Components Of Products Research Articles

Bioleaching of rare earth elements from ores and waste materials: Current status, economic viability and future prospects.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical components of numerous products widely used in many areas, and the demand for REEs is increasing dramatically in recent years. Physical-chemical leaching is commonly adopted for the recovery of REEs from ores and solid wastes, but concerns over the generation of hazards, operation safety, and environmental pollution have urged the transition to greener and more sustainable leaching methods. Bioleaching is considered an excellent alternative for the recovery of REEs. This review provided an overview on the REEs recovery from primary and secondary resources via different bioleaching strategies. The techno-economics of bioleaching for REEs recovery were highlighted, and key factors affecting the economic viability of bioleaching were identified. Finally, strategies including the utilization of low-cost substrates as feedstocks, non-sterile bioleaching, recycling and reutilization of biolixiviants, and development of robust bioleaching strains were proposed to improve the economic competitiveness of bioleaching. It is expected that this review could serve as a useful guideline on the design of more economically competitive bioleaching processes for the recovery REEs from different resources.

Rapid and efficient removal of organophosphorus pollutant and recovery of valuable elements: A boosted strategy for eliminating organophosphorus from wastewater

Considering the significant hazards of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) and the potential crisis of phosphorus (P) resource shortage, there is a great necessity to develop economically feasible, highly effective, and sustainable strategies to remove OPs and recover P resources. In this study, low-cost microscale zero-valent iron (mZVI) was used to activate hydrogen peroxide for the rapid and efficient elimination of Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS) from the aquatic environment. Compared to the conventional Fenton reaction and commercial mZVI, mZVI/H2O2-based Fenton-like reaction exhibited superior removal performance for THPS. The removal mechanism of the mZVI/H2O2 system for THPS was thoroughly elucidated through the identification of reactive oxygen species, characterization analysis, and theoretical calculation. Furthermore, the valuable components of the degradation products were successfully recovered through thermally induced precipitation of the sample followed by high-temperature calcination. The mZVI/H2O2 system has demonstrated significant advantages in removing organic compounds from various types of actual wastewater and improving the biodegradability of the wastewater. This study presented an environmentally friendly and highly efficient strategy to eliminate OPs pollution and recover P resources. It also provided an easy-to-operate method for remediating actual industrial wastewater.

Research on optimizing the propagation path search of individualized products with multi-source design changes

Abstract The individualization and diversification of customer requirements are gradually affecting the product design and manufacturing process, and the production mode of enterprises is evolving towards customer-oriented mass individualized customization. The change in customer requirements is inevitable in the process of individualized product design, which is the key factor leading to the change in product design. This paper establishes the standard of individualized product parts and components association relationship through correlation analysis, and constructs the individualized product parts and components association network model based on the complex network theory; on this basis, comprehensively considering the influence of parts nodes and association relationship in the complex network, it calculates the intensity of change propagation through the node importance degree and the probability of change propagation, and carries out the search for multi-source design change propagation paths through the improved ant colony algorithm, and evaluates the influence of the change of customer requirement by taking the change rate of the network as the evaluation index, to help enterprises to decide the request.

Stereoselective Radical Acylfluoroalkylation of Bicyclobutanes via N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis.

Cyclobutanes are prominent structural components in natural products and drug molecules. With the advent of strain-release-driven synthesis, ring-opening reactions of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) provide an attractive pathway to construct these three-dimensional structures. However, the stereoselective difunctionalization of the central C-C σ-bonds remains challenging. Reported herein is a covalent-based organocatalytic strategy that exploits radical NHC catalysis to achieve diastereoselective acylfluoroalkylation of BCBs under mild conditions. The Breslow enolate acts as a single electron donor and provides an NHC-bound ketyl radical with appropriate steric hindrance, which effectively distinguishes between the two faces of transient cyclobutyl radicals. This operationally simple method tolerates various fluoroalkyl reagents and common functional groups, providing a straightforward access to polysubstituted cyclobutanes (75 examples, up to >19:1 d.r.). The combined experimental and theoretical investigations of this organocatalytic system confirm the formation of the NHC-derived radical and provide an understanding of how stereoselective radical-radical coupling occurs.

