Asphaltene Components Research Articles

An Experimental Study of Steam-Solvent Coinjection for Bitumen Recovery Using a Large-Scale Physical Model

Summary In this paper, we present a solvent-assisted steam-assisted gravity drainage (SA-SAGD) experiment with multicomponent solvent (i.e., condensate) using a large physical model. The sandpack for the experiment had a porosity of 0.33 and a permeability of 5.6 darcies in the cylindrical pressure vessel that was 1.22 m in length and 0.425 m in internal diameter. The sandpack was initially saturated with 93% Athabasca bitumen and 7% deionized water. The main objective of this research was to study the in-situ thermal/compositional flow and produced bitumen properties in SA-SAGD with condensate. After the preheating of the sandpack for 24 hours, SA-SAGD with 2.8-mol% condensate was performed at 50 cm3/min (cold-water equivalent) at 3500 kPa for 3 days. The experimental data of production, injection, and temperature distribution were recorded. Also, 10 samples of produced oil were taken and analyzed for density and asphaltene content. The sandpack was excavated after the experiment to analyze the asphaltene content in the remaining oil at different locations. A numerical simulation model was calibrated based on the data of material balance and temperature distribution, and it was validated with properties of the produced and excavated samples. The simulation model used fluid models based on experimental data of viscosities, densities, and bubblepoints for four condensate/bitumen mixtures. Results showed that SA-SAGD was efficient in bitumen recovery with a cumulative steam-to-oil ratio (SOR) that was two to three times smaller than that in SAGD using the same physical model. Detailed analysis of the calibrated simulation model indicated that SA-SAGD enabled the steam chamber to expand more efficiently with a smaller amount of water throughput than SAGD. Volatile solvent components tended to remain in the chamber, and the condensed solvent components acted as a miscible carrier for bitumen components. The analysis further showed that the more efficient oil recovery in SA-SAGD occurred with predominantly cocurrent flow of oil and water near the chamber edge. SA-SAGD recovered a larger amount of asphaltene components (i.e., less in-situ upgrading) than SAGD likely because of its lower chamber temperature, shorter production period, and enhanced local displacement efficiency.

Enhanced Representation of Thermal Cracking Chemistry in the Context of Bitumen Partial Upgrading

A detailed modeling framework to describe thermal cracking reactions during bitumen partial upgrading on a molecular basis is put forward in this study. The first block of the framework describes the molecular composition of a whole bitumen feedstock using statistical distributions in conjunction with structural descriptors for hydrocarbon classes, including solubility parameters to distinguish asphaltene components. The creation of a molecular ensemble mimicking the bitumen feedstock is accomplished via Monte Carlo simulation using input information from bulk property measurements and advanced analytical methods. This ensemble of molecules forms the starting point of the conversion model, which is the second block. Thermal cracking chemistry is organized in terms of reaction families, such as carbon–carbon bond cracking, sulfur–carbon bond cracking, dehydrogenation, and condensation, and the reactivity parameters are approximated using structure–reactivity correlations. Because of its considerable size, the reaction network is generated on the fly by means of a kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm, whereby molecule cracking reactions progress one by one over time. Reactivity parameters are tuned against an experimental data set generated in a visbreaking pilot plant. Besides describing the evolution of yield structure under different cracking severities, the model is able to track changes in API gravity, asphaltene content, and molecular distributions. Most importantly, the model explains how the different molecular reaction pathways impact product properties relevant to bitumen partial upgrading and provides directional predictions into other aspects of these technologies, such as product solubility and formation of olefins.

Study of the dissolution performance of ferrum and calcium compounds in residue hydrogenation reaction samples

