Feedstock Components Research Articles

RESEARCH OF EFFECT OF DPEI-PROCESSING OF SHIITAKE FRUIT BODY ON PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MUSHROOM SUSPENSION

The use of discrete-pulse energy input (DPEI) mechanisms in various industries has become a reliable tool for the intensification of heat and mass transfer processes in various technological lines and reduction of specific energy consumption. The study of structural transformations in heterogeneous systems under influence of mechanisms of DPEI opens up new possibilities for their use as evidenced by this article. Under certain conditions it is possible to prepare a mushroom suspension with specified characteristics for drying and enhance medicinal properties of the obtained powder product while retaining all valuable components of feedstock.
 The article presents the results of research of DPEI-processing effect of the shiitake mushroom fruit body on the on physical and mechanical properties and structural characteristics of the mushroom suspension. The influence of hydro module, temperature of the suspension and the layout of the working bodies of the rotor-pulse apparatus (RPA) on its dynamic viscosity was studied and the possibility of reducing viscosity by 2-3 times is shown. An analysis of mushroom suspension microstructure has showed that with a certain layout of the working bodies of the RPA it is possible to control the degree of dispersion of particles and change the spatial structure of the aggregates in the volume of the dispersion medium. It is determined that self-organization of spatial aggregates from individual hyphae in such suspensions occurs over time. Moreover, the smaller the size of hyphae (≤ 25 microns after the RPA of the first version of the arrangement: rotor-stator-rotor) are, the larger the size of the spatial aggregates are formed. After the RPA with the second layout option, the fragments of hyphae had sizes ≥ 50 μm, but the dimensions of the spatial aggregates were three times smaller.
 It is found that after three times passing of the mushroom suspension through the RPA and its subsequent treatment in the cavitation device, the dynamic viscosity of the suspension is reduced by 20%.
 Confirmation of the the effectiveness of the DPEI-mechanisms in obtaining mushroom suspension is that due to the hydromechanical destruction of the polysaccharide structures of the chitin-glucan complex of the shiitake mushroom the content of the bioavailable complex of water-soluble oncostatic and immunoregulatory polysaccharides in the powder obtained by drying the mushroom suspension in an experimental spray dryer increased 6 times. References 13, figures 6.

Comparative analysis of catalyst operation in the process of higher paraffins dehydrogenation at different technological modes using mathematical model

This paper presents the results of comparative analysis of three run cycles of platinum catalyst for higher paraffins C9–C14 dehydrogenation process, performed using mathematical model. The results of model calculations were compared with the experimental data obtained at the industrial unit. It was established that deactivation of the platinum dehydrogenation catalyst is influenced by the technological modes of its operation, such as temperature, pressure, hydrogen/feedstock molar ratio and water supply. In the process of higher paraffins dehydrogenation, the phenomenon of platinum catalyst self-regeneration is observed. This occurs due to the action of feedstock components, in particular water and hydrogen involved in oxidation and hydrogenation of intermediate condensation products (coke structures). Model calculations showed that with a decrease in the hydrogen/feedstock molar ratio and simultaneous increase in water supply, depending on the temperature and composition of feedstock, it is possible to slow down deactivation process and increase the catalyst service life. This fact was experimentally confirmed at industrial unit.

Cocoa bean shell waste valorisation; extraction from lab to pilot-scale cavitational reactors

