Components Of Products Research Articles

Rapid precipitation of vanadium from solution using melamine as precipitant with high efficiency

AbstractBACKGROUNDSelective catalytic reduction (SCR) can effectively remove NOx from flue gas in a coal‐fired power plant. As the core of SCR technology, the catalyst has a limited lifespan. The process of reducing acid leaching and roasting water leaching can efficiently extract vanadium and tungsten from spent SCR catalyst. For vanadium recovery in solution, the traditional vanadium precipitation process by NH4Cl has the disadvantages of consuming high precipitant dosage and producing large amounts of waste water.RESULTSThis study focused on the vanadium precipitation process using a solution containing vanadium obtained from adopting some steps to handle the spent SCR catalyst. First, melamine was screened out as the vanadium precipitant. Then, the vanadium precipitation conditions were optimized as follows: solution pH value of 1.0, n(C3H6N6)/n(V) = 0.8, 110 °C and 30 min. Under the best precipitation conditions, the vanadium precipitation efficiency of melamine can reach 99.32%. Finally, the mechanisms of vanadium precipitation by NH4Cl and melamine were discussed, respectively.CONCLUSIONThe results showed that the vanadium precipitation process by NH4Cl followed the chemical reactions between NH4+ and vanadium ions, while the vanadium precipitation process by melamine followed the redox and complexation reactions which essentially belonged to the types of chemical adsorption. The vanadium precipitation product was roasted at 550 °C for 2 h to obtain the vanadium product. The main component of the vanadium product was V2O5, with a purity of 93.27 wt%. The total recovery efficiency of vanadium from spent SCR catalyst was 78.24%. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Assessment of pharmacological effects of methanolic extract of Perovskia abrotanoides as anti-asthmatic and hepato-protectant

Natural compounds derived from plants have been extensively employed in conventional treatments and are a key component of medicinal products. Perovskia abrotanoides, a plant native to Pakistan, is historically used to cure several ailments, while little is known regarding its pharmacological properties. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological characteristics of the crude methanolic extract of Perovskia abrotanoides. Phytochemical analysis indicated many phytoconstituents capable of profound antioxidant activity, which may play an important role as anti-asthmatic and hepato-protectant. Its anti-asthmatic and hepatoprotective properties were evaluated using models of histamine-induced asthma and liver damage brought on by carbon tetrachloride, respectively. Research was also conducted on the extract's phytotoxic, antibacterial, and anticancer effects. The results demonstrated strong hepatoprotective and anti-asthmatic effects; while no harm other than a drop in platelet count was noted. Also, the extract showed significant antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. However, no apoptotic or anticancer potential was found.

Constructing Assessment for Evaluating Critical Thinking and Creative Problem-Solving Skills in the Lesson on Soundwave

The objective of this article is to develop an instrument that can be used to assess the ability to solve creative problems (CPS) and critical thinking (CT) in the context of sound waves. This work is a component of our research on developing a teaching material that includes assessment as a component of the final product. The objective of this instrument is to evaluate students' critical thinking (CT) and critical problem-solving (CPS) abilities both before and after implementing the recently developed mobile learning teaching resources. To construct the instrument, we adhere to the Facione and Osborn-Parness frameworks for CTs and CPSs. Validity testing and reliability testing comprise this instrument development process. We utilize Cronbach's Alpha to assess reliability and the content validity index to assess validity. According to the content validity index results, four of the six items in the CT instrument were determined to be valid. Conversely, the empirical validation test of the creative problem-solving skills instrument demonstrated that the results were valid and suitable for use. The Cronbach's Alpha results also indicated that both tools accurately evaluated students' creative problem-solving and critical reasoning abilities.

