Components Of Red Ginseng Research Articles

Effects of Non-saponin Red Ginseng Components on the Function of Brain Cells

Non-saponin gingseng fraction components (NSRG) have been known to have a variety of biological activity. However, the effects of these components on the function of brain cell have not been characterized in detail. In this study, we investigated the preventive effect of non-saponin red ginseng components on acrylamide (ACR)-induced suppression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), which is highly expressed in neuronal cells. The data showed that NSRG blocked the suppression of NCAM expression by ACR in neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH). In addition, NSRG significantly increased NCAM expression in ACR-nontreated neuroblastoma cells. NSRG treatment resulted in the increase of cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. We also examined whether NSRG could modulate the NO production of astrocytes. When glioma cells (C6) were treated with various concentrations of NSRG (100-300 ㎍/ml) in the presence or absence of IFN-γ for 24 hours, NO production was suppressed in IFN-γ-stimulated C6 cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that treatment of brain cells with NSRG results in the enhancement of proliferation, the suppression of NO production and the protective effect on NCAM expression impaired by ACR. Thus, the present data suggest that NSRG has proliferative and neuroprotective effects and these effects could be useful in neuronal diseases.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Non-saponin Red Ginseng Components on Innate Immune Cells

Macrophages and NK cells play an important role in the first line of immunologic effects against tumor cells. We therefore assessed the effects of non-saponin red ginseng components (NSRG) on NK cell and macrophage tumoricidal activities, and the mitogen-stimulated lymphoproliferative response. When NK cells were treated with various concentrations of NSRG (100-300 ㎍/ml) for 4 h, tumoricidal activity was significantly increased. However, NSRG had effects on tumoricidal activity of macrophages at low concentration (1 ㎍/ml), which was not related to the production of nitric oxide. The mitogen response of lymphocytes to LPS and ConA in the spleen did not show significant differences between the control and NSRG-treated cells, whereas LPS-induced blastogenesis was slightly increased at 100 ㎍/ml (p ＜ 0.05). These results suggest that NSRG has differential effects on innate immune response and could be useful as immunotherapy for cancer treatment.

풍기지역 연근별 수삼의 홍삼가공 특성 비교

Quality properties of red ginseng prepared with different cultivation years of fresh ginseng produced in Punggi region were investigated. Fresh ginseng cultivated for 4, 5, or 6 years was steamed for 3.5 hr and dried for 24 hr at 60～65℃ and subsequently for 3～4 days at 40℃ under commercial conditions. Compared to 6 years-old roots, the five years-old roots showed similar or some lower quality properties in terms of color, appearance, diameter, and inside quality, but higher ones in length and yield of prepared red ginseng. In particular, the levels of ginsenoside Rg₃ and Rh₂, which are known as specific components in red ginseng, were the highest in 5 years-old roots. The result shows that fresh ginseng of 5 years-old roots produced in Punggi region can be utilized as a raw material for the manufacture of high-quality red ginseng.

홍삼성분이 섬유아세포의 콜라겐 생합성과 MMP-1 활성에 미치는 영향

This study was carried out to develop health & functional food by using Korean red ginseng for prevention of skin wrinkles. Effects of Korean red ginseng on the collagen biosynthesis and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-I (MMP-1) activity in human dermal fibroblast were investigated. Crude saponin contents of Korean red ginseng water extract (WE), Korean red ginseng ethanol extracts (EE) and Korean Red ginseng purified extracts (PE) were 72 mg/g, 107 mg/g and 220 mg/g, respectively. We incubated human fibroblast cell with Korean red ginseng component by addition of l , 5 , 10 . Amount of collagen biosynthesis was 1.86 ng/ml in control sample and 2.85 ng/ml, 2.05 ng/ml and 2.58 ng/ml in retinoic acid, EE and PE respectively. Furthermore, and were shown 2.01 ng/ml and 3.07 ng/ml. MMP-l activities of EE, PE, and were decreased to 92%, 94%, 91% and 78% respectively as compared with control. Cell proliferation were showed 84-96% in the Korean red ginseng components. The antioxidative SOD activities of the Korean red ginseng components were showed 28-69%, however it was lower than that of Vitamin C. From this results, we conclude that Korean red ginseng have a anti-wrinkle effect and may be considered as a more effective component.

