Different Types Of Components Research Articles

Joint Reliability Function of Coherent Systems with Shared Heterogeneous Components

In this paper, we consider two coherent systems having shared components. We assume that in the two systems there are three different types of components; components of type one that just belong to the first system, components of type two that lie only in the second system and components of type three that are shared by the two systems. We use the concept of joint survival signature to assess the joint reliability function of the two systems. Using this concept, some representations for the joint reliability function of the system lifetimes are obtained under two different scenarios of component failures. In the first scenario, we assume that the components of the systems fail according to different counting processes such as non-homogeneous Poisson processes. In the second scenario, it is assumed that the component lifetimes of each type are exchangeable while the three types of component lifetimes can be independent or dependent. To illustrate the theoretical results, two systems with shared components are studied numerically and graphically.

A strategy to discover selective α-glucosidase/acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from five function-similar citrus herbs through LC-Q-TOF-MS, bioassay and virtual screening

The lack of direct connection between traditional herbal medicines and multiple biological targets is a bottleneck in herbal research and quality evaluation. To solve this problem, a strategy for the discovery of active ingredients from function-similar herbal medicines based on multiple biological targets was proposed in this article. The technical route includes chromatographic separation, mass spectrometry analysis, enzymatic activity detection, pharmacophore analysis and molecular docking. Five citrus herbs of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP), Citri Exocarpium Rubrum (CER), Citri Grandis Exocarpium (CGE), Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (AFI) and Aurantii Fructus (AF) were used as the research objects. A total of 136 chemical components were identified from above five herbs based on LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and database matching. The extracts of the five herbs showed obvious inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, the different types of components in the herbs exhibited selectivity for different targets: flavanone glycosides are effective on α-glucosidase but ineffective on acetylcholinesterase; polymethoxyflavonoids are effective on acetylcholinesterase but ineffective on α-glucosidase. Furthermore, we found for the first time that the components in citrus herbs exhibit opposite structure-activity relationships on the above two targets. For example, the methoxy group can enhance the activity of compounds on acetylcholinesterase but weaken the activity of compounds on α-glucosidase. The selective action is a supplement to the “multi-components, multi-targets” system of herbal medicines. Pharmacophore analysis and molecular docking were applied to explore the interaction between active ingredients and biological targets from the perspective of ligands and receptors, respectively. By combining the above multiple technologies, a strong connection among herbal medicines, chemical components and multiple biological targets was established. This work not only helps to understand the similar function of citrus herbs for the treatment of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, but also provides selective lead compounds for the development of related drugs. This strategy is also helpful to improve the quality evaluation of citrus herbs from the perspective of biological activity.

Creating Communicative Space and Textual Reality via Emotiogenic Means in Fictional Discourse

The article focuses on the strategies of reconstructing communicative space between the author and reader as well as forecasting the emotional impact on the reader through transforming textual reality. The emotiogenic characteristics of fictional discourse provide the emotional perception of literary texts since emotions are central to the experience of literary narrative fiction. Such a perception is made possible by the identification, comprehension, and interpretation of the emotionally significant textual components of different types. The authors of the article have classified them as the following: graphical and visual, punctuation, and semantic-stylistic ones. These means, found in the postmodern novels by Salman Rushdie, Tahereh Mafi, Marina Lewycka, Kazuo Ishiguro, Alexandar Hemon, and Stephen King, have been analysed to explicate the character of the phenomenon of emotiogenic fictional narratives. The emotiogenic means in the selected novels are exploited by the writers of different ethnic affiliations that can be resulted from their multicultural experience. The superimposition of some means is explained by their semantic relationship. The article tests a hypothesis that the cognitive architecture of the emotiogenic means is determined by an emotional situation reflected in a literary text that appears to be a special code through which readers interpret their emotional and evaluative meanings. The indicators of the text’s emotionality occur to be signs of the textual representation of emotional knowledge. This study contributes to the investigation of the emotiogenic means of creating communicative space which are considered those discursive expressive elements that affect the perception of textual reality.

