Water Components Research Articles

Glymphatic System and Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

The inflow channel of the glymphatic pathway is the basilar membrane formed by the pia matter and glial border membrane in the outermost layer of the artery. Cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space enters the brain parenchyma through this pathway, and its water component is pumped into the brain parenchyma through aquaporin 4. One of the driving forces is vascular pulsation, and if this pathway becomes inoperative, cerebrospinal fluid loses its normal dynamics and contributes to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Future research is needed to determine the extent of this contribution to the development of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Quantitative characterization of the effect of compaction rate on ammonium release from clayey sediments

Ammonium-rich pore water will release from clayey sediments into adjacent aquifers during aquitards compaction, which can adversely affect groundwater quality. Differences in the rate of groundwater exploitation can lead to differences in the rate of compaction of aquitards, which may, to some extent, affect the release of chemical components of the pore water from the aquitard. However, the effect of the compaction rate of aquitards on the process of ammonium release from clayey sediments is poorly understood. Three groups of indoor compaction experiments were conducted to identify the effect of compaction rate on ammonium release from clayey sediments during compaction. The results showed that the compaction rate and sediment liquid limit exert a clear controlling effect on the release rate and internal change process of ammonium in clayey sediments. The increase in the ammonium release rate was approximately proportional to the increase in the compaction rate. When the moisture content of the clayey sediments exceeds the liquid limit, the ammonium concentration in pore water increases mainly due to the mineralization of organic matter containing nitrogen and the dissolution of the carbonate-bound ammonium. When the moisture content drops to the liquid limit, the ammonium concentration in pore water begins to decrease. Because the increase in the compaction rate weakened sediment mineralization and accelerated pore water release, the main forms of ammonium released from the sediment change from organic sulfide-bound ammonium and carbonate-bound ammonium to carbonate-bound ammonium and ion-exchanged ammonium. The results of this study have important significance for the management of groundwater quality in groundwater exploitation areas.

Spatiotemporal variation of water balance components in Mashhad catchment, Iran: Investigating the impact of changes in climatic data and land use

Abstract The research aims to investigate the spatiotemporal changes of water balance components and distinguish the relative impacts of climatic data and land-use on groundwater level in northeastern Iran. This investigation employs the WetSpass-M model to estimate water balance and the Mann-Kendall test alongside Sen's slope estimator to evaluate trend. The study also assesses mean annual water balance components, considering diverse combinations of land-use and soil. The findings offer a hydrological insight, revealing that 14% of precipitation results in runoff, 29% of that recharging the aquifer; the remaining portion is lost through evapotranspiration. The trends in precipitation and simulated water components are not significant but a significant downward trend in groundwater is observed beyond a specific point in time. Based on this outcome, as well as the analysis of land-use changes, it was speculated that human activities in this fast-developing region might be implicated in the decline in groundwater levels. Analysis of water balance components in various soil and land-use combinations indicates that evapotranspiration exhibits greater variability within the land-cover class, while recharge is more influenced by soil texture. These findings enhance our understanding for identifying potential sites for artificial recharge and determining sustainable groundwater withdrawals based on spatiotemporal recharge patterns.

Calculation of Impurity Levels in SIR 3CV Type Rubber and Mass Balance at the Drying Station in PT. XYZ North Sumatera

The quality of latex significantly affects the quality level of rubber produced, with one of its parameters being the impurity level, with a standard value of 0.03%. The impurity level strongly influences the rubber quality, where higher impurity levels correspond to lower rubber quality, and vice versa. The research method employed was experimental and calculation using mass balance. The calculated results indicated impurity levels in the rubber as follows: 0.0059%, 0.0069%, 0.0074%, 0.0419%, 0.0054%, 0.0429%, and 0.0444%. The average total impurity level was 0.0219%. However, some rubber samples did not meet quality standards due to contaminated tapping equipment, inadequate washing processes, and damaged filtration tools. In the mass balance at the drying station, the first input material was 125 kg/hour with a water component balance of 50%, HAS (Hevea Acidic Solution) 12%, SMBS (Sodium Metabisulfite) 8%, and latex 30%. The second input material is 18.75 kg/hour, consisting of 100% steam. The output material at the drying station is 143.75 kg/hour, with a water component balance of 43.47%, HAS 10.43%, SMBS 6.95%, latex 26.08%, and steam 13.07%.