A multimodal in vitro approach to assess the safety of oral care products using 2D and 3D cellular models

IntroductionPeriodontitis, affecting approximately 3.9 billion individuals globally, significantly impacts quality of life and has raised interest in its potential systemic effects. Sodium perborate, a common component in oral care products for biofilm control, is widely used, though concerns about its safety persist. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of six commercial oral care products and varying concentrations of sodium perborate, utilizing human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and keratinocytes (HaCat) as cell models.MethodsExperiments were performed in both 2D monolayer and 3D cultures using MTT and electrical impedance assays, adhering to the manufacturer’s recommended exposure time of 30–60 s for product testing. For the reconstructed epidermis model, a prolonged exposure time of 42 min was applied, following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline 439.ResultsResults indicated that all products and sodium perborate at 1 mg/mL were cytotoxic in monolayer cultures. However, at concentrations relevant to commercial formulations (0.06 mg/mL sodium perborate), no significant toxicity was observed. In contrast, the 3D culture models, including spheroids and reconstructed epidermis, exhibited minimal to no cytotoxic effects for the commercial products, with sodium perborate showing no significant toxicity below 0.1 mg/mL. The reconstructed epidermis model, used as surrogate for oral mucosa, further confirmed that the products were non-irritating, in compliance with OECD TG 439 standards.DiscussionThis study highlights the importance of considering exposure time, dosage, and cellular model when assessing the safety of oral care products. While 2D models are useful for preliminary screenings, 3D models provide a more physiologically relevant assessment, emphasizing the need for robust testing protocols to ensure product safety.

Biofuel production from palm oil deoxygenation using nickel-molybdenum on zirconia catalyst using glycerol as a hydrogen donor

The growing demand for renewable energy has generated interest in biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels. Second-generation biofuels, derived from deoxygenating fats and oils, have garnered a higher level of interest from industry and academia due to their potential for direct replacement of diesel and jet fuels. Palm oil, mostly cultivated in Thailand and composed of C16 and C18 fatty acids, is a primary feedstock sought for biofuel production. Palm oil deoxygenation contains several pathways that may or may not require hydrogen gas. This study aimed to produce biofuels in different fuel ranges, such as gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel, through palm oil deoxygenation using glycerol as a hydrogen source. Glycerol, a low-value byproduct, was used as a hydrogen donor, whereas nickel-molybdenum-supported catalysts were chosen for their high efficiency in deoxygenation and cost-effectiveness. The study investigated the impact of reaction time, temperature, and catalyst activation method on palm oil deoxygenation. Catalyst characterization methods, including XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, FTIR, TGA, and N2-sorption, were employed to understand the role of catalysts’ activity during palm oil upgrading. Findings indicated that alkane hydrocarbons are the major components in liquid products. The presence of excess H2 in post reaction gaseous phase proves the hydrogen donation capability of glycerol. Increased reaction time and temperature facilitated the removal of oxygen from palm oil. Nickel-molybdenum on zirconia activated by sulfidation demonstrated higher stability than by reduction activation.

Potential skincare benefits and self-healing properties of Lignosus rhinocerotis polysaccharides as affected by ultrasound-assisted H2O2/Vc treatment

Natural polysaccharides have been recognized as major bioactive components in skincare and wound care products. In this study, the skincare benefits and self-healing properties of Lignosus rhinocerotis polysaccharides (LRP) and its degraded products (DLRP-1, DLRP-2 and DLRP-3) by ultrasound assisted H2O2/Vc treatment (U-H/V) at different ultrasonic intensity (28.14, 70.35, and 112.56 W/cm2) were investigated. U-H/V altered the internal crystalline structure and microstructure of LRP, and enhanced the thermal stability. Due to the breakage of molecular chains after U-H/V, the moisture absorption of LRP was enhanced but the moisturizing property showed a different degree of reduction. U-H/V significantly improved the antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities of LRP. Furthermore, the results of enzyme kinetic studies showed a mixed competitive-noncompetitive inhibition of tyrosinase activity by DLRP-3 and the inhibition constant of DLRP-3 on tyrosinase was 2.97 mg/mL. The apparent viscosity of LRP dispersions showed a first increasing followed by decreasing trend as ultrasonic intensity rose. U-H/V enhanced the viscoelastic properties of LRP gels without destroying their self-healing properties. This findings reveal that U-H/V is beneficial for improving the skincare efficacy of LRP, providing a theoretical foundation for the applicability of LRP in wound dressings.