Pharmacognostic studies and anatomical peculiarities in medicinal plant Enicostemma axillare

Abstract. Mulani RM, Dhawle KS, Dhuldhaj UP. 2021. Pharmacognostic studies and anatomical peculiarities in medicinal plant, as Enicostemma axillare. Asian J Ethnobiol 4: 23-30. Pharmacognostic evaluations were carried out by plant material collection, preparation of herbarium; organoleptic properties, macroscopic characters, microscopic characteristics. For the physiological studies Transverse Sections (T.S.) of root, stem and leaves were taken and also powder analysis, physicochemical value determination such as total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-soluble and acid-insoluble ash were done. The distinguishing characters of Enicostemma axillare (Poir. ex Lam.) A. Raynal stem is the presence of parenchyma. Leaves microscopy indicates presence of anisocytic stomata, minor leaf veins, phloem transfer cells and numerous sclereids. Macroscopic study shows leaves and roots with glabrous-surface, and stem was tall simple to branch and maybe prostrate or ascending. Color variation indicates presence of different types of components and essential oils; determined the percentage of leaf, stem and root: ash values; water-soluble, acid-soluble and acid-insoluble ash values. This study provides anatomical properties for the proper identification and establishment of standards of E. axillare for the medicinal applications to treat diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, abdominal ulcers, hernia, swelling, itching, and insect poisoning. This helps in pharmacognostical standardization of drugs in crude form and also to differentiate them from adulterations.

Effects of the technical ingredient clomazone and its two formulated products on aquatic macrophytes.

One active ingredient can be a component of different types of formulations of pesticides, while the toxicity of its formulations may vary depending on various constituents used in the mixture. The present study focuses on evaluating the effects of the active ingredient clomazone and its formulations (Rampa® EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, both containing 360g a.i./l of clomazone) on non-target aquatic macrophytes. The two formulation types differ in their active ingredient release and presumed environmental impact. In order to cover different ecological traits, two species of aquatic macrophytes - the floating monocot Lemna minor and the rooted dicot Myriophyllum aquaticum, were used as test models. The results of this study revealed differences in the sensitivity of tested plants to clomazone. Based on the most sensitive parameters, M.aquaticum proved to be more sensitive than L.minor to the technical ingredient and both formulations. The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach that was tried out in an attempt to create a higher tier step of risk assessment of clomazone for primary producers indicates that tests on rooted macrophytes can add value in risk assessment of plant protection products. The capsule formulation of clomazone was less toxic than the emulsion for L.minor, but more toxic for M.aquaticum. The most toxic for L.minor was the emulsifiable concentrate formulation Rampa® EC, followed by technical clomazone (EC50 33.3 and 54.0mg a.i./l, respectively), while the aqueous capsule suspension formulation GAT Cenit 36 CS did not cause adverse effects. On the other hand, the most toxic for M.aquaticum was the formulation GAT Cenit 36 CS, followed by technical clomazone and the formulation Rampa® EC, demonstrating a greater effect of the capsule formulation.

Associating Multivariate Traits with Genetic Variants Using Collapsing and Kernel Methods with Pedigree- or Population-Based Studies.

In genetic association analysis, several relevant phenotypes or multivariate traits with different types of components are usually collected to study complex or multifactorial diseases. Over the past few years, jointly testing for association between multivariate traits and multiple genetic variants has become more popular because it can increase statistical power to identify causal genes in pedigree- or population-based studies. However, most of the existing methods mainly focus on testing genetic variants associated with multiple continuous phenotypes. In this investigation, we develop a framework for identifying the pleiotropic effects of genetic variants on multivariate traits by using collapsing and kernel methods with pedigree- or population-structured data. The proposed framework is applicable to the burden test, the kernel test, and the omnibus test for autosomes and the X chromosome. The proposed multivariate trait association methods can accommodate continuous phenotypes or binary phenotypes and further can adjust for covariates. Simulation studies show that the performance of our methods is satisfactory with respect to the empirical type I error rates and power rates in comparison with the existing methods.