Ultrashort Echo Time Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cruciate Ligaments in Normal Beagles.

The aim of this study was to provide normative ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging (UTE MRI) data of the patellar ligament (PL), cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) and caudal cruciate ligament (CdCL) in non-lame Beagles. Eight stifles from four subjects obtained immediately postmortem were imaged using UTE MRI in the true sagittal plane. Regions of interest were drawn manually and the total (T2*), short T2* (T2*S) and long T2* (T2*L) values of the signal decay were calculated to evaluate the bound and free water components of the tendon. The T2*S, T2*L and T2* values were compared between the PL, CrCL and CdCL RESULTS: The mean and standard deviation of T2*S, T2*L and T2* were as follows: 0.54 ± 0.13, 4.65 ± 1.08 and 8.35 ± 0.82 ms for the PL; 0.46 ± 0.14, 5.99 ± 0.52 and 8.88 ± 0.4 ms for the CrCL and 0.41 ± 0.13, 7.06 ± 0.57 and 9.26 ± 0.18 ms for the CdCL. Significant differences were found between the T2*L component of the PL and each CrCL/CdCL and a smaller difference was noted between the T2*L of the CrCL and CdCL (p = 0.05). No difference of the T2*S value was found between any of the ligaments. Establishing normative UTE data of the canine stifle is valuable for comparison in future studies in which normal and damaged ligaments may be evaluated, particularly in those affected limbs in which no instability is identified on physical examination in which normal and damaged ligaments may be evaluated.

Tailoring Ultra‐Wide Visible‐NIR Luminescence by Ce3+/Cr3+/Yb3+‐alloying Sc‐Based Oxides for Multifunctional Optical Applications

AbstractVisible‐to‐near‐infrared (VIS‐NIR) luminescent materials are in great demand in the field of non‐destructive testing such as component determination and hyperspectral imaging. Although Cr3+‐activated phosphors are widely reported, controllable tailoring ultra‐wide VIS‐NIR luminescence excited by blue light is still a challenge. The strategies of cationic substitution and energy transfers are effective for adjusting the luminescence of Cr3+‐activated phosphors. In this work, a series of Cr3+‐doped Sc‐based solid solution phosphors (Ba3‐mSrmSc4O9:Cr3+) are reported. Under the excitation of blue light, these phosphors exhibit broadband emission due to the different luminescence centers induced by Cr3+ occupying different cationic sites. Because of the weaker crystal field strength, Cr3+ realizes a broadband emission with a longer peak position (λem = 820 nm) and broader full width at half maximum (FWHM≈182 nm) in Ba2SrSc4O9. Furthermore, Ce3+/Yb3+ ions are introduced into Ba2SrSc4O9:Cr3+, achieving an ultra‐wide VIS‐NIR luminescence (460–1200 nm) by the Ce3+→Cr3+→Yb3+ multiple energy transfers. Designing energy transfers is beneficial to improve the quantum efficiency and weaken the thermal quenching. Finally, the NIR phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diode (pc‐LED) fabricated by Ba2SrSc4O9:Cr3+ demonstrates great potential in night‐vision and water component detection. This work provides an effective design idea for controllable tailoring ultra‐wide VIS‐NIR luminescence by chemical substitution and energy transfer.

Frequency shifts of free water signals from compact bone: Simulations and measurements using a UTE-FID sequence.