A new product development method to incorporating customer sensory preferences in food product design

As the way people consume has changed, the focus of customer satisfaction has moved away from engineering and towards sensory preferences (SPs), necessitating a new approach to product development. This paper introduces a novel product development model that incorporates SP factors. First, utilizing literature and expert input, a domain-specific food sensory attribute knowledge graph is built. Then, SPs/non-sensory preferences (NSPs) are extracted from extensive online product evaluations using Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and sentiment analysis. Customer preferences (CPs) are formed by combining quantifiable SPs/NSPs. Following that, CPs are used to design and distribute product components. To improve customer satisfaction, a new product development approach has been developed. Finally, a genetic algorithm is applied to the optimization model in order to determine the best product development approach. This model has been empirically and comparatively demonstrated to be practical and effective.

Study on the properties and components of solid-liquid products by co-pyrolysis of sludge and cotton stalk

The effects of sludge content and pyrolysis temperature on the pyrolysis process and product properties were studied through the co-pyrolysis of sludge and cotton stalk. Multi-objective fuzzy hierarchical analysis was used to analyze the multiphase properties of pyrolysis products, and describe the internal relationship between pyrolysis conditions and product properties. It has been proved using kinetic calculation that the mass ratio of sludge and cotton stalk is higher than 1:2 required the lower pyrolysis activation energy. According to the comparison between experimental and theoretical results, the addition of sludge is beneficial to increase the bio-oil yield. In terms of product performance, the addition of sludge and increase of pyrolysis temperature both can improve the specific surface area, pore volume of biochar and the pH value of bio-oil, reduce the total acid content, increase the total phenol content and optimize calorific value of bio-oil. The specific surface area of biochar, calorific value of bio-oil, total phenol content and pH were evaluated by multi-objective decision analysis method, the optimum process condition of sludge: cotton stalk = 2:1 at 600 ℃. Under the conditions, the specific surface area of biochar is 57.40 m2/g, the pH of the bio-oil is 8.06, the total acid content is 5.94 mg/g, the calorific value is 27.18 KJ/g and the total phenol content is 47.32 mg/g, respectively. Compared to the pyrolysis product of cotton stalks, the specific surface area is increased almost 20 times, the calorific value is increased by 13 %, the total acid content is decreased by 95 %, and the total phenol content is similar. This study proposed a preparation process of bio-oil with high performance, and provided a theoretical basis for the subsequent co-pyrolysis research.

Experimental investigation of the multi-layer wetting behavior of electrode-separator-composites in lithium-ion batteries

The success of lithium-ion batteries and their application in electromobility is highly dependent on their scalable and cost-efficient manufacturing. Herein, electrolyte filling and wetting are time-consuming and quality-critical process steps, which have been, on the material level, primarily researched on an intra-material level for single-cell components while lacking overarching investigations for inter-material effects during wetting. This study demonstrates for the first time an experimental methodology designed to systematically quantify the interaction effects between different electrode-separator-composites during wetting by varying product components and process parameters. The investigation reveals a quantifiable interaction within a two- or three-layer material combination of anode, separator, and cathode, which can be discerned into distinct anode and cathode interaction effects, maintaining consistency across the product and parameter variations. Through the analysis of activation energy using the Arrhenius equation, the study observe a combinatorial relationship for modeling multi-layer wetting. Multi-layer wetting rates increase by 215 % compared to single material rates. Higher temperatures boost penetration rates due to lower viscosity, but reduce the interaction effect. These insights contribute to an application-orientated understanding of electrode-separator-composite wetting behavior and open up more possibilities for an optimized manufacturing process through expanding methodical exploration of strategies for counterbalancing poor wettability.

Drug-Induced Intracranial Hypertension: The Adverse Effects of Acne Medications and Topical Retinoids.