Effects of Non-Saponin Red Ginseng Components on Multi-drug Resistance

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a major problem in cancer chemotherapy and has often ended up with termination of the therapy. The aim of this study was to identify any fractions of Korean red ginseng that would be effective in modulating for MDR. Although ginsenosides have been reviewed as possible MDR modulators, the MDR modulation activity of the other component is unknown. Therefore, a red ginseng was extracted with methanol, ether, ethylacetate, and n-butanol, followed by several fractionations by silica gel chromatography. And the activity of MDR modulating for these fractions was examined via sulforrhodamine B assay. We have found that several ether fractions, as nonsaponin components are effective on MDR modulation. We have expect that these results helpful to improvement of cancer chemotherapy.

Hepatoprotective Effect of 20(S)-Ginsenosides Rg3 and Its Metabolite 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 on tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Liver Injury

To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Red Ginseng (RG), we isolated a main constituent 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 from RG, and its metabolite 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 by human intestinal microflora, and investigated their hepatoprotective activities in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced hepatotoxicity of HepG2 cells and mice. When HepG2 cells were treated with t-BHP, its cytotoxicity was significantly increased. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 potently protected its cytotoxicity, but 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 weakly protected it. Intraperitoneally and orally administered 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 to t-BHP-injured mice significantly inhibited the increase of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Orally administered 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 also showed the inhibition against the increase of ALT and AST of t-BHP-induced mice. However, intraperitoneally administered 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 could not inhibit the elevation of serum ALT and AST activities. These results suggest that 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 a main component of RG may be a prodrug for hepatotoxicity.

Straightforward Synthesis of Panaxytriol: An Active Component of Red Ginseng.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Straightforward synthesis of panaxytriol: an active component of Red Ginseng.

A total synthesis of (3R,9R,10R)-panaxytriol (1) was accomplished enantioselectively (40% overall yield; 30% for the longest sequence). A key step was a Cadiot-Chodkiewicz cross-coupling reaction on two fragments containing, in the aggregate, three unprotected hydroxyl groups. One fragment was synthesized by a highly enantioselective reduction of an enynone. The other arose from a highly enantioselective dihydroxylation of an allylic alcohol.

Effect of Ginsenosides and Red Ginseng Water Extract on Tumor Necrosis Factor-.ALPHA. Production by Rat Peritoneal Macrophages.

The effects of ginsenosides and extracts containing melanoidins, which are components of red ginseng, on TNF-α production by rat peritoneal macrophages were examined. The ginsenosides by themselves had no effect on TNF-α production, whereas water extract containing melanoidins, which are Maillard reaction products, stimulated TNF-α production by rat peritoneal macrophages. The total ginsenoside fraction and ginsenoside Rc increased TNF-α production with LPS, as did stimulation by ginsenosides with the water extract. These results suggest that for a healthy immune response it might be better to consume red ginseng itself, which contains a mixture of ginsenosides, polysaccharides and Maillard reaction products, rather than ingesting pure ginseng alone. Red ginseng as an immuno-modulator may be effective in defending against infections or tumors.

Anticarcinogenic Effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and Identification of Active Compounds

The failure to improve the five-year survival rate of cancer patients, from one in three in the 1960s to one in two in the 1970s, stimulated awareness of the importance of primary prevention of cancer. Korean investigators carried out extensive long-term anticarcinogenicity experiments with 2000 newborn mice to investigate whether Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer inhibited carcinogenesis induced by several chemical carcinogens in 1978. There was a 22% decrease (p<0.05) in the incidence of urethane induced lung adenoma by the combined use of red ginseng extract. In the group sacrificed at 56 weeks after the treatment with aflatoxin B1, the incidence of hepatoma significantly decreased to 75% by the addition of red ginseng extract (p<0.05). The result showed that natural products can provide hope for human cancer prevention. By the newly established '9 week medium-term anticarcinogenicity test model of lung tumors in mice' (Yun's model), we confirmed significant anticarcinogenic effects of powders and extracts of the 6- yr-old dried fresh ginseng, 5- and 6-yr old white ginsengs, and 4-, 5-, and 6-yr old red ginseng. We also demonstrated that the anticarcinogencity of ginseng was more prominent in aged or heat treated extracts of ginseng and red ginseng made by steaming. To investigate the active components for cancer prevention, several fractions of 6-yr old fresh ginseng and red ginseng, four semi-synthetic ginsenoside Rh1, Rh2, Rg3 and Rg5, major saponin components in red ginseng, were prepared. Among the ginsenosides, Rg3 and Rg5 showed statistically significant reduction of lung tumor incidence and Rh2 had a tendency of decreasing the incidence. Ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5 and Rh2 were found to be active anticarcinogenic compounds. Rg3, Rg5 and Rh2 are active components in red ginseng, and they prevent cancer either singularly or synergistically.