Components Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Specialized sports nutrition products using protein hydrolysis compositions of collagen-containing fish raw materials

The development of specialized sports nutrition with components of collagen-containing fish raw materials is due to the shortage of domestic products of this group, the problem of fish waste processing, scientific data on bioactive peptides of marine origin. Low-molecular active peptides and protein-mineral compositions in the form of powder and liquid dietary supplements were obtained from the scales of sardine and sardinella by methods of deep hydrolysis. During the hydrolysis of raw materials, fermentolysis was carried out with the Alcalase 2.5L enzyme, thermohydrolysis - at temperatures of 130-140 °C. The chemical composition of the scales of two fish species, the products of its hydrolysis, and the amino acid composition of its proteins have been studied. The amount of low-molecular-weight peptides in hydrolysates of sardine scales was investigated by various methods of hydrolysis. Rational methods of hydrolysis of scales - enzymatic and enzymatic-thermal - have been substantiated. They make it possible to obtain protein supplements with protein content of 83.9-85.2 % with a proportion of active peptides with a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa 91.7-98.1 %. A technology for obtaining protein supplements from fish scales has been developed, and their amino acid composition has been studied. The presence of irreplaceable and ergogenic amino acids, accompanying nitrogenous compounds, valuable in sports nutrition, was shown in the peptide supplement. An increased content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the protein-mineral dietary supplement being important for the musculoskeletal tissues of an athlete has been established. On the basis of protein supplements in dry and liquid forms with the addition of beekeeping products, the technology of chewing marmalade for sports nutrition has been developed. Bioproduct "Apikolltonus" belongs to the class of gainers with a protein content of 20.5 %, a carbohydrate of 41.6 % with an amino acid value of BCAA (isoleucine : leucine : valine) 2 : 1 : 1.5. A multicomponent bar for sports nutrition has been developed using protein hydrolysates of scales, flaxseed and apple cakes, and pine nuts. The bar is functional in terms of the content of calcium and phosphorus, dietary fiber, flavonoids, and vitamin E. Recommendations for the use of new sports nutrition products are substantiated.

Decision making in control systems based on data analysis

Technological processes are always accompanied by deviations from the set mode, which is due to the influence of many external and internal factors. The environmental parameters, the components of input raw materials, and the condition of technological equipment are constantly changing, which requires solving the problem of finding the optimal control parameters and, in some cases, the parameters of the process itself.
 Most industries are focused on obtaining the final product with a given level of quality. Changes in parameters of the technological process may deteriorate the quality of production and cause defects or even emergency situations. To prevent this, forecasting methods are used.
 The task of constructing predictive models based on experimental data is relevant for a wide range of technological processes. Today, predictive models are widely used in management, diagnosis and identification. The vast majority of these models are based on artificial intelligence technologies or methods of mathematical statistics.
 The most widespread forecasting models find application in areas such as banking, insurance, business economics, medicine, diagnostics of technical components and equipment, and forecasting the parameters of technological processes.
 Despite the well-developed algorithm for model development and application, the main problem that remains is to acquire data, select an appropriate model structure, and integrate the model into existing control systems.
 The paper will predict the parameters of the technological process of methanol production under reduced pressure. The production of methanol under reduced pressure is a multi-stage process, and the emergence of problems at some stage will adversely affect further work and the end result.
 Note that there are all problems related to the performance of technological processes in the production of methanol, which are described above. Therefore, another task is to forecast emergencies, taking into account the indicators of all stages in the process. The development of models for forecasting emergencies and controlling thermal regimes and their further integration into the existing automatic process control system is proposed to be performed according to the principles of industrial revolution – Industry 4.0.
 Important components of Industry 4.0 are the Internet of Things, data analysis, and digital duplicates. Each of these components solves a partial problem and, collectively, they provide full automation of production, forecasting of real-time process indicators, and calculation of optimal control.
 The process of methanol production under reduced pressure can be fully automated in accordance with the components of Industry 4.0. First, there is instrumentation that allows the values of technological process to be obtained over time. Second, given a moderate size of these data, one can obtain models of control objects, perform their software implementation, and use them to calculate optimal control or predict the state of the process.
 The paper proposes a variant of constructing a virtual model based on experimental data and its further use with actual values ​​of process parameters.
 A regression model was chosen to develop a model for predicting the temperature regime. Regression analysis allows checking the statistical significance of the parameters, assessing the adequacy and accuracy of the model, and establishing the nature and closeness of the relationship between the studied phenomena.
 It is also important to predict the occurrence of emergency (adverse) situations at the workplace. For this purpose, it is necessary to determine a list of these situations according to the technological regulations and develop a model for forecasting emergencies. There are various forms of presenting a model for forecasting emergencies. A decision tree is one of them. It will be developed for the production of methanol.
 The resulting tree is a graphical structure of the verbal (semantic) model relying on the expert's reasoning in solving problems related to emergencies. This is a network structure, whose nodes indicate potential deviations of the control object from the normal mode of operation. The resulting tree is used to solve forecasting and diagnosing problems.
 For practical use, the decision tree is implemented in software as an "if - then" set of rules. The software is used as an element of a higher-level system in relation to the existing automatic process control system.