Wire arc additive manufacturing of an aeronautic fitting with different metal alloys: From the design to the part

• WAAM manufacturing steps from a CAD model to the final geometry of the part. • Optimal deposition parameters and mechanical properties for four metallic alloys. • The WAAM process reduces the component buy-to-fly ratio, rationalizing resource use. • A monitoring method is developed to obtain a unique fingerprint of each part. • A matrix manufacturing strategy is used to increase the productivity of the process. WAAM (Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing), an additive manufacturing technology with high deposition rates, can produce metallic components, layer by layer, from different alloys, yielding high mechanical performance. Customized AM machines with monitoring and control systems are necessary to facilitate automated manufacture of different types of components through WAAM technology. In this paper, a methodology for the validation of additive manufacturing is presented as an alternative to industrial machining, for the manufacture of medium-sized aeronautical parts. To begin with, the most appropriate welding technology and adequate parameters for four different metal alloys are selected. Successively, a characterization wall is manufactured with each of the four metal alloys, for metallographic and mechanical characterization, concluding that the material deposited utilizing the WAAM process is adequate for the fabrication of medium-sized aeronautical parts. Consecutively, machine paths are defined under conditions that consume the least possible amount of material for the manufacturing of the aeronautical part. Several aspects -manufacturing times, deposition rate, material efficiency ratio- of each component are then analyzed, relating them to the properties obtained in each alloy. The manufacturing process is supervised and controlled by online monitoring. The novelty of this paper consists in establishing unique dataset for each component that is defined as a unique additive manufacturing Fingerprint as baseline for in process defect detection. Finally, the unique contribution of stablishing a matrix-strategy for the manufacture of multiple parts with the same tooling to optimize the use of resources is presented.

Study on Partial Factor of Load for Reinforced Concrete Columns

At present, the design method of components is still a partial factor design method, and the partial factor value is related to the load value. Because the partial factor has a great influence on the safety of engineering structure, it has been adjusted many times in the process of organization of the code. In order to be basically equivalent to European and American reliability standards and to conform to China’s national conditions and national policies, the Unified standard for reliability design of building structures is revised (i.e., the partial factor of permanent action and variable action was adjusted). Although the concept of factor of safety is commonly used in structure design practice to cover all the unexpected risks, there are some disadvantages to its direct use in structural reliability analysis. For example, the eccentricity of compression members is random, which will lead to the change in resistance parameters of compression members, rather than the fixed value specified in the code. However, the random variation in eccentricity is not considered in the code. So, in this paper, the partial factors of eccentrically loaded members are studied by considering the statistical parameter information of members with random eccentricity. This paper studies the partial factors of different types of components in different ratios of live load effect to dead load effect, and some recommendations are proposed to obtain safer designs. Finally, Monte Carlo simulation method is used to analyze the reliability of the eccentric member. The research results show that the value of partial factors of structure proposed in this paper is reasonable.

Different types of components obtained from Monascus purpureus with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory potentials.

The mold Monascus has been used as a natural food coloring agent and food additive for more than 1000 years in Asian countries. In Chinese herbology, it was also used for easing digestion and antiseptic effects. Through a thorough investigation of a citrinin-free strain: M. purpureus BCRC 38110, four azaphilones, three benzenoids, one benzofuranone, one 5',6'-dihydrospiro[isochromane-1,2'-pyran]-4'(3'H)-one derivative, two steroids, and six tetralones have been successfully identified. Among them, monapyridine A (1), monatetralones A-E (2-6), and monabenzofuranone (7) were first reported. Their structures were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, and HRESIMS analyses. With a series of bioactivity screening, monascuspirolide B (14) and ergosterol peroxide (16) exhibited concentration-dependent attenuation of the paclitaxel-induced neurite damage of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. The interleukin (IL)-1β-induced release of inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in human chondrosarcoma cells was inhibited by monapurpureusone (8) and monascuspirolide B (14). Altogether, M. purpureus BCRC 38110 possessed potentials as natural therapeutics against inflammatory osteoarthritis and paclitaxel-induced neurotoxicity.