The use of zero-waste processes to integrate food-waste valorisation into the circular economy equation is currently one of the hottest topics in sustainability research. This goal is still far from being fully achieved despite the release of a number of patents and papers that deal with the topic.The present work aims to valorise cocoa shells, one of the main by-product of the roasting process, in order to enhance the effective extraction of high added value compounds by means of green protocols. The high potential added value of the residual waste has been demonstrated via a direct analytical comparison of extracts and bean composition.A range of raw matrix extraction procedures have been investigated in order to define the best solvent and technology; ultrasound (US) and hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) were compared with conventional methods. The high-energy microenvironments generated by cavitation substantially promote fast biomass deconstruction with low energy consumption. The optimized protocol couples a HC reactor with a ternary water/ethanol/hexane mixture, simultaneously providing a hydrophilic product, which is rich in methylxanthines and polyphenols, and a lipid layer.Sequential milling and sieving pretreatment provided an enriched shell fraction via the partial removal of husk fibres (54.45 vs. 81.36 w/w % total fibres). The disposal of the latter reduces mass balance, but is rerouted into animal feedstock components and crop mulching.The protocols herein reported produce valuable extracts, which are rich in antioxidant flavanols (catechins and epicatechins), theobromine (32.7 ± 0.12 mg/g shells), caffeine (1.76 ± 0.08 mg/g shells) and cocoa butter, in a simple and easy manner. This new valorisation process afforded 20.5 w/w % and 15.8 w/w % hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions, respectively, when scaled up to function in a pilot flow reactor. The fatty acids, obtained in remarkable yield (forming the 96.4 w/w % of the total light part) well match the commercial cocoa butter profile. The antioxidant extract shows an impressive total phenolic content of 197.4 mg/g extract (gallic acid eq.), with a radical scavenging activity of 62.0 ± 3.1 μg/mL (expressed in DPPH EC50). This work should facilitate industrial design for the convenient recovery of cocoa by-products as part of a zero-waste strategy.

Investigation of the Effect of Ultrasonication on the Properties of Feedstock for Production of Compounded Road Asphalts

The influence of ultrasound on the physicochemical and rheological properties of bituminous feedstocks (vacuum residues of West Siberian and heavy Arlan oils, heavy vacuum gas oil, distillate oil fraction, black oil fraction) for the manufacturing of road asphalt by compounding a blown product with unoxidized feedstock has been studied. It has been shown that ultrasonication leads to a change in the chemical group composition and decreases the kinematic viscosity and density of the feedstock components. The homogeneity of the compounded asphalts obtained has been assessed by studying dynamic viscosity with a rotational rheometer under conditions of a multiple change (from 1.5 to 30 s-1) of shear rate. For an asphalt sample obtained by conventional mixing of components, the relative change in dynamic viscosity after the shear load was 58.5%. An asphalt sample obtained by compounding with ultrasonic treatment has shown a smaller change in dynamic viscosity by 32.2% and, hence, better resistance to shear loads during use as part of asphalt concrete.

Formation of Polycondensation Products in Heavy Oil Feedstock Hydroconversion in the Presence of Ultrafine Catalyst:Physicochemical Study

The formation of polycondensation products in the hydroconversion of heavy oil feedstock is studied in the flow regime in the presence of an in situ synthesized ultrafine catalyst (MoS2). Experiments show that, to a conversion level specific to every feedstock, the coke yield attained by variation in temperature or contact time remains close to zero; subsequently it begins to grow exponentially. The observed regularity is associated with a difference in the rates of reactions involving feedstock components and the presence of coke precursor—asphaltenes—in the feedstock. A relationship is revealed between the amount of formed coke, the content of asphaltenes in the feedstock, and the Hildebrand solubility parameter, which characterizes the ability of the dispersion medium to maintain asphaltenes in the dispersed state without agglomeration.

Engineering Escherichia coli for efficient coproduction of polyhydroxyalkanoates and 5-aminolevulinic acid.

Single-cell biorefineries are an interesting strategy for using different components of feedstock to produce multiple high-value biochemicals. In this study, a strategy was applied to refine glucose and fatty acid to produce 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). To express the ALA and PHAs dual-production system efficiently and stably, multiple copies of the poly-β-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthesis operon were integrated into the chromosome of Escherichia coli DH5αΔpoxB. The above strain harboring the ALA C5 synthesis pathway genes hemA and hemL resulted in coproduction of 38.2% PHB (cell dry weight, CDW) and 3.2g/L extracellular ALA. To explore coproduction of ALA and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), the PHBV synthetic pathway was also integrated into engineered E. coli and coexpressed with hemA and hemL; cells produced 38.9% PHBV (CDW) with 10.3mol% 3HV fractions and 3.0g/L ALA. The coproduction of ALA with PHB and PHBV can improve the utilization of carbon sources and maximize the value derived from the feedstock.