Free water in cortical bone is either contained in nearly cylindrical structures (mainly Haversian canals oriented parallel to the bone axis) or in more spherically shaped pores (lacunae). Those cavities have been reported to crucially influence bone quality and mechanical stability. Susceptibility differences between bone and water can lead to water frequency shifts dependent on the geometric characteristics. The purpose of this study is to calculate and measure the frequency distribution of the water signal in MRI in dependence of the microscopic bone geometry. Finite element modeling and analytical approaches were performed to characterize the free water components of bone. The previously introduced UTE-FID technique providing spatially resolved FID-spectra was used to measure the frequency distribution pixel-wise for different orientations of the bone axis. The frequency difference between free water in spherical pores and in canals parallel to B0 amounts up to approximately 100 Hz at 3T. Simulated resonance frequencies showed good agreement with the findings in UTE-FID spectra. The intensity ratio of the two signal components (parallel canals and spherical pores) was found to vary between periosteal and endosteal regions. Spatially resolved UTE-FID examinations allow the determination of the frequency distribution of signals from free water in cortical bone. This frequency distribution indicates the composition of the signal contributions from nearly spherical cavities and cylindrical canals which allows for further characterization of bone structure and status.

The transmission of isotopic signals from precipitation to groundwater and its controls: An experimental study with soil cylinders of various soil textures and burial depths in a monsoon region

The use of stable isotopic composition in groundwater as a paleoclimatic proxy assumes that the isotopic values in groundwater are inherited from the corresponding values in the source precipitation. However, several studies have observed that groundwater δ18O (δ18Og) is not always in accordance with the average δ18O of precipitation (δ18Op). The cause of this inconsistency is still the subject of debate. Significant reduced isotopic variability and potential deviations from precipitation to groundwater because of the aquifer itself (e.g., groundwater buried depths and soil texture) and external precipitation characteristics (e.g., rainfall intensity and duration) have been poorly quantified in terms of identifying the dominant factors. To investigate the controls on the transmission of isotopic signals from precipitation to groundwater, we present new stable isotope data for precipitation and groundwater from an experimental site using eight soil cylinders of different soil textures and burial depths in a monsoon region. We collected data at inter-event sampling intervals (30 min) during and after two heavy precipitation events (daily amounts higher than 10 mm). Our results demonstrated a significant disparity between the average isotopic values of heavy rainfall and light rainfall, despite both exhibiting decreasing isotopic patterns throughout the course of the rainfall event. Various degrees of attenuation of isotopic variations were found in outflow waters with different groundwater burial depths (GBDs) and soil textures after rainfall events. The isotopic variations were not synchronized with the outflow changes. Specifically, there were evident outflow lags in response to heavy rainfall, especially in the lysimeters with GBDs deeper than 0.5 m, while the greatest isotopic variation was observed in the early infiltrating stage. Redundancy analysis indicated that precipitation amount was the most important contributor to the outflow variation (∼51 %, p < 0.05), while GBD was the key factor for isotopic temporal variation (∼52 %, p < 0.05). These results concurred with the clustering of principal component analysis results. The mixing of soil water and heavy rainfall event components was observed in four lysimeters with mixing proportions fP varying in the range of 7 %–51 %, indicating the effective recharge from heavy rainfall. Soil evaporation was highlighted with samples located parallel to the local meteoric water line. It is recommended that groundwater isotopes in paleoclimatic studies are used with additional constraints that consider disproportionate recharge from intense rainfall, past chaotic fluctuations in groundwater dynamics, and distortions introduced by evaporation.

Response of soil water, salt, carbon and bacteria community to terrain and plant in coastal salt marsh

Terrain and plants play a crucial role in influencing or regulating the variations of water, salt, carbon, and bacteria community in the soil of coastal salt marshes. Investigating these variations and their interconnections under different conditions is essential to comprehensively understand the carbon sequestration function and reveal the underlying mechanisms of carbon sinks in coastal salt marshes. In this study, the various physicochemical properties of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil under different terrain of coastal salt marsh in Jiaozhou Bay were determined. Additionally, the contents of soil carbon components including soil inorganic carbon (SIC), soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and constituents of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) and microbial community were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of SIC and SOC in high-terrain soil were significantly lower than those in low-terrain soil (P < 0.05). Plants could regulate the physicochemical properties, and carbon components of soil in different terrain, resulting in no significant difference in SOC contents of rhizosphere soil under different terrain. Soil DOM composition and bacterial community showed that high-terrain soil had higher bacterial diversity and activity, and plants significantly affected the bacterial community structure in soil through rhizosphere effects. The structural equation model demonstrated that terrain has an indirect impact on SOC through influencing on the fluorescence of soil DOM and bacterial diversity, and SIC through altering soil water content (SWC), electrical conductivity and DOC. Plants directly or indirectly affected SOC content, and indirectly affected SIC content by changing SWC. This study contributes to a better understanding of the complex interactions between wetland ecosystems and their soil water, salt, carbon, and bacteria community components, offering valuable information for wetland management and conservation efforts.

