Municipal Solid Waste Components Research Articles

The Study of Quantity Change and Composition Variations of Municipal Solid Waste in Sareyn as a Touristic City to Improve Municipal Solid Waste Management

Background and Objectives. Investigating the amount and composition of municipal solid waste components, as an essential information, is required to design, operate and optimize the municipal solid waste management systems. The ultimate goal of this research is to explore the quantity change and physical variations of Sareyn municipal solid waste. Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive-cross sectional, conducted. Sampling was simple random and physical analysis was conducted according to the ASTM standard of MSW. Total of 28 samples were taken from the trucks brought to the landfill site. Results: The average amount of MSW production in Sareyn is 19.1 tons each day while the highest amount in summer is 35.1 and the lowest in winter is 10.46. The density of Sareyn MSW in the autumn is in the highest value and in the summer is in the lowest value equal to 386.1 and 349.1 kg / m3 respectively. The putrescible materials; 65.66 percent, have the highest amount, and the rest of the components consisting of plastics, rubbish and trash, paper and paperboard, wood, glass, textiles and metals, respectively. Conclusion: According to the conditions of Sareyn touristic city and in order to provide the required health care, it is necessary to review and plan a proper Municipal Solid Waste Management System, increase the number of collections of MSW during peak periods, locate a new place for landfill, and educate the citizens about the waste reduction and waste separation at the source.

Poor Municipal Waste Management and Its Health Implication: A Case Study of Kabul City

A detailed study of the ongoing situation shows that the solid waste management in Kabul is not appropriate and a set of challenges exists in a different part of the system, local people have more concern with solid waste, but from another side, they devote less attention to them. Most of them do not have knowledge about the impact of hazardous waste and how to separate and recyclable. Management of municipal solid waste in Kabul has travailed neglect from government and the general public. These negligence lead to several health issues such as direct injuries from a contaminated sharp object, water contamination by excreta and effect of heavy metal components of municipal solid waste as well as flood resulting from drain occlusion. All these flowers in the possibilities for the transition of food and waterborne zoonozes, and the emergence and re-emergence of new zoonozes. To ensure environmental protection and opportunity to the public health, more effort is required by the government, environmental agencies, and the general public. The whole system needs a behavioral change from the public site and better waste management practice on the local government side. Solid waste management practices are not adequate and show very common constraint in collection, management, and disposal of solid waste. The problem such as access to the proper facilities lack of treatment program lack of infrastructure planning and technical leadership and lack of knowledge. These efforts should be geared toward public enlightenment and enforcement of policies and legislation on sanitation, improvement of founding, development of recycling, and landfill to improve the standard solid waste management in Kabul.

Waste-to-Resource Transformation: Gradient Boosting Modeling for Organic Fraction Municipal Solid Waste Projection

Food and garden waste are important components of organic fraction municipal solid waste (OFMSW), representing carbon and nutrient rich resources composed of carbohydrates, lipid, protein, cellulos...

Environmental Performance of Municipal Solid Waste Processing Pathways

This study addresses the sustainable design of processing pathways for the utilization and conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) into energy and value-added products. Based on the MSW superstructure we developed previously (capable of producing recycled materials, compost, bioethanol, electricity), we assess the environmental performance of potential MSW processing pathways. A mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is formulated with the environmental objective function in a generic way, to select the environmentally sustainable route for the processing of MSW to energy and valuable products that minimizes the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). A case study of Abu Dhabi Emirate is considered, and the obtained results are discussed. The results show that the most environmentally sustainable route is comprised of (1) recycling of the recyclable components of MSW via material recycling facility, and (2) production of bioethanol via gasification of the rest of the waste followed by catalytic transformation.

Comparative assessment of different municipal solid waste treatment methods based on greenhouse gases emission values