Heat-insulating porous material based on glauconite-containing sands and aleurites of the Novodvorskoye deposit of the Republic of Belarus

The results on the research of heat-insulating porous ceramic materials produced using overburden rocks of the Novodvorsk deposit of Pinsk district of the Brest region as the main component of raw materials are presented in the study and the use of bulk rock consisting of glauconite sands and aleurites is recommended. Low-melting clay, basalt and a blowing agent are used as additional components, rational combination of which would ensure the forming ability of ceramic masses and the required set of the physicochemical properties of the material. The dependence of the bulk density, swelling coefficient, coefficient of thermal conductivity on the chemical and mineral composition of the used and raw materials is established, wich is the criteria for choosing composition with the maximum use of overburden and the necessary plasticity of the ceramic mass required for the molding process of raw granules. The obtained results can serve as a basis for the large-scale use of not only the minerals of the Novodvorsk deposit (basalts and tuffs), but also associated – glauconite-containing overburden. This will make a significant contribution to the expanding the mineral resource base of the Republic of Belarus.

Mixed magnesian binders using local silicate waste production

Today, the waste of the mining industry is more than 8 billion tons. Analysis of the literature data showed that most of the man-made waste that is generated as a result of the development of mineral deposits is suitable for use in many industries, in particular, in the production of building materials. The use of technogenic raw materials allows us to solve the following tasks: Environmental aspect - reducing the number of dumps and reducing their volumes. And this, in turn, improves the ecology of regions and territories. 2. Economic aspect - reducing the cost of construction products through the use of almost free raw materials, the release of more competitive products. Of course, it is necessary to provide that part of the costs will be spent on additional processing, revision, activation, modification of this technogenic raw material component. But today we have to think about how to clear the territory of substandard “waste rock” and use it to reduce the production and consumption of natural raw materials. A similar process can create waste-free production.

Thermocracking of a heavy fraction of the oil residue in a mixture with shale

The process of tar thermal cracking in a mixture with crushed oil shale to obtain components of motor fuels and raw materials for the process of thermal cracking is investigated in this paper. The optimization results of technological parameters (shale concentration, temperature, and duration) are presented and the material balance (mass.%) of the process is made. It was found that during single-stage processing under relatively mild conditions (5 MPa, 425C, feed space velocity of 1.0 h-1), a deep destruction of tar is achieved (the yield of the gasoline fraction from boiling point to 200C is ~12 wt.%; medium distillates with boil. point 200370C-43-44 mass.%; raw materials for thermal cracking with boil. point above 370C ~15-16 wt.% on per the original tar). The generating coke-like products and the V and Ni contained in the raw materials are deposited on the mineral part of the shale and removed from the reaction zone with the liquid products of the process.

Advance in Hydrothermal Bio-Oil Preparation from Lignocellulose: Effect of Raw Materials and Their Tissue Structures

The conversion of abundant forest- and agricultural-residue-based lignocellulosic materials into high-quality bio-oil by the mild hydrothermal method has great potential in the field of biomass utilization. Some excellent research on biomass hydrothermal process has been completed, including temperature, time, catalyst addition, etc. Meanwhile, some research related to the biomass raw material tissue structure has been illustrated by adopting mode components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, lipid, etc.) or their mixtures. The interesting fact is that although some real lignocellulose has approximate composition, their hydrothermal products and distributions show individual differences, which means the interaction within biomass raw material components tremendously affected the reaction pathway. Unfortunately, to our knowledge, there is no review article with a specific focus on the effects of raw materials and their tissue structure on the lignocellulose hydrothermal process. In this review, research progress on the effects of model and mixed cellulose/hemicellulose/lignin effects on hydrothermal products is initially summarized. Additionally, the real lignocellulosic raw materials structure effects during the thermal process are summed up. This article will inspire researchers to focus more attention on wood fiber biomass conversion into liquid fuels or high-value-added chemicals, as well as promote the development of world energy change.