The content, distribution and forms of the ferrum or calcium compounds in a crude oil, the corresponding vacuum residue (VR), hydrogenation feedstock and hydrogenation products were studied. The separation method was studied by column chromatography and solvent extraction method. This work indicated that in the process of column chromatographic separation, some ferrum or calcium compounds in the oil samples were irreversibly adsorbed on the chromatographic column, resulting in the loss of 58% of the ferrum compounds and 76% of calcium compounds. The solvent extraction method could effectively reduce the loss of the metal components and was suitable for the study of the content of metal elements. More than 97% of the ferrum or calcium compounds were distributed in the VR fraction. The 60%–90% of the ferrum or calcium compounds were distributed in the resin and asphaltene components. During the hydrogenation reaction, the ferrum or calcium compounds in vacuum residue were mainly removed from the resin components, and the overall removal ratio was close to 30%. The ferrum compounds preferred to bond in the asphaltene components and were difficult to remove. Through the process of atmospheric distillation and vacuum distillation of the crude oil, the relative distribution of the oil-soluble ferrum compounds decreased from 95.6% to 64.7%, and the relative distribution of the water-soluble ferrum compounds increased from 4.4% to 35.3%. Through the process of the hydrogenation reaction, 38% of the oil-soluble ferrum compounds were converted into the water-soluble ferrum compounds and 30% of the oil-soluble calcium compounds were converted into the water-soluble calcium compounds in the reaction.

Effects of cation salinity on the dynamic interfacial tension and viscoelasticity of a water-oil system

This experimental study aims to obtain insights into the effect of brine salinity on the dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) and interfacial behavior of a water-oil system. The effects of monovalent and divalent cations (Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) in a salinity range of 0.01–0.1 mol/l on the equilibrium and dynamic interfacial tension of the water-oil system are studied using pendant drop experiments. To understand the adsorbed layer of surface active components (asphaltene and resin) at the interface, surface dilational elasticity is also studied. The results reveal that the types of the ions, salinity concentration, and type of the surface-active components in the crude oil, are dominant parameters that affect the interfacial properties. Divalent cations especially Mg2+ show a much stronger interaction with surface-active components at the brine-oil interface while monovalent cations have a negligible effect. The IFT of the water-oil system decreases in the presence of salts up to a minimum point and a further increase in the salinity leads to an increment in the IFT. The effect of salinity on the formation of asphaltene and resin components at the drop surface is studied by employing surface area compression experiments. When asphaltene components are at the interface, the drop profile shows a sharp increase in standard deviation from Laplacian form at the closely-packed state, while for maltene (deasphalted oil), no rise is observed in the standard deviation values. The closely-packed state and the asphaltene layer collapse happen at an earlier time with increasing salt concentration up to an optimum point due to the presence of the higher amount of complexes at the interface.

Study on the effects of reversible aging on the low temperature performance of asphalt binders

Reversible aging refers to a time-dependent stiffening of asphalt binder that results from the time-delayed increase in stiffness when the asphalt binder is stored at low temperatures. The increase in stiffness will distinctly affect the low temperature performance of the asphalt binder, but existing researches rarely consider this. This paper aims to investigate the effects of reversible aging on the low temperature performance of asphalt binders, and to reveal the underlying mechanism of reversible aging. To this end, four different types of asphalt binders were selected for the extended bending beam rheometer (EBBR) test at different conditioning times. The thermal stress was computed based on the rheological data obtained from the EBBR test to quantify the influence of low temperature reversible aging on the cracking resistance of the asphalt binders. The Avrami isothermal crystallization kinetics theory was used to analyse the reversible aging process of asphalt binders from the perspective of macro-crystal structure. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics was performed to simulate the reversible aging process of asphalt binders from a microscopic point of view. The results from this study show that the low temperature performance of asphalt binders continues to decline with the extension of the conditioning time, which is manifested by the increase in grade loss, thermal stress and critical cracking temperature. Reversible aging exhibits great impact on the low temperature performance of asphalt binders by lowering the low temperature grade of asphalt binders up to one grade. The Avrami isothermal crystallization kinetic theory can accurately characterize the reversible aging tendency of asphalt binders. The molecular dynamics simulation results show that the asphaltene component contributes the most to the reversible aging of asphalt binder.