The research is aimed at comparing different methods of municipal solid waste treatment (waste burial, composting, complex recycling) depending on the values of generated greenhouse gases. In order to compare waste burial and composting of municipal solid waste based on amount of generated greenhouse gases the calculation methods used for compiling the National Inventory, were taken. The mass balance method was used to estimate the output of a product of complex recycling. The municipal solid waste components differ by amount of degradable organic carbon and decomposition rate but have the largest mass. The municipal solid waste treatment techniques consist in placing such waste at landfills and dumps which are sources of environmental pollution, for example, by greenhouse gases. There are other organic waste treatment methods, such as composting via different technologies, burning, recycling etc. But all of them are also associated with greenhouse gases emission. Easily decomposed organic waste can be used for production of organic fertilizers, but a mandatory requirement, that is separation from the general municipal solid waste stream at the time of waste production, should be complied with. A complex recycling of easily decomposed organic waste, including anaerobic and aerobic composting is offered as an efficient way of waste management. The article presents a comparative analysis of various methods of municipal solid waste treatment based on the amount of greenhouse gases emitted in the Odessa Region. It considers three waste treatment approaches: all waste mass is to be placed at landfills and dumps, composting of some of park and garden waste and burial of other components, complex recycling of food, park and garden waste and some of paper waste according to the developed scheme. Complex recycling offers the least value of total greenhouse gases emission over a five-year period whereas waste disposal is characterized by the highest value thereof. The complex recovery of components containing bioavailable organic carbon through anaerobic fermentation method excludes emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, as the biogas produced can be collected and extracted. However, over a long period, even after two-stage complex recycling, the total emission of greenhouse gases will be lower comparing to other methods of easily decomposed organic waste treatment. Emission of greenhouse gases in case of waste disposal has a prolonged nature whereas emission of greenhouse gases in case of composting occurs within a short period of time which should be taken into account when analyzing the prospects of solving the municipal solid waste problem.

Briefing: Landfill mining for energy recovery in tropical developing countries

This paper discusses landfill mining (LM) and uses data from tropical landfills in a preliminary analysis of its applicability. It is shown that there is a tendency of concentration of components with high calorific values over time, the contrary occurring with the municipal solid waste (MSW) water content, w, which is normally smaller for aged samples compared to that for fresh ones. This encourages LM adoption in various landfills since more energy can be recovered from MSW with the use of thermal recovery methods (TRMs) and less energy is necessary for MSW drying. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that 4–6 years is enough for most biological processes to occur in the field in tropical regions, making the use of LM possible in few years after landfill closing. The use of TRMs such as gasification is interesting because the produced hydrogen gas (H2) can be used for electrical power generation similar to methane (CH4). However, the use of thermal energy recovery methods in MSW components can result in dangerous atmospheric emissions, which must be controlled and rigorously monitored, as well as the stability of the MSW mass during the excavation process.

Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetics of Typical Municipal Solid Waste Components and Their Mixture: Analytical TG-FTIR Study

Recently, the renewed interest in the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste has been aroused. In this investigation, the pyrolysis behaviors and kinetics of typical municipal solid waste components an...

Batch biodegradability study of fresh and aged food waste: performance and kinetic

Peninsular Malaysia generates 17000 tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) per day in 2002 and it is estimated to increase to 31,000 tonnes per day on 2020, unfortunately food waste (FW) is the largest component of MSW. The high amount of FW generated related to landfill’s main issues such as foul odour, toxic leachate, emission of greenhouse gases and vermin infestation. FW is highly potential in producing methane because it is rich in volatile solid. Therefore, the research trend on anaerobic digestion of FW has shifted for methane production because methane can be transformed to electrical energy production. The objective of this research is to evaluate the methane potential and kinetics of methane production from the anaerobic digestion of fresh and aged food waste taken from fast food restaurant. The methane production under mesophilic condition was monitored by using Automatic Methane Potential Test System II (AMPTS II). Triplicate sample reactors were prepared for each substrate (fresh and aged FW) at IS ratio of 2.0 on VS basis. Besides that, duplicate blank reactors were prepared concurrently, contained only inoculum. The fresh FW resulted in higher ultimate methane yield (Mo) and methane production rate (Rm). Comparing to results from fresh FW, the Mo and Rm observed from digestion of aged FW were decreased by 17% and 27% respectively. Kinetic analysis using Modified Gompertz modelling showed that Mo for fresh and aged FW were increased, as well as for lag phase (λ). Meanwhile the decreased Rm was observed for fresh and aged FW.

Emission Characteristics and Chemical Components of PM2.5 from Open Burning of Municipal Solid Waste

Source emission measurements were employed to investigate open burning of municipal solid waste (MSW). Both barrel and natural pile-up burning of MSW were investigated using a self-designed dilution sampling system. PM2.5 was collected for three types of waste, including rubber and plastic, paper, and wood and bamboo. Then, components in the samples were analyzed and emission factors of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions and inorganic elements were calculated. The PM2.5 emission factor was highest for wood and bamboo, and lowest for paper, and was calculated to be (7.44±0.76) g·kg-1 and (2.72±0.52) g·kg-1, respectively. Barrel burning resulted in much higher pollutant emissions. The PM2.5 emission factor for barrel burning was 2.5-3.5 times that of natural pile-up burning. OC and EC were the main components of PM2.5, with a proportion of 46.6%-67.2%. MSW composition had a greater effect on the OC/EC ratios than burning mode. The ratios could be helpful in the analysis of the emission contributions of different MSW components. The proportions of NH4+ and Cl- were the highest in water-soluble ions, accounting for 2.28%-6.35% and 1.04%-14.31%, respectively. Among inorganic elements, Ca, K, Fe, and Ba showed high emission factors. The emission factor of Zn was the highest among heavy metals, and other elements such as Cu, Cr, Sb, and Pb were also enriched. Zn emission was mainly determined by the burning mode; emissions from barrel combustion were approximately 20 times more than that of natural pile-up burning.