Biosorbents for wastewater treatment

Biosorption is a promising technology for removing various pollutants from industrial wastewater, which consists in the use of secondary plant raw materials (e.g., agro-industrial waste) to solve environmental pollution problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of nut shells as a biosorbent, to study the effect of alkaline modification of shells on their properties and to study the use of spent biosorbents as additives in cement. The influence of the fractional composition of the initial material on its sorption capacity and the influence of the modification of shells with alkaline solution on the properties of the obtained biosorbents are investigated. The yield of the final products was determined gravimetrically as the ratio of the mass of the product to the mass of the raw material. The sorption capacity was studied using model solutions. The concentration of sodium hydroxide solutions was determined by titration, and the cationic dye by spectrophotometric method. Methylene blue was used as a test dye. The studies have shown that the fractional composition of the material largely determines its sorption properties. Reducing the particle size of the nut shells leads to an increase in the sorption efficiency of methylene blue from 17.2% for the fraction with a size of 1.5-2.0 mm to 39.2% for the fraction with a size of 0.5-1.0 mm. The static exchange capacity increases by an average of 30 % for each subsequent fraction. To improve the sorption properties of the initial material, along with grinding, it is advisable to use chemical modification. The method of alkaline modification was used, which is accompanied by partial destruction of the aromatic component of raw materials and low molecular weight polysaccharides and by removal of extractives of different nature, which leads to the formation of a more porous structure. The maximum sorption efficiency of methylene blue (80 %) corresponds to the biosorbent obtained from nut shells (fractional composition 0.5-1.0 mm) by modifying with 5 % NaOH solution for 180 min at a temperature of 100 oC. Alkaline treatment significantly improves the adsorption capacity of the biosorbent to the cationic dye compared to the initial material. The sorption capacity of nut shells and biosorbent based on shells was studied as a function of pH of aqueous dye solution and duration of contact. It was found that pH of the aqueous solution had a significant effect on the sorption of the dye and the maximum value was reached at pH 6. This is due to the electrokinetic properties of the surface of lignocellulosic materials - the ability to change charge depending on pH (positive in acidic, negative in neutral and alkaline), due to the presence of different functional groups. The study of kinetics showed that the maximum rate of absorption of methylene blue corresponded to the first 30 minutes of contact. Sorption equilibrium is achieved within 240 minutes of contact. Sorption kinetics was also studied using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models, as well as a diffusion model. The pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99) best describes the absorption kinetics of the cationic dye and suggests that the fixation of methylene blue on the surface of the biosorbent occurs due to various mechanisms. The problem of further use of spent sorption materials is no less important than the efficiency of sorbents in creating an effective integrated water treatment technology. Spent biosorbent was used as an additive to the composition of cement type I/500. The use of plant material in the amount of 5% will not lead to a significant deterioration of the physical and mechanical properties of cement. This indicates the prospects of such an approach in the utilization of spent sorbents. In further research, it is planned to investigate various modification options for plant materials for obtaining highly effective biosorbents of multipurpose function for the solution of environmental problems.

Научные аспекты разработки идентификационных критериев дистиллятов из фруктового сырья