Tetracyclines and vitamin A derivatives, major components in acne care and antiaging products, have been associated with the development of drug-induced intracranial hypertension (DIIH). Treatment practices and longitudinal visual outcomes have been highly understudied in DIIH. The purpose of this study was to provide management guidelines for DIIH and report visual outcomes of patients with DIIH. This was a single institute ophthalmology center case-control study where patients were seen between June 1, 2012, and September 1, 2023, in the United States. Patients with an International Classification of Disease (ICD) code for IIH and meeting the IIH diagnostic criteria who were taking a tetracycline or a vitamin A derivative during their diagnosis were included in this study. Patients were stratified into the following 3 categories: tetracyclines only, vitamin A derivatives only, or both, and compared with Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum tests. Poor visual outcomes were evaluated for and defined as a visual field mean deviation (peripheral visual measure) of -7 dB or greater. Individuals were followed for up to 1.5 years after diagnosis. Among patients with IIH (n = 839), DIIH occurred in 8.10% of them (n = 68) with 83% taking the medication for acne. 88% of cases were female, and patients had a mean age of 24.96 years. DIIH medications were taken for an average length of 25.79 weeks before diagnosis of IIH. 20.5% of patients with DIIH were not treated with any IIH medication and were discontinued from the inducing drug. 3 patients had a poor visual outcome on follow-up with all of them taking a vitamin A derivative (P < 0.05). Patients identified as having a poor visual outcome did not report discontinuing the DIIH drug (P < 0.05). We propose treatment guidelines highlighting that patients taking a DIIH medication who develop headaches or visual changes should be immediately referred to ophthalmology, removal of the offending agent, and close monitoring by ophthalmology for vision loss. Importantly, vitamin A DIIH may have more severe visual outcomes, but further research is needed to corroborate this finding.

A Bayesian hypothesis testing model for quality control of mass customized cabinet manufacturing process

The demand for customization of cabinets and homes has increased, and customized product components are cumbersome in size and time-consuming. In order to realize the mass production of customized cabinet furniture, research from the custom design, optimization of factory machine production process and quality inspection, as well as the flow of the way, is to realize the fundamental method of large-scale production of cabinet furniture. Based on modern intelligent information processing functions instead of manual ordering, order splitting, and unit parts for reasonable division of classification, optimize the topology of the production line, to achieve modern intelligent production of panels. However, in the production process, there is a lack of on-line inspection of some links, and the yield of the product is affected. This thesis establishes a Bayesian hypothesis testing model based on the topological model of the production line process, and through the actual production data, the defective nodes of the manufacturing process are retraced to achieve the purpose of optimizing the customized production.

Comparative study of polyphenol extraction using physical techniques and water as a solvent: a sustainable approach for the valorization of apple pomace.

Apples are among the most commonly cultivated fruits globally. Approximately 65% of annual apple production is transformed into apple juice concentrate generating a large amount of waste material named apple pomace, which includes seeds, skin, and other components. Disposing of apple by-products directly into the environment constitutes a source of environmental pollution due to its high-water content and easily fermentable nature. Apple pomace is rich in polyphenols that can be utilized as active components in cosmetic, nutraceutical, or pharmaceutical products. The present study aims to describe and compare different physical methods for the extraction of polyphenols from apple pomace. Water was used as the extraction solvent in thermal-stirred extraction (TSE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The best extraction conditions were identified in terms of solid to solvent ratio, temperature, power, and time through a kinetic study. The best extraction parameters were compared environmentally on a pilot scale through a life cycle assessment (LCA). All the results demonstrated the MAE is the best technique to extract polyphenol from apple pomace in terms yield and environmental impact proving that it is possible to transform waste into a sustainable source of bioactive ingredients.

Comprehensive compositional analysis of liquid organic product prepared by industrialized hydrothermal cracking of biomass waste and its potential application as fertilizer

