively correlated (r &gt; 0.81 ***). Overall, transplanting (frame of 30 × 15–18 cm2) resulted in uniform crop growth with less rice blast disease, as well as higher grain yields (2.92–3.89 t ha−1), in comparison with the average for the whole D.O. Calasparra (2.3–2.5 t ha−1) in both seasons and a good percentage of whole grains at milling. This is novel knowledge which can be considered useful for farmers operating in the region.

Electromagnetic force calculation within finite volume framework

ABSTRACT In this research, the comparison of force calculation methods in magnetostatic simulations within a cell-centered finite volume framework is presented. Various procedures for postprocessing of the magnetic vector potential field are laid out to obtain the surface and volume integrals of Maxwell’s stress tensor and the Lorentz force density. Two different magnetostatic problems with multiple operating points were modeled with the AVL FIRETM M. The force results have been verified by comparing them to the Ansys Maxwell and were validated on a benchmark case from a Testing Electromagnetic Analysis Methods (TEAM) workshop. The interpolation of the magnetic flux density on a multi-material interface is presented, and it is used in conjunction with the surface integral of Maxwell’s stress tensor for an efficient global force computation. For all observed cases, the calculated results correspond well to the results found in the literature. It was found that the accuracy of the volume integral of Maxwell’s stress tensor is dependent on the mesh quality and gradient calculation scheme. Employing the semi-structured mesh with Gauss’s gradient scheme results in force discrepancies of less than 3% between the surface and volume integral of Maxwell’s stress tensor. The convergence of the iterative solver is observed to be slower in the case of the materials with permeability jump, where discontinuities between the tangential component of the magnetic flux density and the normal component of the magnetic field intensity occur.

Latitudinal Distribution of Dayside Magnetospheric Currents Based on Cluster Observations

AbstractBased on the curlometer method, we calculate the azimuthal component of the current density from nearly 19 years of Fluxgate Magnetometer (FGM) data of Cluster and investigate its latitudinal distribution in the dayside noon sector (09:00–15:00 magnetic local time, MLT). A crossing event in the noon meridian plane shows an unexpected eastward current at a geocentric distance of 8 RE, away from the equator with latitudes of 30–40°. Further statistical results of the current distribution show that, the topology of the current can be radially divided into the inner and outer branches over the whole rxy − z plane (rxy = and z are in solar magnetic (SM) coordinates), with the separation point of these two branches at a geocentric distance of about 8 RE. The current variations of the inner and outer branches are different under different Kp, solar wind flow speed Vsw, and solar wind dynamic pressure Pdyn. It is shown that the current densities in both the inner and outer branches increase significantly with the Kp. High solar wind dynamic pressure enhances the current density of the outer branch, while high solar wind speed, on the contrary, enhances that of the inner branch. The formation of the outer branch may be related to the anisotropy of plasma pressure.

Transverse resonance technique for analysis of a symmetrical open stub in a microstrip transmission line

Open stubs in a strip (microstrip) transmission line are one of the most common elements of planar circuits used in numerous devices in the various types of wireless systems. Therefore, the urgent problem is to develop an analyzing method for discontinuities in the form of the open stub in a microstrip transmission line at frequencies at which the high-frequency effects must be considered. In the paper, a technique of scattering characteristics calculating on a symmetrical microstrip open stub by transverse resonance method is presented. Boundary value problems for a rectangular volume resonator based on a microstrip transmission line with a symmetric open stub are solved for the three options boundary conditions in the symmetry plane and on the longitudinal boundaries. The intersection of the spectral curves obtained by the numerical solution of the “electric” and “magnetic” boundary value problems determines the minima of a reflection or transmission coefficients of fundamental wave on discontinuities. To algebraize the boundary value problems for the eigen frequencies of volume resonator with discontinuity, the corresponding two-dimensional functions of the magnetic potential are constructed, through which the components of the current density on the strip are determined. The functions of magnetic potential were defined by decomposing them into expansion by Fourier series, which ensures stable convergence of the series and numerical calculation algorithm. The developed technique has been tested by calculating the eigenfrequency spectra of an open microstrip stub using the transverse resonance method on the example of an open stub in a microstrip transmission line with a resonant frequency of about 3.0 GHz. Also, a technique for numerical solutions of “electric” and “magnetic” boundary-value problems for resonators with two electrodynamically coupled symmetric open stubs in a microstrip transmission line is developed.

Modeling of charged self-gravitating compact configurations using conformal killing vector

This manuscript investigates sources that are spherically symmetric when subjected to an electromagnetic field (EMF), specifically concentrating the fluid distribution in non-static spacetime. We analyzed the source in f(R) gravity, where R is the Ricci scalar. We investigate the fluid’s collapse by using the strategy that the metric satisfies the conformal killing vector (CKV) equation. To make our system solvable, we imposed some limitations on it, i.e., the homologous collapse and the diminishing of complexity factor. It is analyzed that the electric field intensity has an effect on physical variables like energy density and stress components. It is also concluded that temperature distribution implicitly depends on electric field intensity.

Field Analysis and Equivalent Circuit Parameters of Linear Induction Motor with Eddy Current Secondary, Taking End Effect into Consideration

The field analysis of a single-sided linear induction motor (LIM) taking end effect into consideration is carried out. A suitable model is used to establish the two components of secondary current density and the air gap field intensity, these components, beside the force density are carried out through the three regions model. The drive force acting on a conducting secondary sheet is calculated and plotted as functions of the speed, taking the length of secondary ends as parameter. The motor speed can be controlled by changing the displaced angle φ of the electric loading wave in the second stator phase. The equivalent circuit parameters are determined here in terms of the machine geometry by a new suggested method. These parameters are plotted as function of the motor speed for different secondary ends.

Approaching the Multiphase Interface of Ir-Based PEM Electrolyzers Using Operando ‘Tender’ X-Ray AP-XPS

Electrochemical water splitting is a promising pathway for the renewable production of hydrogen as an alternative fuel and chemical feedstock. Yet, the process is plagued by slow kinetics of the essential oxygen evolution reaction at the anode. Further, large-scale hydrogen production from such devices will require reduced platinum group metal (PGM) loadings (often iridium-based anodes) and/or new materials due to factors such as PGM scarcity, cost and loss during operation. In the hopes of enabling progress of rational design for OER catalysts, effective characterization of the electrode-liquid interface is crucial. Synchrotron-based X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) offers a versatile way to obtain surface chemical and elemental characterization of these materials. The use of X-rays in the ‘tender’ regime (~2-6 keV) allows for deeper probing than the conventional ‘soft’ x-ray (< 2000 eV) set up that is common at synchrotrons and lab-based sources. The photoelectrons generated from tender x-rays have enough energy to penetrate tens of nanometers through low density components such as a layer of liquid or polymeric electrolyte. This opens the door to access the chemistry at the interface of liquid and ionomer electrolyte-electrocatalyst materials. With the use of a fully operational two-electrode system, we are able to study these membrane electrode assemblies under active water splitting conditions.My talk will explain our specific approach, which is often crucial for successful collection of accurate data, highlighting elements of cell design and experimental setup that are helpful for this process. I will also show recent AP-XPS results on iridium-based polymer electrolyte membranes for water splitting. With application of elevated potential, we can correlate the iridium valency and surface species with the appearance of product traces in a mass spectrum. Figure 1

Stability analysis of charged neutron stars and Darmois junction conditions

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