Analysis of the Storage Stability Property of Carbon Nanotube/Recycled Polyethylene-Modified Asphalt Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can improve the storage properties of modified asphalt by enhancing the interfacial adhesion of recycled polyethylene (RPE) and base asphalt. In this study, the interaction of CNT/RPE asphalt was investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. The base asphalt was examined using a 12-component molecular model and verified by assessing the following properties: its four-component content, elemental contents, radial distribution function (RDF) and glass transition temperature. Then, the adhesion properties at the interface of the CNT/RPE-modified asphalt molecules were studied by measuring binding energy. The molecular structural stability of CNTs at the interface between RPE and asphalt molecules was analyzed through the relative concentration distribution. The motion of molecules in the modified asphalt was studied in terms of the mean square displacement (MSD) and diffusion coefficient. The results showed that CNTs improved the binding energy between RPE and base asphalt. CNTs not only weakened the repulsion of RPE with asphaltenes and resins, but also promoted the interaction of RPE with light components, which facilitated the compatibility of RPE with the base asphalt. The change in the interaction affected the molecular motion, and the molecular diffusion coefficient in the CNT/RPE-modified asphalt system was significantly smaller than that of RPE-modified asphalt. Moreover, the distribution of the asphaltene component was promoted by CNTs, resulting in the enhancement of the storage stability of RPE-modified asphalt. The property indexes indicated that the storage stability was significantly improved by CNTs, and better viscoelastic properties were also observed. Our research provides a foundation for the application of RPE in pavement engineering.

НЕФТЯНОЕ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЕ ПОБЕРЕЖЬЯ ЧЕРНОГО МОРЯ В РАЙОНЕ ГОРОДА НОВОРОССИЙСКА И КЕРЧЕНСКОГО ПРОЛИВА: МНОГОЛЕТНЯЯ ДИНАМИКА И ОЦЕНКА СПОСОБНОСТИ К САМООЧИЩЕНИЮ

The paper examines the results of twelve-year (2007 to 2019) observations of spatial distribution and temporal changes in the concentrations of petroleum components in the coastal waters and sediment cores, as well as in the quantity and composition of oil slicks and tar balls on the beaches, cliffs and solid constructions of the Black Sea coast in the area of the city of Novorossiysk, which is the most important oil seaport of Russia, and in the Kerch Strait. 165 samples of seawater, 24 sediment cores up to 50 cm long split layer-bylayer into 108 samples, and 102 samples of oil slicks and tar balls were taken and analyzed with the use of thin layer and column chromatography, optical and gravimetric methods. The evidences of high level and chronic character of oil pollution of the studied coastal sectors are presented. Much attention is given to the dynamics of the natural transformation of oil slicks and tar balls found on the shore. It is shown that over time, under the influence of natural factors of attenuation, the oil slicks stranded ashore undergo an exponential decrease of the ratio between relatively labile hydrocarbons and conservative asphaltic components in their composition. The rate of the process may vary considerably depending on the size of oil pollution traces, their location on the coastal zone profile, as well as on the climatic, hydrological, and geomorphological conditions. An empirical statistical model is developed on the base of this data. This model makes it possible to classify and to map seacoasts according to their ability to degrade oil pollution using the information on the principal environmental parameters of attenuation.

Изменение смачиваемости пород-коллекторов при адсорбции асфальтенов на внутрипоровой поверхности

The influence of adsorbed polar components on the change in the wettability of terrigenous and carbonate reservoirs of oil and gas condensate fields was studied. The regularities of hydrophobization of the internal space of the reservoir in two cases are established: the effect of only the asphaltene component and the effect of the asphaltene component together with the oil-resinous components. The role of associations of polar components in the change of wettability is shown.

Rheological Properties of Graphene Modified Asphalt Binders

Recently, low-cost, high-quality graphene can be obtained readily, so it is potential to prepare conductive graphene modified asphalts (GMAs). In this paper, GMAs were prepared with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of graphene by weight of composites. Dynamic shear rheological experiments conducted from −30 to 120 °C illustrate that elasticity at above ambient temperatures and rutting resistance at higher temperatures are enhanced and, especially, the conceived percolation of GMAs occurs at graphene contents (GC) above 8% which were verified from three changes as GC increases, i.e., the curve characteristics of complex moduli, storage moduli at temperatures over 100 °C, temperatures when the phase angle reaches 90° and the trend of TG′=G″. The modification mechanisms are different before and after percolation. Before the percolation threshold, graphene which has a molecular structure similar to asphaltene enhances asphalt, like increasing asphaltene components, and after threshold, graphene improves asphalt because of the formed graphene networks. Rotational viscosities test results show that the higher the GC is, the higher the operating temperatures are, but the operating temperatures are higher than 200 °C when GC is above 4%. The percolation helps to further develop conductive asphalt concrete for intelligence pavement, but the operating properties of GMAs need to be improved.