Hydrothermal cracking involves the conversion of organic waste into efficient fertilizer through hydrolysis at temperatures ranging from 180 to 220 °C and pressures of 1.5 to 2.45 MPa, which offers significant advantages in shortening the production cycle, enhancing efficiency, and decomposing antibiotics. As a result, it holds immense practical value for promoting organic fertilizer manufacturing processes globally. The products derived from hydrothermal cracking can be categorized into solid and liquid components. Extensive research has focused on the composition and use of solids, while studies on liquids have mainly examined basic characteristics. The study aimed to comprehensively analyze the components in liquid products prepared through hydrothermal cracking and evaluate their suitability as liquid fertilizers. Specifically, we employed rigorous analytical techniques to accurately identify and quantify medium and trace elements, organic acids, amino acids, and plant growth regulators. Furthermore, we carried out a planting experiment to assess the yield and soil changes following the application of liquid products in maize cultivation. The experimental data revealed that the liquid product contained abundant medium and trace elements, along with 6.22 g/L free amino acids and 9.22 g/L organic acids. It is noteworthy that this liquid product contained 1.22 × 105 pg/mL ABA, 6.26 × 103 pg/mL IAA, 1.07 × 102 pg/mL IBA, and 3.60 × 10−2 pg/mL GA3. The utilization of this liquid product has the potential to enhance the disease resistance of maize crops and promote the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the soil. By understanding the composition of liquid products via hydrothermal cracking, valuable insights can be gained into their potential benefits for agricultural and ecological applications.

Systematization of the assessment of the protein component in enteral nutrition products

Systematization of the assessment of the protein component in enteral nutrition products

Decomposition products of tetrazoles as starting reagents of secondary chemical and biochemical reactions

Rapid processes of tetrazole decomposition serve as sources of chemical energy stored in the five-membered ring, as well as gaseous products, primarily molecular nitrogen. Due to these properties, energetic tetrazole derivatives have found applications in various fields of science, engineering and technology, for example as components of energetic materials and products, as well as in emergency rescue equipment. The review presents an alternative view of the processes of tetrazoles decomposition, focusing on the diversity, differences, and similarities of the mechanisms and degradation products formed under the action of external energy sources. Some of these products are valuable reagents for the synthesis of previously inaccessible substances, as well as promising objects of analytical, medical, and bioorthogonal chemistry.&lt;br&gt; Bibliography includes 140 references.

Immunophenotyping of a population of cultured human umbilical cord cells from Wharton's jelly

BACKGROUND: Against the background of many existing methods of defect replacement in post-traumatic injuries the methods of repair of damaged tissues based on methods using products of tissue engineering and cultures of artificially cultured human cells are becoming more and more widespread in medical practice. The literature reports weak immunogenic activity of human umbilical cord tissues, which makes these cells promising components of regenerative medicine products. Due to possible errors in explant selection and cell transformation in the process of cultivation, it is necessary to reliably determine the phenotype of cells obtained as a result of tissue explantation and their further cultivation. Thus, the specificity of obtaining multipotent mesenchymal cells from human umbilical cord Warton's stool tissues requires reliable identification of the type of the obtained cells. AIM: To obtain reliable features of mesenchymal stem cells in the cell population obtained from human umbilical cord stool tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Methods of cell cultivation, flow cytofluorimetry, immunocytochemistry for determination of surface and intracellular markers of mesenchymal stem cells were used in the study. RESULTS: In the course of work on the identification of cells of the population obtained by culturing explants from human umbilical cord Wharton stool, the heterogeneity of the type of cells constituting the cell population was established. Most of them are mesenchymal stem cells carrying fluorescent markers CD45, CD73, CD34, CD29, CD90, CD44, CD105, which agrees with the immunophenotype of mesenchymal stem cells defined by the International Society for Cell Therapy. The ratio of the applied markers allows us to refer the population of cells obtained by direct explantation of Varton's gelatin tissue fragments to mesenchymal stem cells. Visual control confirmed the localisation of labelled antibodies on the surface of cultured cells. And also, it was shown that there were no vascular muscle cells in the obtained culture. CONCLUSION: As a result of experiments on identification of the cells obtained during explantation of Wharton's jelly tissue fragments and their further cultivation, their belonging to mesenchymal stem cells was established by immunofluorescence cytophotometry.