Introduction. Beverages based on fruit distillates belong to elite alcoholic drinks. As a result, there is a high risk of counterfeit. Controlled indicators do not allow identifying distillates by the type of raw material. The research objective was to develop scientifically based identification criteria for fruit distillates. 
 Study objects and methods. The research featured ten fruits and their distillates. It involved three schemes of pre-distillation processing: pulp fermentation, juice fermentation, and pulp fermentation with subsequent maceration. The biochemical composition of raw materials was assessed by the HPLC analysis of mass concentration of sugars, titratable acids, pH, mono- and disaccharides, free organic acids and amino acids, as well as by the sugar-acid index. The concentration of higher alcohols in the distillates was determined using gas chromatography.
 Results and discussion. The research revealed significant differences in the biochemical composition of raw materials, which made it possible to divide it into groups depending on the methods of pre-distillation processing. The groups can be identified by the ratio of the concentrations of the main higher alcohols: 1-propanol to the sum of isobutanol and isoamylol. The revealed differences were caused by the peculiarities of the ratio of organic acids and amino acids. For the distillates of Cornelian cherry, black currant, cherry-plum, plum, cherry, and apricot, the ratio of 1-propanol to the sum of isobutanol and isoamylol was within the following ranges: 0.02–0.06, 0.08–0.10, 0.30–0.35, 0.47–0.51, 0.55–0.65, and 0.69–0.92, respectively. The method of preparing raw materials for distillation did not affect the values of the identification indicator.
 Conclusion. The ratio of 1-propanol to the sum of isobutanol and isoamylol could serve as an indicator for the identification of distillates of Cornelian cherries, black currant, cherry-plum, plum, cherry, and apricot. However, it proved useless for distillates of pears, raspberries, tangerines, and mulberries, since its values were within comparable limits. Therefore, the research requires a GC-MS analysis to determine the concentration and ratios of other specific volatile components in other raw materials.

IMPROVEMENT OF FRUIT-BERRY WINE TECHNOLOГY BASED ON BIOCATALYTIC PROCESSES

In the conditions of Uzbekistan, to increase the ranгe of production of natural and environmentally friendly wine products from fruit and berry raw materials, as well as to effectively use raw materials, the production of export-oriented natural younг wines is a very urгent problem, based on the fact that the purpose of our study was to improve the existinг technoloгies in the Republic. for the production of fruit and berry wines on a biocatalytic basis, by stimulatinг zymoгenic enzymes of raw materials and yeast exohydrolases. To achieve this гoal, berries such as red cherries, strawberries, raspberries, currants and shotut were used as objects. The subject of the study was the creation of a fundamentally new technoloгy for the production of natural and export-oriented wine products from fruit and berry raw materials, as well as the research method was the determination of physicochemical, biochemical, technical and technoloгical parameters and the analysis of orгanoleptic indicators of objects by standard methods. The study showed that under an unfavorable environment, the cells of fruit and berry raw materials fall into stress as a result, under the influence of zymogenic exo- and endo enzymes of plant cells, it degrades biopolymers such as pectin and protein, which are the main components of the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, and a fundamentally new technology was developed, which allows to separate the fermentation process from the extraction of valuable components of raw materials due to the enhancement of the secondary metabolism of yeast associated with "high synthesis" in a controlled fermentation process. Moreover, in the process of carbon dioxide maceration, the yield of high-quality juice from 1 ton of raw material was increased by 10-12%, and the yield of wine material due to a decrease in yeast increased by 3.5%, due to the continuity of the process by 0.7% and the biosynthesis of ethyl alcohol was increased by 1 ÷ 1.5% vol. Natural wine products have been developed that have a pleasant harmonious taste and aroma due to their organoleptic properties.

AGILE MANUFACTURING THROUGH INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

<p class="comp"><em>Inventory management is a systematic approach to sourcing, storing, and selling inventory both raw materials (components) and finished goods (products). In business terms, inventory management means the right stock, at the right levels, in the right place, at the right time, and at the right cost as well as price. Inventory management </em><em>refers to the process of ordering, storing and using a company's inventory. This includes the management of raw materials, components and finished products, as well as warehousing and processing such items. For companies with complex supply chains and manufacturing processes, balancing the risks of inventory gluts and shortages is especially difficult. At the same time, inventory can be thought of as a liability (if not in an accounting sense). A large inventory carries the risk of spoilage, theft, damage or shifts in demand. Inventory must be insured, and if it is not sold in time it may have to be disposed of at clearance prices or simply destroyed. For these reasons, inventory management is important for businesses of any size. Knowing when to restock inventory, what amounts to purchase or produce, what price to pay as well as <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/10/when-to-sell-stocks.asp">when to sell</a> and at what pric can easily become complex decisions. Small businesses will often keep track of stock manually and determine the reorder points and quantities using Excel formulas. Larger businesses will use specialized <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/erp.asp">enterprise resource planning (ERP)</a> software.</em></p>