Effects of different combustible municipal solid waste components without/with additives on co-pyrolysis

ABSTRACTThis article studies co-pyrolysis of combustible municipal solid waste (MSW) without/with additives (CaO, CuCl2, zeolite powder, and MnO2). Co-pyrolysis of different MSW components mixing and adding additives in co-pyrolysis could change yield of oil, high heating value (HHV), and products distribution. The yield of oil increases noticeably, but HHV decreases with ratio (sawdust: paper) increasing. Moreover, the yield of phenols increases. After adding fabric, the yield of acids and alcohols increases and that of aldehyde decreases. The yield of oil decreases after adding CaO and MnO2, and HHV of co-pyrolysis increases after adding CaO, zeolite powder, and MnO2. Adding MnO2 has the most impact on the decrease of aldehyde, and adding CuCl2 has the biggest effect on phenol reducing. The yield of ketone is affected most greatly by adding CaO.

Analysis of physical composition and heavy metals pollution of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Beijing

By using on-site sampling and physical-chemical analysis, the physical composition and the contents of heavy metals in Beijing MSW were researched. The result showed that the main components of MSW in Beijing are mainly kitchen waste, the average content of kitchen waste are more than 60% and 50% in summer and in winter, respectively. The pollution of Cu, Hg and Cr are all more serious for MSW in Haidian and Dongcheng district. The heavy metal pollution of MSW in summer is higher than that in winter in Beijing. Seasonal impacts should be taken into consideration when dealing with MSW. The content of heavy metals in MSW exceeded the background value of soil in Haidian and Dongcheng districts. In order to reduce heavy metal pollution, the MSW should be separated collection and treated.

Effect of Calcium Oxide Addition on Tar Formation During the Pyrolysis of Key Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Components

MSW pyrolysis/gasification is regarded as a promising technology allowing for energy and chemical recovery. The condensed tar in the syngas will cause problems in the downstream operations and lower its conversion efficiency. In this study, effects of calcium oxide (CaO) addition on tar formation during the pyrolysis of three key MSW components including bamboo, paper pulp and polyethylene (PE) were investigated using analytical pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and a batch-type fixed bed reactor. The results from Py-GC/MS study agreed well with those from the pyrolysis in the fixed bed reactor, indicating that adding CaO reduced the tar yield and changed its chemical composition. However, the changes of the compounds in the tar were different among the pyrolysis of three MSW components. Taking the naphthalenes as an example, its content increased from paper pulp pyrolysis while it declined from bamboo and PE pyrolysis. Due to the rupture of ringed structures and tar cracking by CaO catalysis, the increase in H2 was observed. Compared with the pyrolysis of bamboo and paper pulp, higher yields of hydrocarbons C2 and C3 were achieved during the PE pyrolysis. The information about the tar formation derived from key MSW components can provide profound understanding of its generation from real MSW and favor the tar reduction or removal.

Methods for determining the methane generation potential and methane generation rate constant for the FOD model: a review.

In the first order decay (FOD) model of landfill methane generation, the methane generation potential ( L0) and methane generation rate constant ( k) for both bulk municipal solid waste (MSW) and individual waste components have been determined by a variety of approaches throughout various literature. Differences in the determination methods for L0 and k are related to differences in our understanding of the waste decomposition dynamics. A thorough understanding of the various available methods for determining L0 and k values is critical for comparative study and the drawing of valid conclusions. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on the available determining methods and the ranges for L0 and k values of both bulk MSW and individual waste components, while focusing on understanding the decomposition of waste, including the role of lignin. L0 estimates in the literature are highly variable and have been derived from theoretical stoichiometric calculations, laboratory experiments, or actual field measurements. The lignin concentration in waste is correlated with the fraction of total degradable organic carbon (DOCf) that will actually anaerobically degrade in the landfill. The k value has been determined by precipitation rates, laboratory simulations, aged-defined waste sample, and model fitting or regression analysis using actual gas data. However, the lignin concentration does not correlate well with the k value, presumably due to the impact of lignin arrangement and structure on cellulose bioavailability and degradation rate. In sum, this review summarizes the literature on the measurement of L0 and k values, including the dynamics and decomposition of bulk MSW and individual waste components within landfills.