Relationship between microstructure and phase morphology of SBS modified bitumen with processing parameters studied using atomic force microscopy

The aging effects of varying processing parameters, mixing time and shear speed, on the morphology and phase structure of styrene–butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified bitumen were studied used atomic force microscopy (AFM). Both inclusion of SBS and varying processing parameters provide differences in topographic and phase images of the bitumen. The contrast between phases becomes more distinct with increasing mixing time and speed, with the amount of dark phase associated with the asphaltene component of the bitumen also increasing. SBS modification of bitumen results in a decrease in the number of ‘bumble-bee’ like structures and when combined with varying mixing time produced the longest ‘bumble-bee’ structures. At the lowest mixing speeds (1000 rpm), the mixing was not effective for the SBS to absorb the bitumen oily components. Longer mixing times, 45 min, clearly altered the blend morphology and resulted in shorter ‘bumble-bee’ structures.

Effects of molecular polarity on the adsorption and desorption behavior of asphaltene model compounds on silica surfaces

Despite a large number of researches to understand the aggregation behavior and adsorption mechanism of asphaltene, the effects of asphaltene molecular structure on the adsorption/desorption behavior of asphaltene on rock surfaces remain scarce, which limits the understanding of the interaction mechanism under complex conditions and seriously restricts the development of heavy oil recovery technology. Here, in-situ adsorption/desorption experiments combined with molecular dynamics simulations were used to fill in the gap. The results show: 1) on hydrophilic surfaces, the heteroatoms or polar groups present in the symmetrical components of asphaltene mainly determine the adsorption behavior; 2) on intermediate wettability surfaces, the adsorption of asphaltene is driven primarily by π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions; 3) on hydrophobic surfaces, it is difficult to adsorb asphaltene due to the lack of polar sites and steric effects, but once adsorption occurs, it is difficult to be stripped off by low salinity water. Our results provide a simple strategy to investigate the adsorption behavior of asphaltene on rock surfaces using laboratory experiments and theoretical simulations, which not only contributes to fundamental understanding but also helps to develop a new guide for practical applications.

Transformation of Resin–Asphaltene Components of Dispersed Organic Matter in the Meso- and Apocatagenesis Zone

By studying the organic matter (OM) from the Mesozoic deposits of the Tyumen superdeep well (SG-6) as an example, deep zoning in the distribution, composition, and structure of heterocyclic components of the dispersed OM in catagenesis has been revealed. During mesocatagenesis, the composition of asphaltenes undergoes directed changes similar to those found for debitumenized OM. During apocatagenesis, polymerization and condensation of asphaltene molecules and their transition to an insoluble form as a new type of kerogen occur. Their lighter part is involved in structural redistributions inside resins and hydrocarbons (HC) and the formation of gases; there is a relative increase in the concentration of resins and HC (in wt % of residual bitumens). This circumstance should be taken into account when predicting the generation potential of OM and the composition of hydrocarbon fluids formed during catagenesis.

The Study of the Desulfurization of Crude Oil in the Qatar Reservoirs System

According to problems of environmental pollution problems due to burning fuels having high Sulfur as furnace oil and because of related limitations, Sulfur removal methods have been emphasized to heavy crude oil patches. If Sulfur removal is necessary to furnace oil, and parts of crude oil would be processed but it should be pointed that this process include of operational problems as furnace oil Sulfur removal because of asphaltic components and metal contaminations developed chemical methods to mercaptan may not be used to crude oil and heavy parts. Therefore, it is attempted to provide new method to remove Sulfur composition from crude oil. in this paper all related methods to remove Sulfur compositions have been evaluated and operational problems have been assessed. Then, the best possible method has been introduced and supplementary discussion and economic evaluation have been provided.

Super-viscous oil conversion in supercritical water fluid

In this article, experimental research results of super-viscous oil conversion in supercritical water are shown. Reaction mixtures consisting of super-viscous oil, carbon substances and complex catalytic additive were influenced by the conversion. A catalytic additive is a mixture of dispersed nickel and copper salts of carbonic acid, aluminum oxide and coal. A content increase of paraffinonaphthenic hydrocarbon up to 76.2 wt % against 40.8 wt % of an initial oil is a main characteristic of supercritical conversion products. Light hydrocarbons formation is implemented by aromatic, resinous and asphaltene components destruction. Based on experimental methods of super-viscous oil conversion in a supercritical water, a principal technological conversion scheme is proposed.