Industrialization progress of lignocellulosic ethanol

Lignocellulose is an abundant and renewable biomass that is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The development and utilization of lignocellulosic ethanol is an effective way to solve the energy problem/crises, In addition, lignocellulosic ethanol industry can play a significant role in controlling environmental pollution and extending agricultural industrial chain; however, it has not been able to realize large-scale industrialization due to the limitation of both biotechnology and economy. This review first introduces industrialization status of lignocellulosic ethanol, and then focuses on the progress of practical technology and analyzing the economic feasibility of the second-generation bioethanol plant; finally, the future development trend of the industry was prospected. To summarize, continuous technological innovation is needed in vital steps such as pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Meanwhile, for making the cellulosic ethanol industry truly economically competitive, we also need to achieve interdisciplinary, cross-domain integration innovation, such as the construction of raw material collection and storage system, in situ producing special enzyme system, high-value utilization of raw material components, developing a closely integration of biomass refinery with mature equipment and overall industrialization programs, etc. It is hoped that this review can provide a useful reference for the industrialization of second-generation bioethanol.

Properties and microstructure of extrusion-based 3D printing mortar containing a highly flowable, rapid set grout

In this study, a highly flowable, rapid set crack repair grout powder (CRG) was used to facilitate mix design of 3D printing mortar. Various mortar mixtures with different amounts of CRG were evaluated for setting time, flowability, and printability. For the first time, pore/micro-structures of printed filaments and their bonds were examined in detail. The results have provided a better understanding of the anisotropic mechanical behavior of printed mortar. Plausible explanations have been made for the observations that printed samples displayed lower compressive but higher flexural strength than cast samples. It is demonstrated that CRG can be simply used as a raw material component to expedite the 3D printing concrete mix design process since finding the balance among various admixtures (e.g., water-reducing agent, thixotropic agent, accelerator, etc.) is not required.

Evaluating the Waste Prevention Potential of a Multi- versus Single-Use Surgical Stapler.

PurposeWithin the hospital, surgery is recognized as a resource-intensive activity that disproportionately generates large volumes of healthcare waste. Single-use, disposable medical supplies contribute substantially to this problem, and more broadly to the depletion of scarce resources. Given that many surgical procedures utilize surgical stapling techniques, this study uses surgical stapling systems as functional units for evaluating the waste prevention potential of switching from single-use systems (SUSs) to multi-use systems (MUSs).Materials and MethodsTwo frequently used surgical stapling systems, Ethicon’s SUS: ECHELON FLEX™ and Medtronic’s MUS: Signia™ Stapling Technology, were mechanically deconstructed to their individual raw material components to calculate the composition of each system. Total waste as well as extended resource use (the total material requirement [TMR]) were then calculated for three different surgical procedures; laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, laparoscopic gastric bypass, and video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) lobectomy. The differences in outcomes for SUSs versus MUSs were then calculated.ResultsFor each surgical procedure considered, switching from a SUS to a MUS led to a reduction in total waste accumulated per procedure and TMR. Reductions in waste were 40% (sleeve gastrectomy), 70% (gastric bypass), and 62% (VATS lobectomy). The TMR reductions were higher, at 92% (sleeve gastrectomy), 96% (gastric bypass), and 95% (VATS lobectomy). Both waste and TMR reduction were realized with the MUS system as long as the reusable parts were used more than four times. This was true for all analyzed surgical procedures.ConclusionSwitching from a SUS to MUS facilitates a reduction in total surgical waste and TMR for sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, and VATS lobectomy surgical procedures.

Formation and source analysis of potentially hazardous compounds in fried pepper sauce under different high‐temperature stir‐fry conditions

SummaryIn order to investigate the formation and main sources of potentially hazardous compounds in fried pepper sauce (FPS) during the high‐temperature frying process, this study analysed the dynamic changes to the lipid oxidation indices (peroxide value, carbonyl value, polar components and malondialdehyde), components of raw materials and excipients (total sugar, reducing sugars and amino acids) and contents of potentially hazardous compounds (trans‐fatty acids, benzo[a]pyrene and acrylamide) under different cooking conditions. Path analysis was applied to explore the relationships among the study variables. The results show that low‐temperature frying (<190 °C) is beneficial to improve the safety of FPS products. The formation of trans‐fatty acids is mainly related to the elevated carbonyl content caused by the high‐temperature oxidation of lipids. The total sugar, reducing sugars and amino acids in pepper powder and the other ingredients were mainly responsible for the increase in the content of benzo[a]pyrene and acrylamide, which showed a weak correlation with lipid oxidation. Acrylamide is the main hazardous compound in FPS under high‐temperature frying. Therefore, regulating the high‐temperature process and the composition of the raw materials and excipients are beneficial to the high‐quality production of FPS.