Preparation of SS316L MIM feedstock with biopolymer as a binder

This paper focus on feedstock preparation for SS316L metal injection molding (MIM) part. The primary step of feedstock preparation, critical powder loading determined by two method; maximum filled volume calculation model and torque analysis. The critical powder loading determined by calculation was 70 vol% to 77 vol% while for experimental approaches shows the value of 75 vol%. The feedstock was prepared by mixing SS316L powder and polymer binder with ratio 70:30 at 175 °C with speed of 50 rpm. The feedstock was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The composition for the feedstock after preparation step was confirmed by TGA. It was found that the prepared feedstock component was compatible to each other and composition is maintain along the mixing step.

Impact of Zr Incorporation into the Ni/AlSBA-15 Catalyst on Its Activity in Cellulose Conversion to Hydrogen-Rich Gas

This work focused on the investigation of the effect of zirconium incorporation into the structure of the Ni/AlSBA-15 catalyst on its performance in high-temperature conversion of cellulose (the main component of lignocellulosic feedstock) to hydrogen-rich gas. The modified supports were prepared by direct incorporation of zirconium and impregnation methods. The obtained results exhibited that introduction of zirconium into the structure of Ni/AlSBA-15 allowed for a considerable increase in the amount of hydrogen produced in the studied process in comparison to unmodified Ni/AlSBA-15 material. The characterization of physicochemical properties of the investigated materials (X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, etc.) showed that the preparation of mesoporous Ni/ZrAlSBA-15 with the use of the direct synthesis method led to obtaining ...

Synergistic effects in steam gasification of combined biomass and plastic waste mixtures

Steam gasification of combined biomass and plastics at different mass ratios of biomass to plastic was investigated in a semi-batch reactor at 1173 K and atmospheric pressure using different types of plastics. The specific plastics examined were black polycarbonate (BPC), polyethylene-terephthalate (PET), and polypropylene (PP). The chemical composition of the syngas yield evolved measured using a microGC revealed synergistic effects on the role of biomass and plastics during gasification. The observed synergy was quantified from a direct comparison of the results on cumulative gas yields from biomass-plastics mixtures as compared to the corresponding weighted aggregate results from the gasification of separate feedstock components. The results showed that the total syngas as well as H2, CO, and CO2 yields enhanced using mixtures, while the light hydrocarbon gas yields reduced in the order of PP > BPC > PET. The increase of H2 and CO with the reduction in hydrocarbon yield revealed synergistic enhancements from the secondary steam reforming reactions. TGA data from co-pyrolysis of BPC and PET with biomass revealed significant interaction while no such interaction was observed with PP. The carbon conversion and energy efficiency results showed enhancement for the BPC case. Increase in product gas yield suggests greater reformation of biomass plastic mixtures during gasification. Further studies are required to understand fundamental reaction mechanisms as well as demonstrative gasifier studies to understand both the kinetics and practical feasibility.

Combustion Synthesis and Photoelectrochemical Characterization of Metal Oxynitrides Using GaxZn1-XOyN1-Y as a Model Candidate

Utilization of solar energy is a necessary path forward to deal with the looming energy crisis and worldwide effects of fossil fuel usage. A key component of this utilization is how to store excess solar energy for use on demand. One such method is splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen, both of which can be stored and either burned as fuel or used as feedstock components in industrial processes to synthesize high-value materials. Metal oxynitrides have shown great potential as photocatalysts for overall water splitting applications. Incorporation of nitrogen into metal oxides narrows the band gap to enable absorption of light in the visible spectrum. The typical synthesis of a metal oxynitride, however, requires annealing temperatures at or above 1000 oC and nitridation by flowing pure ammonia gas for anywhere from 1 to 48 hours. Such harsh synthesis conditions can limit the discovery of new candidate materials. In our work, we have prepared an array of gallium zinc oxynitrides (GaxZn1-xOyN1-y) as a model system using a combustion synthesis method and demonstrate that gallium zinc oxynitrides can be synthesized in 30 minutes at 500 oC using this method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to characterize the physical properties of the as-synthesized materials. XPS analysis reveals that as much as 50% nitrogen substitution in the metal oxide lattice can be achieved, dependent on the ratio of gallium and zinc nitrates used as precursors. XPS also reveals that the nitrogen valency is that of a nitride material, as would be expected for a substitution into the crystal lattice. Relative atomic concentrations from XPS also reveals that the complex formed is essentially GaN:ZnO. UV-visible spectroscopy reveals that the band gap of the GaxZn1-xOyN1-ymaterials can be controlled simply by altering the precursor ratio. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal shifts in the crystalline peaks from ZnO toward GaN, confirming the incorporation of nitrogen into the lattice. The as-synthesized products are capable of generating photocurrent from visible light irradiation and are able to carry out water splitting in pure water without any co-catalysts, such as Pt, IrO2, or Rh/Cr2O3. Finally, we discuss how to take the results gained from this work and expound upon it to begin the search for new candidate oxynitride materials, including potential high-throughput methods for rapid screening of such candidates. We also discuss the apparent conditions necessary for successful formation of an oxynitride material based on initial experiments with new candidates. Figure caption: Picture of as-synthesized powders from an initial Ga:Zn:urea molar ratio of (A) 1:1:0 and (B) 1:1:10. Figure 1