Investigation on the influences of CaO on tar of biomass model compounds by Boltzmann-Monte Carlo-Percolation (BMCP) model

CaO have been widely used in biomass thermal conversion processes to deal with tar of biomass. The influences of the CaO on the function groups or intermediates of the bio tars are crucial because strategies on refining bio tars can be determined. The pyrolysis experiments of three typical model compounds, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, are carried out in a multi-stage tube followed by a cold trap. The influence of CaO can be analyzing the products distribution and components obtained from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry technologies with and without CaO-loaded honeycombs. As the adsorbed matters on CaO-loaded honeycombs are hardly to be analyzed, the Boltzmann-Monte Carlo-Percolation model is introduced to make further investigations on the possible influence of CaO. The experimental results suggest that generations of unsaturated structures are inhibited by CaO, and the comparison of simulation and experimental results suggest that aliphatic carbon-centered radicals rather than oxygen-centered radicals are adsorbed and stabilized by CaO.

Simulation Analysis and Image Processing of the Exhaust Silencing Chamber and Coil

The compressor is the most core component of refrigeration products, and its performance directly affects the overall performance of the product. The exhaust silencing chamber and coil are key components of a refrigeration compressor, and their working stability and lifespan determine the reliability and economy of the refrigeration compressor. This paper obtains reference data for the fluid domain of the exhaust silencing chamber through simulation analysis and image processing of the existing exhaust silencing chamber structure and inner diameter size of the coil. Then, the optimal model of the prioritized exhaust chamber is obtained through pattern recognition method. Based on the image processing method, the internal flow field of the exhaust chamber are obtained, providing a strong reference for the optimal structural design of the exhaust silencing chamber and coil of the refrigeration compression body.

Emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds from consumer spray products based on product type, spray method, and distance

Consumer spray products (CSPs) are widely used in daily life, yet it is challenging to find products that fully disclose all components posing health risks. Existing studies primarily focus on product components or VOC quantities emitted during use. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the VOC concentrations emitted by CSPs at varying distances. 47 CSPs available in the Korean market were selected, spanning three spray groups: antiseptics/insecticides (11), aromatic deodorants (16), and coating/polishing agents (20). VOC in air samples were collected using Tenax TA tube at a distance of 1 and 3 m from the sprayed CSPs and then analyzed by thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry system. Discrepancies were found between labeled and actual product components. Aromatic deodorants exhibited the highest total VOCs (TVOCs), while antiseptic/insecticide sprays exhibited the lowest. In the antiseptic/insecticide group and coating/polishing agent group, benzene as a propellant had a maximum concentration (30.9 ± 25.6 ppb), and as trigger, its concentration was 33.7 ± 30.7 ppb. Quantitative analysis using advanced analytical instruments only explained 26.1 ± 20.4% of toluene-equivalent TVOCs, suggesting the presence of additional substances. Concentrations varied by distance due to substance volatility and usage. Maintaining a distance of at least 1 m from CSPs is recommended.

A Study on the Efficient Degradation of Sulfur Hexafluoride by Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge Synergistic Active Gas

SF6 is a strong greenhouse effect gas, which is widely used in high-voltage electrical equipment such as circuit breakers and high-voltage switchgear because of its excellent insulation performance and arc extinguishing ability. In recent years, the use and emission of SF6 have been rising, and with the proposal of the dual carbon strategic goal, its harmless degradation has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, SF6 was degraded by pulsed DBD plasma technology and O2. Studies have shown that the addition of O2 can effectively promote the degradation of SF6. With the increase in the added O2 content, the DRE and EY of SF6 first increased and then decreased. Under the conditions of the input power of 50 W, SF6 concentration of 2%, and gas flow rate of 50 mL/min, the reaction system obtained the highest DRE and EY of 58.40% and 5.24 g/kWh when the O2 content was 1%, respectively. In the SF6/Ar/O2/H2O system, the addition of H2O could improve the product selectivity of SO2F2, and when the O2 concentration was 1%, the highest selectivity of SO2F2 was 48.96%, and the concentration was 8006.76 ppm. The addition of O2 inhibited the production of SO2, and with the addition of the O2 system, SO2F2 and SOF4 were the main components of degradation products; however, there were also SOF2, SO2, SiF4, SF4, etc. In this paper, the decomposition path of O2 under SF6 was analyzed in detail according to infrared spectroscopy and decomposition products.