Assume/Guarantee Contracts for Dynamical Systems: Theory and Computational Tools

Abstract Modern engineering systems include many components of different types and functions. Verifying that these systems satisfy given specifications can be an arduous task, as most formal verification methods are limited to systems of moderate size. Recently, contract theory has been proposed as a modular framework for defining specifications. In this paper, we present a contract theory for discrete-time dynamical control systems relying on assume/guarantee contracts, which prescribe assumptions on the input of the system and guarantees on the output. We then focus on contracts defined by linear constraints, and develop efficient computational tools for verification of satisfaction and refinement based on linear programming. We exemplify these tools in a simulation example, proving a certain safety specification for a two-vehicle autonomous driving setting.

Polarimetric Decomposition With an Urban Area Descriptor for Compact Polarimetric SAR Data

The compact polarimetric (CP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can alleviate the drawbacks of the fully polarimetric (FP) SAR and provide more target information as compared to the conventional single polarimetric and dual polarimetric mode. However, the present decomposition methods for CP SAR have the problem of overestimation of volume scattering (OVS) among urban areas, especially the obliquely oriented buildings (OOBs). The OVS can cause considerable OVS which leads to the misinterpretation of the scattering mechanism. In this article, a new descriptor of OOBs for the CP SAR is introduced to reduce the volume scattering in the urban areas. And a new model-based decomposition method, which is applicable for both the π/4 mode and the circular transmit and liner receive mode, is proposed based on the descriptor. The Radarsat-2 FP SAR data are used to simulate the CP SAR data to validate our algorithm. The proposed method improves the double-bounce scattering component in different types of urban areas by about 10%.

ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ СТИМУЛЮВАННЯ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ЗАХОДІВ ЩОДО ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ТА ОХОРОНИ ЗЕМЕЛЬ

Ensuring the effectiveness of the economic incentive mechanism is impossible without the development and adoption of an appropriate procedure that will determine the organizational principles, conditions and grounds for economic incentives for rational and environmentally friendly land use. This procedure should, inter alia, contain clearly defined criteria for economic incentives, principles, tools and sources of funding. As for the incentives established by the relevant regulations, they do not have the proper economic impact. There is a need to develop such a mechanism. It should be based on the provision of state budget funds on a reciprocal basis free of charge or partially paid to the relevant entities for the implementation of measures in accordance with land use and protection programs. The legislator calls the fact of land degradation the condition of providing funds not due to the fault of the entities carrying out improvements, but only the restoration of land as the purpose of the funds. It seems that it would be more appropriate to consolidate the possibility of stimulating any deterioration of land, including those whose condition was deteriorating through no fault of land users. Unfortunately, the existing regulations on land conservation do not regulate the principles of compensation, and the laws on the State Budget traditionally do not provide for the allocation of funds for such compensation. It should be emphasized that the mechanism of land conservation and its component - compensation for reduced incomes of landowners and land users - can work only if there is a financial basis – the funds provided in the budget.The article considers the peculiarities of land use and problematic issues regarding the circulation of quantity and quality of lands of Ukraine. The mechanisms of interaction of components of different types of land use that are directly related to all other business systems in which rapid economic growth, taking into account the needs and interests of the population coincide with the principles of preservation and restoration of the environment, including land resources. The increase of the average annual income from the use of land for its intended purpose is calculated in accordance with the damage caused in violation of land legislation. The existing measures of stimulation of rational land use in accordance with the current normative-legal base and components of the economic mechanism of stimulation of rational land use are analyzed and substantiated.