Experimental analysis of the fixed bed gasification process of the mixtures of the chicken manure with biomass

The increasing worldwide demand for poultry, mainly chickens, has resulted in a growing generation of poultry derived wastes. Among many types of biomass, the animal waste, including poultry manure, can have a significant potential for application in the energy industry. In this work, the proposal of thermal utilization of the chicken manure was given. The laboratory scale research on co-gasification chicken manure with wood pellets has been carried out in a fixed bed gasifier of capacity 5 kg/h. The experiments were done for two types of fuel blends. In the first experiment stage wood pellets were mixed with a raw, pre-dried chicken manure. Another part of test concerned gasification of blends of pelletized chicken manure and wood pellets.The main goal of the experiments was to determine the influence of the addition of dried chicken manure to the wood pellet feedstock on the gasification process as well as on physicochemical properties of generated syngas.The results of the gasification tests confirm that co-gasification of the chicken manure with wood biomass can be a promising proposal for the utilization of a poultry derived wastes. Gasification of a chicken manure provides generation of combustible syngas with the lower heating value LHV equal to 2.0 MJ/m3 in case of a raw, pre-dried chicken manure and 2.7 MJ/m3 in case of chicken manure pellets. Increasing share of woody biomass in the feedstock significantly increases the calorific value of the syngas. Different physical properties of the feedstock components (fraction and ash content) require further research to define reactor suitable for co-gasification of analyzed fuel blends.

Sensitivity analysis and stochastic modelling of lignocellulosic feedstock pretreatment and hydrolysis

Pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass are affected by several uncertainties, which must be systematically considered for a robust process design. In this work, stochastic simulations for expected uncertainties in feedstock composition, kinetic parameter values, and operational parameter values for these two steps were performed. The results indicated that these uncertainties significantly impacted the concentration profiles, which could also affect the optimal batch time. Global sensitivity analysis was then used to identify the critical uncertain parameters. In the feedstock components, cellulose and xylan fractions for acid pretreatment and cellulose fraction for enzymatic hydrolysis were important. Temperature was the most sensitive operating parameter for both acid pretreatment and hydrolysis. The activation energies for different reactions were ranked in terms of their impact on process output. The selected parameters were used to develop stochastic process models using Ito process and mean reverting process for feed composition and kinetic parameter uncertainty.

Development of the Kinetic Model of Catalytic Cracking

Structure groups and individual compositions of the oilstock and catcracking products from section S-200 of KT-1/1 reactor were analyzed. The data obtained were used to suppose about possible reactions of the catalytic cracking. Quantum chemical methods were applied for thermodynamic calculations of probability of the reactions under the process conditions. The formalized scheme of hydrocarbon transformations comprising the feedstock components, light and heavy gasoil was suggested using the calculation results with allowance for the reaction reversibility; it was used for developing the kinetic model of the catalytic cracking process. Kinetic parameters of the reactions were determined by solving the inverse kinetic problem using experimental data (from the industrial facilities of Gaspromneft-Omsk Refinery Co.) and laboratory analytic data. The error of the calculations based on the kinetic model is no more than 5 % that argues for the model adequacy to the real process of catalytic cracking. The developed kinetic model makes it possible to calculate variations in the concentration of the reactants, quantity and composition of the products, as well as to optimize technological modes of the process depending on the process target (an increase in the yield of gasoline of light gasoil), composition and properties of the feedstock under processing.