Functional Nutrients and Jujube-Based Processed Products in Ziziphus jujuba.

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is the first tree species in China, with a long history and abundant yield. However, fresh jujubes have a short shelf-life and are not resistant to storage. Therefore, more and more processed jujube products are being studied. These processed products can extend the shelf-life of jujubes and attract widespread attention for their rich functional nutrients. This review summarized changes in nutrients of fresh jujube and processed products and the research progress of different preparation methods of jujubes. Meanwhile, the pharmacological effects of bioactive components in jujube-based products were concluded. Jujube and its processed products contain rich polysaccharides, vitamin C, and other functional nutrients, which are beneficial to humans. As the initial processing method for jujubes, vacuum freezing or microwave drying have become the most commonly used and efficient drying methods. Additionally, processed jujube products cannot be separated from the maximum retention of nutrients and innovation of flavor. Fermentation is the main deep-processing method with broad development potential. In the future, chemical components and toxicological evaluation need to be combined with research to bring consumers higher quality functional jujube products and ensure the sustainable development of the jujube industry.

Effect of Pore Architecture of 3D Printed Open Porosity Cellular Structures on Their Resistance to Mechanical Loading: Part I – Experimental Studies

Abstract The development of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques has sparked interest in porous structures that can be customized in terms of size, shape, and arrangement of pores. Porous lattice structure (LS, called also lattice struct) offer superior specific stiffness and strength, making them ideal components for lightweight products with energy absorption and heat transfer capabilities. They find applications in industries such as aerospace, aeronautics, automotive, and bone ingrowth applications. One of the main advantages of additive manufacturing is the freedom of design, control over geometry and architecture, cost and time savings, waste reduction, and product customization. However, the designation of appropriate struct/pore geometry to achieve the desired properties and structure remains a challenge. In this part of the study, five lattice structs with various pore sizes, with two volume fractions for each, and shapes (ellipsoidal, helical, X-shape, trapezoidal, and triangular) were designed and manufactured using selective laser sintering (SLS) additive manufacturing technology. Mechanical properties were tested through uniaxial compression, and the apparent stress-strain curves were analyzed. The results showed that the compression tests revealed both monotonic and non-monotonic stress-strain curves, indicating different compression behaviors among the structures. The helical structure exhibited the highest resistance to compression, while other structures showed similarities in their mechanical properties. In Part II of this study provides a comprehensive analysis of these findings, emphasizing the potential of purpose-designed porous structures for various engineering applications.

ДОКТРИНА ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЕЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ В ЦЕЛЯХ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОСТИ БИЗНЕС-СТРУКТУР В СФЕРЕ МЕБЕЛЬНОГО РЫНКА

The article examines the relationships between the elements of competitiveness in order to ensure the innovativeness of business structures. The doctrine, as a system of beliefs and basic principles, serves as the basis for developing a competitiveness strategy in order to enhance the competitive advantages of enterprises. Competitiveness is a multidimensional property, namely, product innovation, plays a big role in achieving a high status in a competitive market. It is necessary to study each element of competitiveness in order to ensure the innovativeness of business structures. Competition forces business structures to improve the quality of their products, use new product components, innovative technologies and innovations in design and sales systems. Business structures in the furniture market need to study the interrelationships of the elements of competitiveness and their impact on the final result. In order to substantiate the doctrine of the interrelations of elements to ensure the innovativeness of business structures, a quality management system for innovations of business structures in the furniture market was defined, built on the blocks of ensuring innovation and quality, quality management and quality improvement, including elements of competitiveness to ensure the innovativeness of business structures: development of a sustainable regulatory framework, creation of the most favorable investment climate and effective competition policy, promoting the innovative activities of business structures, simplifying barriers to doing business in the quality management system of innovations of business structures in the field furniture market. During the research, methods of structural, systemic and functional, quantitative and qualitative analysis, graphic and mathematical methods, and methods of structural and functional modeling were used.