The Phytochemical Study of the Populus nigra L. Leaves

From the leaves of the black poplar (Populus nigra L., Salicaceae family) there were for the first time isolated rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside), calendoflavobioside (quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside) (flavonoids) and ferulic acid (phenylpropanoid) by using of liquid column chromatography. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds there were elucidated by means of 1H-NMR-, 13C-NMR-, UV-spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and results of chemical transformations. The isolated flavonoids are the dominant phenolic components of the raw material of the investigated plant. It was determined, that the isolated flavonoids cause the spectral characteristics of the UV spectra of the water-ethanolic extract from the Populus nigra leaves. It was substantiated the expediency of the estimation of the total flavonoids in the leaves of Populus nigra calculated on rutin. As results there was development the method of the quantitative determination of the total flavonoids in the leaves of Populus nigra by the using of the differential spectrophotometry at an analytical wavelength of 414 nm. It was determined that the content of the total flavonoids in the raw materials of the studied plant varies from 2.04±0.09% to 2.99±0.11%. The relative degree of the determination of the total flavonoids in the leaves of black poplar in developed method with confidence probability 0.95 is no more than ± 6.26%.

Технологический прорыв аграрно-пищевых инноваций молочного дела на примере универсального сельхозсырья. Обратный осмос

Aim. Consideration of the membrane technology process – reverse osmosis – by directed and controlled processing of whey and its filtrates through special semipermeable partitions (filter membranes) with a pore size from 0.1 to 1.0 nm, carried out at a pressure of 3.0 - 10.0 MPa with the release of particles (cutting off) with a molecular weight of 100 Daltons. Reverse osmosis allows you to concentrate all the compounds of whey and filtrates, separating almost distilled water (condensate). Discussion. In the molecular sieve separation system, reverse osmosis logically continues the membrane treatment of filtrates (permeates) of native, as well as separated whey and their microfiltrates, ultrafiltrates, nanofiltrates and diafiltrates. In principle, the reverse osmosis process should be implemented to pre-concentrate the whey, which will eliminate its loss (draining) and expand the range of use. OO is promising for processing salted whey with the removal of unwanted sodium chloride, as well as for cleaning the condensate of evaporation plants from the components of dairy raw materials that come with foam and secondary steam. Conclusion. In general, for the dairy industry of the food industry of the agro-industrial complex, reverse osmotic treatment is necessary for the implementation of a closed production cycle with a recycled water supply.

Simulation Of The Process Of Cavitation Treatment Of Liquid Feed

The same fractional composition and uniformity of distribution of raw material components of plant origin in the mixture are the main criteria for the liquid feed quality. This is ensured by the homogenisation and dispersion of feed components using cavitation treatment. The purpose of the study is to simulate the process of cavitation treatment of liquid feed with a rotary cavitation disperser-homogeniser and substantiate its rational design and technological parameters. The task is to create such a rotary cavitation disperser-homogeniser, which allows simultaneously performing technological processes of dispersion, emulsification, and homogenisation of mixture components in a liquid medium with higher productivity, quality, and lower energy consumption. As a result of modelling the action of a rotary cavitation disperser-homogeniser in the Star CCM+ software, the distributions and dynamics of velocities of the liquid phase of the mixture and the pressure and concentration of the gaseous phase of liquid in the diffuser are established, which indicates the presence of cavitation. This confirms the operability of the developed design and technological facilities for the preparation of liquid feed and indicates the expediency of further research to substantiate its technological parameters. As a result of numerical modelling of the operation process of a rotary cavitation disperser-homogeniser, the dependences of the maximum (max) and minimum (min) movement speed of the liquid phase of the mixture in the inlet Vin and in the diffuser Vrot on the rotor speed n, inlet diameter Din and the number of resonators Nhole are determined. The qualitative criterion for evaluating the cavitation phenomenon in the developed equipment is the maximum and minimum cavitation number Xmax and Xmin, which depends on the rotation speed of the rotor n, the inlet diameter Din and the number of resonators Nhole. The value of the cavitation number Xmin=0.08 and Xmax=0.57 is achieved at n=2725 rpm, Din=0.049 m, Nhole=48, which corresponds to a film flow of liquid with a stable separation of the cavitation cavity from the rest of the continuous flow (film cavitation)

Multicomponent carbohydrase system from Trichoderma reesei: A toolbox to address complexity of cell walls of plant substrates in animal feed.