New data on the composition of organic matter of deep-seated rocks of Bashkortostan by NMR in a low magnetic field

The study of the organic matter of Riphean-Vendian deposits, the features of its distribution are the subject of research by many authors. The problem of hydrocarbon of these deposits remains relevant. We have conducted studies of deep-seated rocks of the Lower Riphean of the kaltasinskaya suite of the Eastern-Askinskaya area, with an increased content of organic matter in individual intervals. In addition to standard research methods, the method of nuclear magnetic relaxation in a low magnetic field was used. This method allows determining the phase state of organic matter in the original rock without any impact and after isothermal heating of the rock at 350°C. The free induction signal and the type of solid-phase signal, which corresponds to the waveform for the asphaltene component of the oil, were analyzed. The predominant part of the liquid-phase signal - about 35%, is characterized by a transverse relaxation time of 540 ¼s, corresponding to the resinous component of organic matter. The quantitative ratio of asphaltenes before and after heat treatment was also analyzed. A significant decrease in its amount was recorded. During thermal exposure, more than 55% of light, more mobile hydrocarbon molecules are formed in the liquid-phase part of organic matter.

Thermal Transformations of Petroleum Residue Components in the Presence of Power-Plant Flyash Ferrospheres and Sunflower Oil

The thermal transformations of components of the residue (boiling point above 350°C) of Zuunbayan heavy, high-wax oil (Mongolia) in the presence of cogeneration plant flyash ferrospheres and sunflower oil have been studied. The use of the additives made it possible to obtain additional amounts of distillate fractions (IBP–360°C). The physicochemical characteristics and composition of the products have been determined. The structural-group characteristics of the resin–asphaltene components of the feed petroleum residue and the products of its thermal conversion in the presence of sunflower oil and flyash ferrospheres have been compared. The presence of sunflower oil and ferrospheres leads to a decrease in the molecular weight of the resins and asphaltenes isolated from thermolysis products. The number of naphthenic and paraffinic carbon atoms in resin and asphaltene molecules decreases, and the proportion of aromatic atoms markedly increases.

Moisture effect on nanostructure and adhesion energy of asphalt on aggregate surface: A molecular dynamics study

This study aims at investigating the moisture effect on nanostructure and adhesive energy of asphalt-aggregate interface in asphalt mixture at atomistic scale. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to study the molecular interaction between virgin and aged asphalt binder with silica and calcite. The MD simulation results were used to investigate the effect of water intrusion on the nanostructure of virgin and aged asphalt binder on aggregate surface. The adhesion energy and debonding energy of asphalt-aggregate interface were compared at dry and wet conditions. In particular, the contributions of saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) components of asphalt binder to total adhesion energy were decomposed and analyzed. It was found that the existence of interfacial water changed the nanostructure of asphalt binder, including the self-aggregation of asphaltene and the distribution characteristics of SARA components. Although oxidative aging had different influences on adhesion energy of asphalt binder with silica and calcite, the interfacial water reduced adhesion energy regardless of aggregate type. The SARA components of asphalt binder exhibited different bonding ability with aggregate. The moisture effect on adhesion energy of SARA components varied in different trends, different from the overall adhesion energy.

Multiscale Study on the Modification Mechanism of Red Mud Modified Asphalt

Red mud, a waste residue of aluminium industry, was used as modified asphalt material to prepare red mud modified asphalt and red mud modified asphalt under freeze‐thaw cycles. The matrix asphalt (MA), red mud modified asphalt (RMMA), and red mud modified asphalt under freeze‐thaw cycles (RMMAFC) were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Microscopic experiments were conducted to investigate the modification performance and mechanism. The modification mechanism of red mud modified asphalt was investigated using molecular dynamics simulation in this study. The results show that red mud can form a uniform and stable blending system with base asphalt after adding base asphalt. The structure of asphalt after adding red mud and adding red mud and freezing‐thawing cycles does not change. The bee‐structure decreases obviously with the addition of red mud by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Density decreases gradually, but bee‐structure height increases obviously; bee‐structure of red mud modified asphalt is destroyed after freeze‐thaw cycles. Through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), after adding red mud, heat absorption decreases. Freeze‐thaw cycles greatly reduce heat absorption of red mud modified asphalt. Constructing molecular model of major components of red mud (Fe2O3, Al2O3) and asphaltene, simulation results show that the interfacial energy between asphaltene and red mud’s main components Fe2O3 and Al2O3 at −10°C, 25°C, and 170°C is stronger than that of Fe2O3. The results of calculating the interfacial energy of asphaltene on the chemical composition surface of red mud are negative. It can be seen that there are adsorption effects on the surface of asphaltene and red mud. Therefore, increasing the content of Al2O3 or decreasing the content of Fe2O3 in red mud is beneficial to the adsorption of asphaltene.