Аналіз складу компонентів електронних та електричних відходів

Waste electronic and electrical equipment is the most valuable category of waste that needs detailed study. These wastes have a diverse composition of components that should be reused and it is important to dispose of properly. The article investigates and analyzes the quantitative and qualitative composition of components of different types of electronic and electrical waste. In particular, statistical data on the mass and concentration of major components, valuable resources, toxic substances were evaluated. The types of electronic and electrical equipment that are most common in waste and widely used by people in everyday life are considered. Household waste contains only 2 % of electronic components, but they contain 70 % of hazardous substances. These include: lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, chlorine, bromine, heavy metals, brominated flame retardants, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, liquid crystals, toner powder, and electrolytes. Among the valuable components: gold, silver, palladium, platinum, zinc, aluminum and others. General estimates of the content of valuable resources in waste electronic and electrical equipment show that almost the entire mass of precious metals is in printed circuit boards. For example, printed circuit boards for small electronic devices can contain from 120 to 280 g/t of gold. Refrigerators and freezers are very valuable, because 80 % can be recycled and reused. This equipment includes many valuable materials: copper, iron, aluminum, glass, PVC, mercury, etc.; even a dangerous component — Freon — is pumped out for further use. A detailed analysis of the component composition of waste electronic and electrical equipment makes it possible to more effectively manage the flow of this waste. By disassembling and sorting electronic equipment that is obsolete or broken, you can replenish a significant portion of the raw material base for the re-production of various devices. This will help reduce the extraction of raw materials and reduce the anthropogenic impact on the environment.

Evaluation of COSMO-RS for solid–liquid equilibria prediction of binary eutectic solvent systems

For the design of eutectic solvents (ESs, usually also known as deep eutectic solvents), the prediction of the solid–liquid equilibria (SLE) between candidate components is of primary relevance. In the present work, the SLE prediction of binary eutectic solvent systems by the COSMO-RS model is systematically evaluated, thereby examining the applicability of this method for ES design. Experimental SLE of such systems are first collected exhaustively from the literature, following which COSMO-RS SLE calculations are accordingly carried out. By comparing the experimental and predicted eutectic points (eutectic temperature and eutectic composition) of the involved systems, the effects of salt component conformer and COSMO-RS parameterization as well as the applicability for different types of components (specifically the second component paired with the first salt one) are identified. The distinct performances of COSMO-RS SLE prediction for systems involving different types of components are further interpreted from the non-ideality and fusion enthalpy point of view.

Ultra-precision Machining of Micro-step Pillar Array Using a Straight-Edge Milling Tool

Ultra-precision machining has been well known as a very precise and effective way to prototype and fabricate different types of components with microstructures. In this paper, an ultra-precision micro-milling method has been presented to produce a micro-step pillar array as an embossing mold for semiconductor application. Theoretical analysis on machining mechanics indicates that work material property, machining strategy, and cutting tool geometry largely affect machining distortion on the machined microstructure. Experimental investigation has been conducted on micromachining of the micro-step pillar array using different types of cutting tools and work materials. Experimental results demonstrate that the material property, cutting tool edge radius, and cutting force play a significant role in the machined micro-structure accuracy and surface finish, while grain boundary of brass has no significant effect on the micro-milling performance. The best outcome among the tests done is achieved when using brass as work material and cutting with a straight-edge single crystalline diamond tool. The main reasons to achieve this outcome are based on: the brass material having a higher elastic modulus and the diamond tool having a smaller cutting edge radius, which contributes to better machinability of brass. One micro-step pillar array has been successfully obtained with very precise feature and dimensional accuracy using brass work material and single-crystal diamond tool. It is believed that the outcomes of this study would largely benefit the research community and end-users.

Design on Universal Flight Test Platform for Aerospace Components

In view of the current problems such as immethodical in-orbit testing and verification of components, and complex and diversified methods of development of test verification devices and in-orbit testing of components, the paper proposes a systematic design scheme for a universal flight verification platform for components. The paper elaborates on the demand analysis, functional module division, in-orbit test methods, etc. with regard to the platform, analyzes the platform's advantages in carrying out in-orbit tests to different types of components, and realizes the generalization, standardization and modularization of the flight test platform.