The feasibility of putrescible components of municipal solid waste for biomethane production at Hyderabad, Pakistan.

This study analyzes the feasibility of putrescible components of municipal solid waste (PCMSW) such as food waste (FW) and yard waste (YW) for methane production in Pakistan. The batch experiments have been conducted at two different inoculums to substrate ratios (ISRs) by using various inoculums under mesophilic condition. The highest methane yield of FW and YW is achieved to be 428 Nml g-1 volatile solids (VS) added and 304 Nml g-1 VS added respectively by using buffalo dung inoculum at ISR-5. While, lowest methane yield of FW and YW is obtained as 236 Nml g-1 VS added and 151Nml g-1 VS added respectively by using effluent from a continuous stirrer tank reactor as inoculum at ISR-3. The first order decay model has been introduced, which gives best fit for methane potential of PCMSW with buffalo dung inoculum. Additionally, the feasibility of PCMSW in terms of power generation potential has been analyzed. About 60.63 million m3/year energy can be generated by converting PCMSW into methane gas leading to power generation. The finding of this study concludes that the replacement of imported energy and reduction up to 1.62% in other primary energy sources would be achieved, if PCMSW are properly converted into energy through anaerobic digestion in Pakistan.

Anaerobic two stage degradation pattern of fermentable components of municipal solid waste

With increased contribution of household and kitchen wastes in overall MSW and its preferred conversion by biomethanation there is a need to study decomposition rates and kinetics, ‘leachate potential’ and related issues– especially to promote decentralized treatment. Anaerobic digestion characteristics of ten predominant types of the fermentable components (fruits, vegetables and their mixture) commonly found in urban solid waste in Bangalore were examined under lab conditions by monitoring biogas production in micro-digesters at room temperatures (25±3°C). The rate of decomposition, the pattern of fit and extent and rate of biogas production from these potential feedstocks are analyzed to understand the degradation kinetics. All feedstocks showed a two stage linear fit for gas production comprising of a rapid initial phase lasting 10-20days accounting for >70% gas production followed by a slower second phase. Degradation could be predicted using a two stage linear fit transiting from initial to a second stage at an appropriate unique transition point, yet similar amongst fruits or vegetables. The need for large aceticlastic capability (rapid initial degradation) thus becomes a criteria for biomethanation process of such feedstocks.

BIODEGRADABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT BY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION: A COMPARISON BETWEEN POLICY APPROACHES AND REGULATION IN ITALY AND ISRAEL

Biodegradable waste is a significant component of municipal solid waste (MSW); anaerobic digestion allows the recycling of this waste. This paper presents a comparison between definitions, management, and usage of digestate/sludge and sewage from the anaerobic digestion (AD) of biodegradable waste in Italy and Israel in light of the legislation in both countries. Italian legislation is focused on three main components of the whole management/ recycling chain of bio-waste: the source of the waste, the characteristics of the digestate, the environmental matrix (i.e., soil and water) affected by the use of the digestate. Some relevant differences are currently present in the legislation concerning bio-waste and the sewage sludge management. In particular, both EU and Italian legislation lack specific “end-of-waste criteria” regarding the digestate from the AD of bio-waste. The legislation in Israel, on the other hand, is more focused on the application of the digestate and sewage from AD plants on soil rather than the source of the bio-waste. The focus on the end product (waste, water or sludge) is due to scarcity of water as well as soil sensitivity for agriculture use. The comparison indicates profound differences between the two countries, revealing inter alia advantages and disadvantages.​

ЭКСЕРГЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПОЖАРНОЙ ОПАСНОСТИ ПЕРЕВОЗОК НА ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОМ ТРАНСПОРТЕ