Evaluation of single and multi-feedstock biodiesel – diesel blends using GCMS and chemometric methods

Single and multi-feedstock biodiesel-diesel blends were evaluated using gas chromatography mass spectrometry along with several unsupervised and supervised chemometric methods. Peak areas of diesel alkane components and/or biodiesel fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) components were evaluated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), k nearest neighbors (kNN), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), and partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Using PCA (an unsupervised method), samples clustered based on feedstock type (soybean, waste grease, canola, tallow) and concentration (diesel, B2-B100). Using the supervised chemometric methods, feedstock type and concentration were validated for the training set and predicted for several unknown test samples. Concentration and feedstock were predicted using kNN, while concentration alone was predicted using SIMCA. PLS also allowed prediction of concentration but the success of the prediction heavily depended on the training model used. In addition, multi-feedstock fuel blends created from 2 and 3 feedstock components (soybean, canola, tallow) were evaluated with PCA, kNN, and SIMCA. Samples clustered based on concentration and feedstock makeup/ratio in PCA. Using kNN and SIMCA, multifeedstock blends were predicted based on concentration, while kNN could be used to predict relative ratio of multiple feedstocks. The results demonstrate the utility of chemometric analysis on a complex fuel-based data set, using methods that could be performed in a variety of laboratories and fields without the need for complex data preprocessing.

A rapid method for calculating the enthalpy of hydroconversion of heavy petroleum feedstock

A rapid method has been proposed for calculating and predicting the thermal characteristics of chemical processes occurring, in particular, during the hydroconversion of heavy petroleum feedstock in a slurry reactor. The method is based on assessment of the enthalpy change (ΔH) of feedstock components and reaction products, with the formation enthalpies of molecules being presented as a linear function of the number of moles of the elements C, H, N, O, and S. The results of computational study show that this rapid method makes it possible to determine with sufficient accuracy the net heat of reactions on the basis of experimental data on the elemental composition of the feedstock and products.

Solid-to-liquid and gas-to-liquid transformation of alkanes under accelerated electron beam irradiation

A zero-waste method has been suggested for radiation-thermal cracking of Fischer–Tropsch waxes. The method is realized in the circulating mode and is based on the indirect action of radiation on the wax dissolved in methane or other gaseous hydrocarbons. The duration of exposure to irradiation of the feedstock components depends on their volatility. The method is characterized by the increased fixation yield of the gas. The major fraction of the final product is gasoline rich in isoalkanes.

Coupling a simple irradiance description to a mechanistic growth model to predict algal production in industrial-scale solar-powered photobioreactors.

Various innovative photobioreactor designs have been proposed to increase production of algae-derived biomass. Computer models are often employed to test these designs prior to construction. In the drive to optimise conversion of light energy to biomass, efforts to model the profile of irradiance levels within a microalgal culture can lead to highly complex descriptions which are computationally demanding. However, there is a risk that this effort is wasted if such optic models are coupled to overly simplified descriptions of algal physiology. Here we demonstrate that a suitable description of microalgal physiology is of primary significance for modelling algal production in photobioreactors. For the first time, we combine a new and computationally inexpensive model of irradiance to a mechanistic description of algal growth and test its applicability to modelling biofuel production in an advanced photobioreactor system. We confirm the adequacy of our approach by comparing the predictions of the model against published experimental data collected over a 2 ½-year period and demonstrate the effectiveness of the mechanistic model in predicting long-term production rates of bulk biomass and biofuel feedstock components at a commercially relevant scale. Our results suggest that much of the detail captured in more complicated irradiance models is indeed wasted as the critical limiting procedure is the physiological description of the conversion of light energy to biomass.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10811-016-0892-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Reactions of 2-Methyltetrahydropyran on Silica-Supported Nickel Phosphide in Comparison with 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