Study on pyrolysis process and mechanism of organic coating of waste polyesterimide enameled wire based on density functional theory

The pyrolysis treatment of waste polyesterimide enameled wire offers significant advantages such as continuous processing, non-hazardous nature, and high resource recovery rate. However, research on its pyrolysis process and mechanism remains insufficiently explored. In this study, techniques including thermogravimetry (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), pyrolysis–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(Py-GC/MS) were employed to investigate pyrolysis temperature, weight loss rate, pyrolysis and kinetic parameters, composition and distribution of pyrolysis products, and changes in functional groups under different temperatures and heating rates. The pyrolysis of polyesterimide enameled wire can be divided into three stages: volatilization of specific components (314.8 °C,1.6 %), rapid decomposition of polyesterimide (435.2 °C, 44.7 %), and generation of small organic molecules with the fixation of pyrolytic carbon (750 °C, 9.0 %). The main components of the pyrolysis gas products include aromatic compounds, ethers, aromatics, ketones, and carbon dioxide. At 400 °C, a substantial amount of pyrolysis gas products and free radicals are produced, with an increase in aromatic hydrocarbons. The carbon distribution in the pyrolysis products mainly focuses on C6-C10 and C11-C15, and many organic compounds such as benzoic acid, phenol, and aniline are generated. Based on density functional theory, the bond dissociation energies in the polyesterimide were calculated. This clarified the possible thermal decomposition pathways of the polyesterimide and provided the energy barrier values, elucidating the generation mechanism of pyrolysis products during thermal decomposition. The copper atom in specific location reduces the negative ESP of O and increases the positive ESP of H in EPI, which makes H more likely to attach to O. The presence of Cu increases the ESP range and promote the pyrolysis process. This study provides a theoretical basis for the high-value recycling of waste polyesterimide enamelled wire.

Size and vitality characteristics of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) populations in the Central Bohemian region of the Czech Republic: a case study of non-timber forest products

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is a key non-timber forest product that plays an important role in forest biodiversity and ecosystem function. This study evaluated the vitality levels of eight bilberry populations in the Central Bohemian region of the Czech Republic, examining whether their vitality depends on the habitat type. Morphometric analyses were conducted, measuring 13 static metric and 16 static allometric morphological parameters of bilberry shoots. Statistical methods, including correlation, factor analysis, and ANOVA, were employed to determine the vitality index and population vitality structure based on the algorithm developed by Y.A. Zlobin. The results indicated that bilberry plants exhibit significant morphological variability based on forest conditions, forming plants with specific habitus traits. High positive correlations were found between many morphological characteristics, which were grouped into five clusters, each comprising 2–4 parameters. Among these, phytomass, total leaf surface area, and plant height were identified as the key determinants of vitality levels. Bilberry populations in Central Bohemian forests were classified into three vitality categories: prosperous, balanced, and depressed. The study found that the most vigorous populations, with Q-index values between 0.3333 and 0.4375, were located in associations such as Pinetum (sylvestris) vaccinio (myrtilli)-oxalidosum (acetosellae), Pinetum (sylvestris) vaccinio (myrtilli), and Pineto (sylvestris)-Piceetum (abietis) vaccinio (myrtilli)-oxalidosum (acetosellae). These populations are also of high economic value due to their bioresource potential. The study underscores the importance of habitat type in influencing bilberry vitality and offers insights into future research on bilberry populations as a vital component of non-timber forest products.

The Effects of Enriching Shortbread Cookies with Dried Sea Buckthorn Fruit on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties.

The present study evaluated the physicochemical parameters, polyphenolics content, levels of heat-induced compounds (acrylamide, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural), antioxidant properties, as well as sensory quality of shortbread cookies enriched with dried sea buckthorn fruit (SBF). The SBF-enriched cookies were prepared by replacing 1, 2, 3, or 5% of the flour with dried sea buckthorn fruit. Our results showed the presence of 12 phenolic acids and 5 flavonoids in the SBF, while two phenolic acids and two flavonoids were detected in the cookies. Most of the compounds were identified in the cookies enriched with 5% SBF. Among the phenolic acids, benzoic acid was the most abundant, while among the flavonoids, quercetin was the most abundant. 5-hydroxymethylofurfural was not detected in any cookies, and the addition of SBF contributed to the presence of furfural in baked products and increased the amount of acrylamide, and their content increased with the amount of SBF addition. The addition of sea buckthorn fruit at 5% distinctly exceeded the benchmark level of acrylamide in the cookies and worsened their sensory quality. It should also be noted that SBF significantly (p < 0.05) improved the antioxidant potential determined by two tests, ABTS and DPPH. The SBF-enriched cookies were characterized by significantly higher values of crispness and browning index compared to the control cookies. The results of the study indicate that SBF can be successfully used as a component of bakery products. In conclusion, the cookies with SBF can show improved technological and functional properties and constitute an added value bakery product that could provide health benefits.