Introduction. The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the important problems of our time. Security is only possible when solving this problem. The amount of MSW is steadily increasing. The project of garbage transportation from Moscow and St. Petersburg by railway is begins to have results to solve problems related to waste management. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the possibility and advantages of using the exergy fire risk assessment of transportation of MSW in railway transport. Theory and calculations. The concept of chemical exergy is used to effectively design energy conversion processes, study the level of environmental impact of equipment and technologies, and determine the possibility of minimizing it. The exergy method can be applied to the assessment of energy-ecological efficiency and the fire hazard of the transport of dangerous waste by train. Analysis of changes in the morphological composition of the waste was implemented from the 20 s of XX century to the present. Formulas for calculating chemical exergy and HHV of MSW were presented. Results and discussion. The values of chemical exergy and HHV of MSW are determined. An in­crease in the values of these indicators was acknowledged, which is determined by changes in the morpho­logical composition of the waste. The dependence between exergy and HHV for the components of MSW was obtained, the correlation coefficient is R 2 = 0.975. The dependence between the exergy of TCR of different morphological composi­tion and the HHV, R 2 = 0.977, was built. As a result, an analysis of changes in these characteristics was proven by years and the determinated by cities in Russia. It was proposed to introduce the concept of “exergy” in the procedure for determining the hazard class of MSW. The advantages of the exergy assessment of the fire danger of traffic on the railway transport are revealed. Conclusion. The exergy approach allows to comprehensively address the issues of energy-ecological efficiency and fire hazard of waste management processes in railway transport. Accounting for indicators of fire hazard through exergy when assigning the hazard class MSW contributes to improving the safety of traffic on the railway transport.

Combustion characteristics of typical model components in solid waste on a macro-TGA

The combustion characteristics of nine typical model components (PE, PET, PVC, PS, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin and starch) in municipal solid waste were experimentally investigated on a custom-designed macro-thermal gravimetric analyzer (macro-TGA) at three heating rates of 10, 20 and 30 °C min−1. The combustion characteristics of biomass components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin and starch) were a little more complex than those of plastics (PET, PET, PVC and PS), which indicated that combustion was related to not only proximate analyses results, but also the chemical structure and specific chemical reactions. With the increase in the heating rates, the decomposition of all samples except for lignin was delayed. The main peak temperature of 20 °C min−1 was 30–55 °C higher than that of 10 °C min−1 and 20–40 °C and lower than that of 30 °C min−1 on macro-TGA. Some adjacent peaks in the differential thermogravimetric curves moved closer to each other or overlapped together. The residues of biomass components rose evidently with the increase in the heating rate from 10 to 20 °C min−1, while the plastic components almost burned out during combustion. The kinetics analysis based on Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method was used to calculate the activation energies of the samples. The activation energies of biomass components on the macro-TGA were mostly below 50 kJ mol−1, whereas those of plastic components were mainly between 40 and 140 kJ mol−1.

Effects of temperature and particle size on the biochemical methane potential of municipal solid waste components

The effects of temperature and substrate size on the biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay were tested using eight municipal solid waste components. Two sample sizes were tested; size-reduced particles (x < 2 mm) which are typically used for BMP assays and unground samples (x > 20–100 mm) more similar to an as-disposed condition. Two incubation temperatures (35 and 55 °C) were tested for each component. BMPs for office paper, newspaper, paperboard, and coated paper displayed little difference with regards to temperature or particle size. Mesophilic corrugated cardboard BMPs were significantly greater than their thermophilic counterparts. Hardwood, softwood, and cotton BMPs varied with particle size and temperature. Particle size reduction may increase the bioavailable carbon compounds for wood, but this step was not necessary to achieve similar methane yields for paper products. Extrapolating BMP results to predict landfill methane generation may have greater uncertainty for wood wastes and cotton textiles than paper products.

Optimal processing route for the utilization and conversion of municipal solid waste into energy and valuable products

A systematic design of municipal solid waste (MSW) management system can lead to identify a promising and/or sustainable way of handling MSW by processing it into energy and valuable products. In this study, a systematic framework is developed for the superstructure-based optimization of MSW processing routes. The proposed superstructure includes the potential technological alternatives (such as recycling, composting, anaerobic digestion with electricity generation, gasification followed by catalytic transformation, gasification with electricity generation, plasma arc gasification with electricity generation, pyrolysis with electricity generation, incineration with electricity generation, and landfill with electricity generation) for producing valuable products from MSW. Based on the developed superstructure, a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is developed to identify the optimal MSW processing pathways considering two different MSW handling scenarios. For ease of the solution, the MINLP model is linearized to its equivalent MILP form, and solved in GAMS. The solution to the optimization problem provides the optimal/promising route for the synthesis of useful products from MSW under chosen economic objective function. The developed framework is applied on a case study of Abu Dhabi Emirate to find the optimal processing pathway for handling and processing of MSW into energy and value-added products. The optimization results show that an integrated pathway comprising of recycling the recyclable components of MSW along with the production of bioethanol from the rest of the waste via gasification followed by catalytic transformation can provide potential economic benefits. A sensitivity analysis is also executed to investigate the effect of key economic and technical parameters on the optimization results.