The bacterial influencing mechanisms of salinity fluctuations in a brackish-water lake on the dissolved organic matter characteristics of pore water

The dissolved organic matter (DOM) components in lake water have been widely studied; however, few previous studies have considered the growth of Phragmites australis in brackish lakes. It has not been well understood how salinity variations influence the DOM compositions in pore water and its bacterial mechanisms in lakes with Phragmites australis. This experiment included three salinity groups (1,200 mg/L, 3,600 mg/L, and 6,000 mg/L) to study the interactions between bacteria and DOM in pore water under a salinity gradient. The results showed that the maximum fluorescence intensity (Fmax) of DOM measured by excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy decreased with increasing salinity. Higher salinity reduced the Fmax of protein-like substances and resulted in DOM becoming more aromatic. Salinity affected DOM composition due to the responses of functional bacterial communities. Thiobacillus was salt-tolerant and dominated in the sediments, and its relative abundance was negatively correlated with the Fmax of protein-like components. The relative abundance of Flavobacterium showed a positive correlation with salinity and a negative correlation with the Fmax of the fulvic acid-like component. Pseudomonas, Brevundimonas, and Polaromonas were negatively correlated with salinity and the Fmax of the fulvic acid-like component, while being positively correlated with the Fmax of tyrosine-like and aromatic protein substances. Higher salinity inhibited the metabolism gene modules of tryptophan and tyrosine. The results of this study may offer a novel perspective on comprehending the biochemical cycling of fluorescent DOM, encompassing tryptophan-like, tyrosine-like, and fulvic acid-like components in brackish lakes with fluctuating salinity.

Methods for molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter in the alpine water environment: an overview

The alpine area has become a sensitive indicator and amplifier of global climate change and human activities because of its unique geographical and climatic conditions. Being an essential part of biochemical cycling, dissolved organic matter (DOM) could effectively help understand the process, structure, and function of alpine aquatic ecosystems. Due to the low content and sampling difficulties, the analysis of DOM in alpine water demands high sensitivity with low sample volume, which has not been comprehensively reviewed. This review summarizes the DOM sampling, pretreatment, and analysis methods involving the characterization of concentration, spectroscopy, and molecular structure. Overall, conventional parameters are the basis of advanced characterization methods. Spectroscopic tests can reveal the optical properties of DOM in response to lights from ultraviolet to infrared wavelengths, to distinguish the chemical composition. Molecular structure characterizations can provide microscopic information such as functional groups, element ratios, and molecular weights. The combination of multiple methods can depict DOM composition from multiple perspectives. In sum, optimized sampling and pretreatment, high-sensitivity molecular characterization, and method integration are crucial for effectively analyzing DOM components in alpine waters. These perspectives help to standardize the DOM characterization process and to understand the correlation between DOM composition and its properties, as well as the migration and transformation of DOM.