A diverse range of monocot and dicot grains and their by-products are commonly used in the animal feed industry. They all come with complex and variable cell wall structures which in turn contribute significant fiber to the complete feed. The cell wall is a highly interconnected matrix of various polysaccharides, proteins and lignin and, as such, requires a collaborative effort of different enzymes for its degradation. In this regard, we investigated the potential of a commercial multicomponent carbohydrase product from a wild type fermentation of Trichoderma reesei (T. reesei) (RONOZYME® MultiGrain) in degrading cell wall components of wheat, barley, rye, de-oiled rice bran, sunflower, rapeseed and cassava. A total of thirty-one different enzyme proteins were identified in the T. Reesei carbohydrase product using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS including glycosyl hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases. As measured by in vitro incubations and non-starch polysaccharide component analysis, and visualization by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy imaging of immuno-labeled samples with confocal microscopy, the carbohydrase product effectively solubilized cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all the feed ingredients evaluated. The T. reesei fermentation also decreased viscosity of arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, galactomannan and β-glucan substrates. Combination of several debranching enzymes including arabinofuranosidase, xylosidase, α-galactosidase, acetyl xylan esterase, and 4-O-methyl-glucuronoyl methylesterase with both GH10 and GH11 xylanases in the carbohydrase product resulted in effective hydrolyzation of heavily branched glucuronoarabinoxylans. The different β-glucanases (both endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase and endo-β-1,3-glucanase), cellulases and a β-glucosidase in the T. reesei fermentation effectively reduced polymerization of both β-glucans and cellulose polysaccharides of viscous cereals grains (wheat, barley, rye and oat). Interestingly, the secretome of T. reesei contained significant amounts of an exceptional direct chain-cutting enzyme from the GH74 family (Cel74A, xyloglucan-specific β-1,4-endoglucanase), that strictly cleaves the xyloglucan backbone at the substituted regions. Here, we demonstrated that the balance of enzymes present in the T. reesei secretome is capable of degrading various cell wall components in both monocot and dicot plant raw material used as animal feed.

Новый подход к математическому моделированию календарного планирования на промышленном предприятии

The purpose of this work was to build a model of industrial plant management and develop a schedule plan based on it. The paper considers a controlled model of product flows at an industrial enterprise. The model describes the interaction between various objects at the enterprise: production plants, manifolds, overpasses, piers, transport. In addition, the model specifies the composition and proportions of the components of raw materials and additives for each type of manufactured product, as well as physical constraints on the objects involvedin the production process. This brings us to the model of both the quality functional and equality and inequality constraints in the mathematical formulation. After building the model, the original control problem was reduced to two problems: direct and inverse. The numerical solution of both is provided in a close relationship between them. The study uses the findings from the theory of mathematical modeling, linear algebra and optimization theory, and leads to the development of the technique of building models of scheduling at an enterprise and numerical methods for solving the corresponding management problems. The research results are of great practical importance and can be used for effective management of the production process in many industries

A Review Study on Bicomponent (Bico) Fibre/ Filament

Bi-component fibers are fibers that in a single fiber consist of two distinct raw material components. It is made by simultaneously spinning two compositions in each capillary of the spinneret. Core-sheath (C/S), side-by-side (S/S), segmented-pie (orange) and islands in-the-sea (I/S) are the most common types of bico fibers. The growing demand for non-woven fabrics is one of the growth drivers of the global bi-component fiber industry. In addition, bico fibers are also used in the manufacture of bulky goods, microfiber fabrics, advanced textiles, etc. Various types of commercial bico fibers as well as bico fiber fabrics are manufactured by many companies around the world. However, different aspects of bico fibers, their suitability in various fields of application, and some commercially available bico fibers are briefly reviewed in this paper.