The employment of species-specific primer in combination with real-time polymerase chain reaction for analysis of pork in meatball products

In line with the implementation of Indonesian Act No. 33 year 2014 on Halal Products Assurance, the detection of a non-halal component in food products is critical to confirm the authenticity of halal products. The aim of this study was to employ real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) using species-specific primer targeting D-loop mitochondria for analysis of pork DNA in meatballs. The real-time PCR technique was evaluated for the primer specificity, amplification efficiency, and sensitivity as determined by evaluating the limit of detection (LoD). The designed primer was specific to pork DNA, with an amplification efficiency of 82.7%. The developed method could detect DNA in meatballs as low as 10 ng DNA. The reproducibility of real-time PCR was acceptable, as indicated by the low relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.81%. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze pork in meatballs available in the commercial market. Real-time PCR using species-specific primer targeting D-loop mitochondria offered a reliable method for the detection of pork DNA in meatball products and can be proposed as a standard method for supporting the authenticity of halal products.

Increase flavour quality of Sichuan pepper(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.)with optimized cleaning technology: Soaking and spraying

The current study presents the development of a specialized cleaning device for Sichuan pepper, which explores the effects of soaking technology, a combined soaking and spraying technology, and uncleaned on the quality of Sichuan pepper and its processed derivatives. The findings reveal that the highest impurity removal ratio achieved through this combined method was 78.385%. Furthermore, after employing the soaking and spraying technology, the concentration of numbing compounds in dried Sichuan pepper increased from 90.86 mg/g to 102.62 mg/g over a storage period of 120 days. Following the application of three distinct methods, the numbing compounds in Sichuan pepper oils ranged 4.88–4.95 mg/g. Additionally, the volatile oil content in two varieties of cleaned dried Sichuan pepper was recorded at 11.79 mL/100 g and 11.65 mL/100 g, both of which exceeded the levels found in uncleaned pepper. These results suggest that cleaning demonstrated significant efficacy in impurity removal and in mitigating the deterioration of the color of dried Sichuan pepper. Notably, the combined soaking and spraying cleaning method exhibited superior preservation effects on the content of numbing compounds and volatile aromatic components in Sichuan pepper products, thereby effectively prolonging the shelf life of dried Sichuan pepper.

Recovery of ammonia assimilating microbiome after Cr (VI) shock by bio-accelerators

The pretreatment process is often unable to completely intercept heavy metals in wastewater, facing a huge risk of leakage, increasing the difficulty of treating pollutants in the subsequent biochemical process or even leading to the collapse of the system, and facing the difficulty of inoperability and rehabilitation. Heterotrophic ammonia assimilation has the potential to maintain some stability after heavy metal shock, thanks to its rapid microbial proliferation, robust resistance to high loads, remarkable environmental adaptability, and inherent stability. Bio-accelerators dosing strategies could strengthen the performance recovery ability of traditional bio-system after heavy metal impact. However, no recovery strategies for inhibiting HAA have been reported. Herein, three bio-accelerants, specifically, vitamin A, 6-benzylaminopurine, and α-ketoglutaric acid, were investigated for their potential to restore the HAA system impacted by 20 mg/L Cr (VI). The three bio-accelerants effectively mitigated the toxicity of the HAA system, resulting in a 60.4% increase in NH4+-N removal efficiency within just 6 days with cytokinin. During toxicity remediation, three bio-accelerants facilitated the production of extracellular protein components in soluble microbial products and stimulated the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances. The three bio-accelerants enhanced competition among genera and influenced community assembly processes to regulate community structure and enhance functional gene expression. This study offers a practical approach to enhancing the HAA process and remediating microbial toxicity.