The reactions of 2-methyltetrahydropyran (2-MTHP, C6H12O) on Ni2P/SiO2 provide insights on the interactions between a cyclic ether, an abundant component of biomass feedstock, with a transition-metal phosphide, an effective hydrotreating catalyst. At atmospheric pressure and a low contact time, conditions similar to those of a fast pyrolysis process, 70% of products formed from the reaction of 2-MTHP on Ni2P/SiO2 were deoxygenated products, 2-hexene and 2-pentenes, indicating a good oxygen removal capacity. Deprotonation, hydrogenolysis, dehydration, and decarbonylation were the main reaction routes. The reaction sequence started with the adsorption of 2-MTHP, followed by ring-opening steps on either the methyl substituted side (Path I) or the unsubstituted side (Path II) to produce adsorbed alkoxide species. In Path I, a primary alkoxide was oxidized at the α-carbon to produce an aldehyde, which subsequently underwent decarbonylation to 2-pentenes. The primary alkoxide could also be protonated to give a ...

Ash reduction strategies in corn stover facilitated by anatomical and size fractionation

There is growing interest internationally to produce fuels from renewable biomass resources. Inorganic components of biomass feedstocks, referred to collectively as ash, damage equipment and decrease yields in thermal conversion processes, and decrease feedstock value for biochemical conversion processes. Decreasing the ash content of feedstocks improves conversion efficiency and lowers process costs. Because physiological ash is unevenly distributed in the plant, mechanical processes can be used to separate fractions of the plant based on ash content. This study focuses on the ash separation that can be achieved by separating corn stover by particle size and anatomical fraction. Baled corn stover was hand-separated into anatomical fractions, ground to <19.1 mm, and size separated using six sieves ranging from 9.5 to 0.150 mm. Size fractions were analyzed for total ash content and ash composition. Particle size distributions observed for the anatomical fractions varied considerably. Cob particles were primarily 2.0 mm or greater, while most of the sheath and husk particles were 2.0 mm and smaller. Particles of leaves greater than 0.6 mm contained the greatest amount of total ash, ranging from approximately 8 to 13% dry weight of the total original material, while the fractions with particles smaller than 0.6 mm contained less than 2% of the total ash of the original material. Based on the overall ash content and the elemental ash, specific anatomical and size fractions can be separated to optimize the feedstocks being delivered to biofuels conversion processes and minimize the need for more expensive ash reduction treatments.

N-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for Hydrogen Generation in Presence of Chloride Ion Impurities in Alkaline Medium

The depletion in fossil fuel reserve leads to the search for a clean, alternate fuel which can replenish the energy demand without causing greater harm to the environment. Hydrogen is one such kind of promising sustainable energy fuel which can be produced from very cheap resources like water. The major hurdle behind the efficient and economical production of hydrogen through electrochemical conversion of water is the large thermodynamic overpotential related to it. Enormous volume of researches has been carried out towards the development of catalysts, improving support materials efficiency and electrochemical environment related to hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this work we are going to present a catalyst which shows appreciable enhancement in the electrochemical activity towards HER in alkanine medium and can withstand very high chloride ion impurities in operating conditions. Often, the performance and durability of a fuel cell are greatly influenced by the presence of impurities present in the feed stock, air stream or other components of fuel cell. Among the different contaminants chloride (Cl-) ion is one of the serious impurities which can diffuse through the gas diffusion system and can poison the electrocatalysts and membrane and ultimately leads to the decrease performance of the fuel cell system. Hence it is important to develop a robust catalyst which will have dual functionalities. Along with enhanced performance, it also should be able to withstand the extreme poisoning effect during hydrogen evolution reaction. In comparison to un-doped reduced graphene oxide (RGO)–Pt composites and commercial Pt /C catalysts, the nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (NGO)-Pt composites show low overall potential towards HER both in acidic and alkaline environment. Electro-catalytic performance of the prepared cathodes has been investigated by hydrogen evolution reaction in 0.1M perchloric acid, 0.5 M sulfuric acid and 0.1molar KOH solution. The controlled exposure of chloride ion impurities shows under similar condition NGO-Pt shows better stability and less reduction of electrochemical surface area (ESA) and hence less susceptible towards chloride poisoning under identical conditions. The loss of electrochemical surface area (ESA), before and after chloride poisoning, is much less in case of NGO-Pt . Figure 1 shows the comparison between the RGO-Pt,commercial-Pt and NGO-Pt for loss of ESA. Figure 1