The analytic hierarchy process method to design applicable decision making for the effective removal of 2-MIB and geosmin in water sources

Numerous utilities encounter issues with taste and odor that alter the public’s impression of the safety of drinking water. The creation of certain components in water naturally due to global climate change is another source of taste and odor components, in addition to industrial emissions. Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), both of which are generated by blue-green algae and actinomycetes, are two substances that contribute to the musty and earthy smells in drinking water sources. Unfortunately, current conventional treatment plants only partially remove 2-MIB and geosmin. Therefore, to protect the environment and public health, more up-to-date or optimized treatment methods should be applied to outdated treatment facilities. Best treatment practices, evaluation standards, and decision-making approaches, however, are still shrouded in mystery. The goal of this study was to identify the most effective treatment options for 2-MIB and geosmin. By using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a total of 22 assessment criteria were found and prioritized. A thorough literature search led to the identification of potential treatment options, and their effectiveness was evaluated. These options and priority rankings were decided upon using AHP in the decision-making process. Advanced oxidation techniques came out on top in the final priority ranking, followed by membrane filtering, adsorption, oxidation, hybrid processes, and traditional treatment methods. The applied analytical decision techniques may also be used to choose the optimal treatment options, even though the results are particular to 2-MIB and geosmin.

Comparative key aroma compounds and sensory correlations of aromatic coconut water varieties: Insights from GC × GC-O-TOF-MS, E-nose, and sensory analysis

Aroma is a key criterion in evaluating aromatic coconut water. A comparison regarding key aroma compounds and sensory correlations was made between Thailand Aromatic Green Dwarf (THD) and Cocos nucifera L. cv. Wenye No. 4 coconut water using E-nose and GC × GC-O-TOF-MS combined with chemometrics. Twenty-one volatile components of coconut water were identified by GC × GC-O-TOF-MS, and 5 key aroma compounds were analyzed by relative odor activity value and aroma extract dilution analysis. Moreover, the combination of the E-nose with orthogonal partial least squares was highly effective in discriminating between the two coconut water samples and screened the key sensors responsible for this differentiation. Additionally, the correlation between volatile compounds and sensory properties was established using partial least squares. The key aroma compounds of coconut water exhibited positive correlations with the corresponding sensory properties.

Vegetation moisture estimation in the Western United States using radiometer-radar-lidar synergy

Monitoring vegetation moisture conditions is paramount to better understand and assess drought impacts on vegetation, enhance crop yield predictions, and improve ecosystem models. Passive microwave remote sensing allows retrievals of the vegetation optical depth (VOD; [unitless]), which is directly proportional to the vegetation water content (VWC; in units of water mass per unit area [kg/m2]). However, VWC is largely dependent on the dry biomass and structure imprints on the VOD signal. Previously, statistical models have been used to isolate the water component from the biomass and structure components. Physically-based approaches have not yet been proposed for this goal. In this study, we present a multi-sensor semi-physical approach to retrieve the vegetation moisture from the VOD and express it as Live Fuel Moisture Content (LFMC [%]; the percentage of water mass per dry biomass unit). The study is performed in the western United States for the period April 2015 – December 2018. There, in situ LFMC samples are available for assessment. We rely on a VOD model based on vegetation height data from GEDI/Sentinel-2 and radar backscatter from Sentinel-1, which account for the biomass and structure components. Vegetation moisture is retrieved at L-, X- and Ku-bands by minimizing the difference between the modeled VOD and the VOD estimates from SMAP (L-band) and AMSR-2 (X- and Ku-band) satellites. Results show that the LFMC retrievals are independent of canopy height, land cover, and radar backscatter, demonstrating the capability of the proposed algorithm to separate water dynamics from the biomass/structure component in VOD. LFMC estimates at X- and Ku-bands reproduce well the expected spatio-temporal dynamics of in situ LFMC. Results show good agreement with in situ at a regional scale, with Pearson's correlations (r) between in situ LFMC samples and LFMC estimates of 0.64 (Ku-band), 0.60 (X-band) and 0.47 (L-band). Similar results are obtained independently for shrub and forest sites at X- and Ku-bands. In most comparisons between in situ and estimated LFMC, biases are below 10% of the dynamic range of LFMC. Performance at L-band is limited by the fact that this frequency senses the full vertical extent of the canopy, while in situ samples are taken only from top of canopy leaves to which X- and Ku-bands are much more sensitive. More insight will be needed for grasslands (r = 0.44 at X-band) using time-dynamic canopy height data. Furthermore, a pixel-scale assessment is conducted, showing a good agreement in most sites (r > 0.6). The proposed method can be tailored to exploit the synergies of past (e.g., AMSR-E), current (e.g., AMSR-2) and future satellite sensors such as CIMR and ROSE-L for global vegetation moisture mapping at different canopy layers.