Mediterranean diet lowers risk of new-onset diabetes: a nationwide cohort study in China

BackgroundThe Mediterranean diet (MD) has shown promising results in preventing type 2 diabetes, particularly in Mediterranean and European populations. However, the applicability of these benefits to non-Mediterranean populations is unclear, with contradictory findings in the literature.MethodsIn this study, we included 12,575 participants without diabetes at baseline from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Dietary intake was measured by three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. The Mediterranean diet adherence (MDA) was measured by a score scale that included nine components of vegetables, legumes, fruits, nuts, cereals, fish, red meat, dairy products, and alcohol. New-onset diabetes was defined as self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes during the follow-up.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 9.0 years, 445 (3.5%) subjects developed diabetes. Overall, there was an inverse association between the MDA score and new-onset diabetes (per score increment, HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.76–0.90). Moreover, age, sex, BMI, and energy intake significantly modified the association between the MDA score and the risk of new-onset diabetes (all P interactions < 0.05). Greater fruit, fish, and nut intake was significantly associated with a lower risk of new-onset diabetes.ConclusionThere was an inverse association between Mediterranean diet adherence and new-onset diabetes in the Chinese population.

Emerging pollutants: Risks in salmon fish migration. A review

The release of pollutants into the environment is a serious ecological problem due to the significant risks they pose both to ecosystems and to human health. The review considers the issues of detection and distribution of new pollutants, as well as sources of their entry into the environment and potential impact on ecosystems. The problem of wastewater pollution is especially urgent in the context of conservation of salmonid fish species. Pharmaceutical and veterinary drugs, components of personal hygiene products, microplastics, per- and polyfluorinated substances, brominated flame retardants, oil and a number of other toxicants enter freshwater bodies, which are especially important for the early stages of the salmon development and its following migration. The presence of pollutants in the aquatic environment depends on a source, their ability to bioaccumulate, as well as to degrade in the processes of biological and abiotic purification. High-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with gas or liquid chromatography can be recommended for detection of new pollutants. Due to high mass measurement accuracy and high specificity, this method is able to effectively identify pollutants even in the complex fish matrix. When conducting non-targeted and targeted screening with highly sensitive full scanning, it is advisable to use high-resolution mass analyzers (TOF, Q-TOF, Q-Orbitrap), which allow determining a number of new compounds. A promising direction in the complex assessment of the impact of pollutants on salmon fish species and the identification of indicators characterizing this impact is metabolomics. It is based on the study of low-molecular organic compounds — metabolites, both intermediate and final metabolic products in body fluids and tissues. Metabolomic profiling allows identifying important markers of the state of a water body under the influence of pollutants, which is necessary for the development of comprehensive regulations and guidelines for the effective handling of these pollutants.

Evaluation of the Character Education Strengthening Program in Elementary Schools in View from CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product)

This research aims to evaluate the context, input, process, and products in the character education strengthening program at SD Muhammadiyah 05 Pekanbaru. The approach used in this research was qualitative with descriptive methods. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation. Meanwhile, data analysis techniques included reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this research showed that the character education program at SD Muhammadiyah 05 Pekanbaru had proven to be effective. This can be seen from several aspects: First, the context aspect, where most of it has been fulfilled well. Program procedures, which include a clear and detailed vision, mission, goals, and background, were in accordance with community needs. It is evidenced by the increasing number of students studying and student participation in extracurricular activities, as well as student enthusiasm in carrying out character education programs. Second, is the input aspect, where most of the input components have been fulfilled properly. The majority of teachers implemented character education programs effectively. Third, the process aspect, where all components had been implemented quite well. This can be seen from the value of students' discipline and curiosity, as well as the enthusiasm of educators in guiding and directing students in implementing character education, both in the classroom and outside the classroom. Fourth, the product aspect, where most of the product components of the character education program at SD Muhammadiyah 05 Pekanbaru had shown satisfactory results. This can be seen from the instillation of character values carried out, as well as the implementation or habituation of character education carried out by each student in activities at school. Apart from that, the achievements achieved, both in the academic and non-academic fields, also showed the success of this program.