Formation and stability of W/O emulsions in presence of asphaltene at reservoir thermodynamic conditions

In-situ formation of W/O (water-in-oil) emulsion in oil reservoirs is gaining increased attention particularly for EOR purposes. In this process, asphaltic components may serve as a stabilizer for W/O emulsions, which may result in higher viscosity of injected fluid front causing improved oil recovery. In this study, the effect of temperature and pressure on the formation and stability of W/O emulsions were evaluated by a high pressure-high temperature (HP-HT) test apparatus in order to simulate as close as possible to reservoir conditions. The experimental results showed that the stability of the emulsions reduced as temperature increased from 25 to 110 °C. The relationship between pressure and the emulsion stability, on the other hand, is more complicated where an increase in emulsion stability was shown with pressure when it reaches a plateau at 27579.0 kPa (4000 psia) with a decrease afterwards. Based on the experimental results, different mechanisms dominate in each pressure interval. In the first pressure interval (3447.4 to 27,579.0 kPa) the break-up of the dispersed phase droplets caused by the exerted shear energy, which makes the dispersed phase droplets smaller in size, where W/O surface coverage of the asphaltene was important. In the second interval pressure (27,579.0 to 41,368.5 kPa), the reduction of emulsifier (asphaltene) due to the increased pressure in the dead oil showed a much lower stable emulsion. Thus, at pressures below 27,579.0 kPa with increased pressure, the mechanism of increased shear energy prevailed. For the pressure interval of 27,579.0 to 41,368.5 kPa though, as pressure increased, asphaltene precipitation decreased at the water/oil interface.

Characterization of the wax precipitation in Iranian crude oil based on wax appearance temperature (WAT): The influence of ultrasonic waves

Abstract In this study, the effect of ultrasonic waves on the wax appearance temperature (WAT) of a crude oil sample was investigated. For this purpose, the crude oil was exposed to ultrasonic radiation at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min. Then, the WAT of each sample was measured using the cross polarized microscope (CPM) method. The WAT was reduced to 8 °C and 12 °C at 4–8 min and 10 min, respectively. The origin of this reduction by ultrasonic radiation were studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. Because of the ultrasonic radiation, the first heavy crude compounds are cracked to lighter compounds, which reduces the side alkyl chain index in the FTIR spectra. Depending on the temperature of the crude oil after the irradiation, some light petroleum components, such as aliphatic components evaporated, resulting in the reduction of the aliphatic index calculated from the FTIR spectra. The wave radiation causes the wax crystals to become smaller, and their diameter dispersion reduces. The crystals were seen as rod-type before the irradiation, but the ultrasonic radiation caused the wax crystals to be rounded. Moreover, the wax crystals became morphologically more uniform. These waves, because of their high energy levels, cause changes in the percentage of saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) components of the crude oil, that are effective in altering the WAT. The aromatic compounds of the crude oil are pyrolyzed in two ways. First, in the presence of the saturate compounds, they are converted to resin. The resin, as a surfactant, reduces crystallization seeds in the oil and reduces the WAT point. Secondly, the aromatic compounds are first converted into the liquid saturate, and they evaporate if energy is supplied. The asphaltenes are also sensitive to pyrolysis by transferring energy into the oil and converting into the saturate compounds, especially methyl. Increasing the resin and light components within the structure of oil, such as paraffin, and reducing the aromatic and asphaltene compounds eventually reduced WAT. Finally, the shape of wax particles, isolated by IP143 method, was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The high-energy ultrasonic waves caused the average size of wax grains to reduce, the space between them to be greater, and the form of seeds changed from rounded to snow-like and irregular. Also, after the irradiation, bright spots were observed at the surface of the wax grains, which is related to the presence of heavy metals.