Enhanced peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation process mediated by vanadium modified CoO catalyst for rapid degradation of organic pollutants: Insights into the role of V

Developing the transition metal catalysts with high reactivity for the sulfate radical (SO4－·) based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) has been attracting numerous attentions. To improve the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation process mediated by Co-based catalysts, a vanadium-cobalt bimetallic catalyst (V@CoO) was fabricated by modification vanadium through a simple solvothermal method. The pollutants degradation experiments showed that the obtained V@CoO exhibited much higher performance on PMS activation (5.55–8.33 times larger of apparent rate constants) than pure CoO, and the V@CoO/PMS system could quickly degrade various organic contaminants within 5 min under the attack of both radicals (SO4－·and O2－·) and non-radicals (1O2). The density functional theory (DFT) calculations and electrochemical tests revealed that the enhancing mechanism of V modification involved four aspects: (i) promoting the PMS adsorption on the surface of V@CoO; (ii) enhancing the electron transfer efficiency between V@CoO and PMS; (iii) activating PMS with V3+ and V4+ species; (iv) accelerating the circulation of Co2+ and Co3+, leading to the promotion on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, the V@CoO/PMS system also exhibited satisfactory stability in a broad pH range and good efficiency in the presence of co-existing components (HCO3−, NO3−, PO43−, Cl− and HA) in water. This study will provide new insights to designing high-performance, environment-friendly bimetal catalysts and some basis for the remediation of organic contaminants with SR-AOPs.

Disentangling the effects of sulfate and other seawater ions on microbial communities and greenhouse gas emissions in a coastal forested wetland.

Seawater intrusion into freshwater wetlands causes changes in microbial communities and biogeochemistry, but the exact mechanisms driving these changes remain unclear. Here we use a manipulative laboratory microcosm experiment, combined with DNA sequencing and biogeochemical measurements, to tease apart the effects of sulfate from other seawater ions. We examined changes in microbial taxonomy and function as well as emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in response to changes in ion concentrations. Greenhouse gas emissions and microbial richness and composition were altered by artificial seawater regardless of whether sulfate was present, whereas sulfate alone did not alter emissions or communities. Surprisingly, addition of sulfate alone did not lead to increases in the abundance of sulfate reducing bacteria or sulfur cycling genes. Similarly, genes involved in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling responded more strongly to artificial seawater than to sulfate. These results suggest that other ions present in seawater, not sulfate, drive ecological and biogeochemical responses to seawater intrusion and may be drivers of increased methane emissions in soils that received artificial seawater addition. A better understanding of how the different components of salt water alter microbial community composition and function is necessary to forecast the consequences of coastal wetland salinization.

Embedding Optical Components in Water to Make Aquatic Images Are Unaffected by Water Surface Undulations

Embedding Optical Components in Water to Make Aquatic Images Are Unaffected by Water Surface Undulations

Effect of heat pump drying temperature on moisture migration characteristics and quality of instant Tremella fuciformis

Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) was used to analyze the moisture migration characteristics and water distribution of instant Tremella fuciformis (ITF) during heat pump drying at 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C. A fuzzy mathematical evaluation method was then used to investigate the effect of heat pump drying temperatures (35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C) on the quality of ITF. Based on the screened appropriate temperature of 45 °C, the thin layer heat pump drying curve and drying rate curve of ITF were drawn, then four mathematical models were tested based on the coefficient of determination (R2). The result showed three water components (bound water (T21), immobilized water (T22), and free water (T23)) in ITF before drying. During the drying process, the heat pump drying of ITF was carried out gradually from the outer to the inner. The sensory total score (77.66 ± 6.57), rehydration ratio (4803.00 ± 90.00%), and viscosity (45.01 ± 3.61 Pa s) of ITF in heat pump drying at 45 °C were the best. The optimal drying temperature of 45 °C was obtained by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation with the highest comprehensive score of 77.85%. With the prolongation of drying time, the water content of ITF showed a gradual decreasing trend, and the water content was controlled to below 8.51% after 6 h. The drying curve shows that the drying phase of the ITF is divided into three phases, including preheat, constant speed and deceleration. The drying speed first increases, remains constant in the middle and then decreases. Among the four models tested, the cubic regression equation aligned with the change rule of the ITF drying curve (R2 = 0.99397). By studying the effect of drying temperature on the moisture migration characteristics and the quality of ITF, we aim to provide more data support for the production of T. fuciformis.

ОЧИСТКА ВОДОЭМУЛЬСИОННОЙ ФАЗЫ ПРИ САНАЦИИ УГЛЕВОДОРОДНЫХ ЗАЛЕЖЕЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ЗАВОДСКИХ СТАНЦИЙ АЭРАЦИИ

The long-term activity of oil refineries has led to the formation of man-made hydrocarbon deposits under their sites. The deposit is a lenticular formation, elongated in plan for several kilometers towards the groundwater discharge zone, penetrating into the geo-environment up to the first aquifer. The reserves of technogenic deposits can be commensurate with traditional natural deposits. On the one hand, technogenic deposits are a formation containing a mixture of raw materials and processed products of various fractions and commercial quality hydrocarbons. In this case, the content is extracted from the rocks with the help of pumping equipment of a network of production wells, separated from the water component and transferred for use or processing as a secondary material resource. On the other hand, a field containing sub-grade hydrocarbons is a significant water-oil emulsion. It is a constant source of negative impact on the environment and pollution of adjacent fragments of the geological environment. The use of a water-based layer containing hydrocarbons in concentrations insufficient for resource use is its treatment as contaminated wastewater. Purification of the water-emulsion phase from residual hydrocarbons is lengthy and extremely costly and requires new modular treatment facilities at the location of the hydrocarbon deposit or reserve capacities at existing plants.

Термальные сульфидные воды Баргузинской долины (Республика Бурятия)

Abstract. Relevance. Hydrogen sulfide mineral waters are widely used in spa treatment. The therapeutic effect of exposure to hot water procedures gives positive results in chronic pathologies of the musculoskeletal system, gastroenterology, as well as in other areas of prevention and rehabilitation of human health, where hydrogen sulfide is considered an important therapeutic component. The aim of the work. Investigation of the hydrochemical and microbiological composition of thermal hydrogen sulfide waters of Umkhey, Kuchiger, Alla springs of the Barguzin Valley of the Republic of Buryatia. Materials and methods. The composition of sulfur-containing compounds in sources, which by their composition belong to the nitric thermal siliceous waters of the Baikal hydromineral region, where the accumulation of chemical components is facilitated by an alkaline environment and elevated temperature, has been studied using hydrochemical analysis, mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Results. The conducted studies have shown that in addition to sulfides and sulfates, sulfites, thiosulfates, mineral water contains elemental and polysulfide sulfur, cyclic polynuclear organosulfur compounds and cyclic polysulfides. These compounds can exhibit high balneological activity due to their better permeability through the skin at high temperatures. The composition of the microbial community of water and bottom sediments has been studied, which is represented by various taxonomic groups, where the chemolithotrophic bacteria Thiobacillus, Thermodesulfovibrio, Geobacter and Gallionella are the dominant group. The microbial community in thermal springs is involved in the transformation of chemicals, the formation and consumption of gases, in biogeochemical cycles of sulfur, the formation of the chemical composition and therapeutic factor of waters and sediments. Conclusions. The presence of organic sulfanes simultaneously with elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide suggests that they are active balneological components of thermal hydrogen sulfide mineral waters. The microbial community of water and bottom sediments in thermal springs is involved in the transformation of chemicals and the formation of the chemical composition and therapeutic factor of waters and bottom sediments.