Ethyl levulinate regulates traditional sulfolane biphasic absorbent for energy-efficient CO2 capture

Traditional CO2 biphasic absorbents currently suffer from problems such as high initial phase separation loading, poor product distribution selectivity, and weak dynamic phase separation ability, which limit their potential for industrial applications. This study developed a biphasic absorbent regulated by dual physical solvents by introducing partial ethyl levulinate (EL) into a sulfolane biphasic system. The optimal composition of this system was 30 wt% 1-amino-2-propanol (MIPA), 20 wt% sulfolane and 30 wt% EL. Under dual physical solvent conditions, strong electrostatic attraction between MIPA and CO2 promoted generation of MIPA zwitterions and carbamate. Analysis of the interactions between different product components through electrostatic potentials and with an independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld's partitioning revealed only extremely weak van der Waals force-driven interactions between the reaction products and EL. These interactions substantially reduced the initial phase separation loading and offered precise control over phase transition behavior. Compared with MIPA/sulfolane system, the MIPA/sulfolane/EL system achieved a 48.9 % lower initial phase separation loading, an 11.6 % lower proportion of saturated rich phase volume, a 10.1 % higher CO2-rich phase loading, and a 6.7 % lower viscosity. The excellent dynamic phase separation performance was verified using a customized device and the energy consumption for CO2 regeneration decreased to 2.2 GJ/t CO2.

Minimizing the sum of earliness and tardiness in the multi-factory two-stage assembly scheduling problem

ABSTRACT The geographical dispersion of collaborative factories can provide cost-saving potential for manufacturers and lead them to easier fit the global markets. On the other hand, in such networks of factories, coordination is especially important for the just-in-time delivery of orders. This study investigates a new configuration of factories in a network of collaborative manufacturing. In the first stage, some independent suppliers produce and deliver the different components of the final products to the assembly factory. Each supplier can produce a particular component of a final product. In the assembly factory, the final products are assembled. The objective is to determine the optimal schedule of the jobs in each factory to minimize the sum of earliness and tardiness. A mixed-integer formulation for this problem is proposed, which can find the optimal solution for the small-size instances. The iterated local search methods are also developed to cope with larger instances. Computational experiments show that the iterated local search methods outperform the well-known iterated greedy method in literature.

Enhancing Nutritional Value of Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum L.) Products: The Role of Fruit and Vegetable Pomace

In this study, the quality and health-promoting components in rhubarb products sweetened with isomaltulose and enriched with fruit (apple, chokeberry, black currant) and vegetable (beetroot, carrot) pomace were assessed. All products with added pomace had higher levels of ash (27–65%) and macro- and microelements (5–436% and 5–333%) compared to the sample without pomace. The addition of pomace also increased the total antioxidant activity. The addition of pomace increased the value of gel strength (Fe) by 22–73% compared to the control; the highest value was found in the product enriched with chokeberry pomace (1.71 N). Red (a* &gt; 0) and yellow (b* &gt; 0) dominated all products, and values of the L* parameter ranged from 7.81 to 37.54. The brightest were the products with added carrot, apple, and beet pomace, while the darkest were those containing chokeberry and blackcurrant pomace. The values of the texture parameters decreased after storage, but to a lesser extent in the products with pomace; however, the products with pomace maintained greater antioxidant activity and retained beneficial components better than those without. A slight darkening of the products and a decrease in the proportion of red (a*) and yellow (b*) color was also observed.

Fatigue reliability analysis methodology based on fatigue life and failure mechanism for carburized gear

Gears are one of the important components in mechanical products, and their fatigue reliability determines the safety performance of mechanical products. In this paper, the fatigue characteristics of carburized gears under different torque and constant rotational speed conditions are investigated by using a gear contact fatigue testing machine, and combined with the dynamic maximum contact stress distribution on the subsurface of the meshing gears, the very-high cycle fatigue P-S-N curves of carburized gears under a stress ratio of −1 is established. Local stress concentration in the surface or subsurface of carburized gears causes grain dislocation movement under the combined influence of maximum contact and residual stresses, and then causes dislocation pileup and transcrystalline rupture after being hindered by grain boundaries, ultimately leading to pitting and fatigue failure of gears. Based on the dislocation energy method and combined with the fatigue failure mechanism of gears, a life prediction model of gears with good prediction results is established by considering the interaction of factors such as dynamic load, grain size, initial crack length, residual stress, slip band length and width. A fatigue reliability analysis method of gears is established based on the life state equation of gears considering the life prediction model. Further analyses of the influence of rotational speed, grain size, residual stress, slip band width, slip band length and initial crack size on the fatigue life reliability index of the gears resulted in the conclusion that the fatigue reliability of the gears not only decreases with the increase of the above-mentioned parameters, but also shows decreasing trend with the increase of time. This is of significance for evaluating the fatigue reliability of gears under very-high cycle fatigue conditions.