The number of failed components in series–parallel system and its application to optimal design

The number of components that are failed at the time of system failure is a useful quantity since it gives an idea of how many spares should be available to replace all failed components upon the system failure. In this paper, the number of failed components is considered at subsystem and system levels for the series–parallel system that consists of K subsystems. In particular, the joint behavior of the number of failed components in each subsystem is studied when each subsystem has identical components and different subsystems have different types of components. The results are then used to find the optimal number of components in each subsystem by minimizing an expected cost per unit of time upon the system failure.

Understanding contents of filled-in Bangla form images

With a wide variety of forms being generated in different organizations daily, efficient and quick retrieval of information from these forms becomes a pressing need. The data on these forms are imperative to any commercial or professional purpose and thus, efficient retrieval of this data is important for further processing of the same. An automatic form processing system retrieves the content of a filled-in form image for useful storage of the same. Despite a large population of the world speaking in Bangla, to the best of our knowledge, there is no significant research work found in literature which deals with form data written in Bangla. To bridge this research gap, in the present scope of the work, we have developed a system that addresses four important aspects of processing of form data written using Bangla script. Our work has primarily been divided into four major modules: touching component separation, text non-text separation, handwritten printed text separation and alphabet numeral separation. The vital problem of touching component separation has been addressed using a novel rule-based method. For text non-text separation, handwritten printed text separation and alphabet numeral separation, we have used a machine learning based approach using feature engineering where the model for each case has been finalized after exhaustive experiments. Further, in each of the last three modules, we have applied some new features along with some existing features to appropriately tune the modules to obtain optimum results. Notably, we have also prepared a self-made database of filled-in forms. To create different training models, first the filled-in form images are binarized, and then different types of components are colored uniquely to obtain images which act as the ground truth for our reference. Evaluation of modules on the said database produces reasonably satisfactory results considering the complexity of the research problem. The code along with some filled-in sample form images and their respective ground truth images are provided in the link https://github.com/rajdeep-cse17/Form_Processing .

Reliability modeling for a repairable (k1, k2)-out-of-n: G system with phase-type vacation time

This paper proposes a novel mathematical model for reliability dealing with a (k1, k2)-out-of-n: G repairable system consisting of two different types of components. It is assumed that the working times of two different types of components are distributed exponentially with different parameters. In the case of failures occurring in components, a repairman is assigned to repair them. The repair time of each failed component is governed by the same exponential distribution. On the other hand, the repairman’s vacation time follows a phase-type distribution. The system operates if and only if at least k1 type 1 components and k2 type 2 components function simultaneously. The system reliability measures are analyzed using Markov process theory and matrix analytical method. An illustrative example related to the solar power generation system is provided to examine the effectiveness and the applicability of the proposed model.

Reduced-Reflection Multilayer PCB Microstrip with Discontinuity Characterization

In the era of technology and communication, printed circuit boards (PCBs) can be found in a myriad of devices—from ordinary household items, to state of the art custom metrology equipment. Different types of component for wireless communications are available and come in various packages, supplied by multiple manufacturers. The signal landpads for some high-frequency connectors and components, encapsulated in larger packages, are usually wider than the controlled impedance trace, thereby introducing unwanted impedance mismatch and resulting in signal reflections. The component land pad and microstrip width a discrepancy issue can be found in both complex high-density industrial devices and system-level academic research papers. This paper addresses the topic of compensating discontinuities, introduced by signal pads, which are wider than the target impedance microstrip, characterizes the difference between the compensated and uncompensated microstrip with discontinuity, and proposes a generalized guideline on compensating for the introduced impedance change in multilayer PCBs. The compensation method is based upon carefully designing the stackup of the PCB allowing for a reference plane cutout under the discontinuity to even out the impedance mismatch. A 6-layer PCB with IT180A dielectric material containing three structures has been manufactured and characterized using an Agilent E8363B vector network analyzer (VNA). A 4–12 dB improvement in S11 response in the whole frequency range up to 10 GHz, compared to that when no compensation has been applied, was observed.