Components In Different Parts Research Articles

Chemical characterization and comparative analysis of different parts of Cocculus orbiculatus through UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS.

Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. (C. orbiculatus) is a medicinal herb valued for its dried roots with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, and other therapeutic properties. Despite its traditional applications, chemical investigations into C. orbiculatus remain limited, focusing predominantly on alkaloids and flavonoids. Furthermore, the therapeutic use of C. orbiculatus predominantly focuses on the roots, leaving the stems, a significant portion of the plant, underutilized. This study employed ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) with in-house and online databases for comprehensive identification of components in various plant parts. Subsequently, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze differences in components across different harvest periods and plant sections of C. orbiculatus, aiming to screen for distinct components in different parts of the plant. Finally, metabolomic analysis of the roots and stems, which contribute significantly to the plant's weight, was conducted using chemometrics, including principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and heatmaps. A total of 113 components, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and organic acids, were annotated across the root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit, along with numerous previously unreported compounds. Metabolomic analyses revealed substantial differences in components between the root and stem compared to the leaf, flower, and fruit during the same harvest period. PLS-DA and OPLS-DA annotated 10 differentiating components (VIP > 1.5, P < 0.05, FC > 2 or FC < 0.67), with 5 unique to the root and stem, exhibiting lower mass spectrometric responses. This study provided the first characterization of 113 chemical constituents in different parts of C. orbiculatus, laying the groundwork for pharmacological research and advocating for the enhanced utilization of its stem.

Screening Antioxidant Components in Different Parts of Dandelion Using Online Gradient Pressure Liquid Extraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Antioxidant Analysis System and Molecular Simulations.

Utilizing online gradient pressure liquid extraction (OGPLE) coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography antioxidant analysis system, we examined the antioxidative active components present in both the aerial parts and roots of dandelion. By optimizing the chromatographic conditions, we identified the ferric reducing-antioxidant power system as the most suitable for online antioxidant reactions in dandelion. Compared to offline ultrasonic extraction, the OGPLE method demonstrated superior efficiency in extracting chemical components with varying polarities from the samples. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed twelve compounds within the dandelion samples, with nine demonstrating considerable antioxidant efficacy. Of these, the aerial parts and roots of dandelion contained nine and four antioxidant constituents, respectively. Additionally, molecular docking studies were carried out to investigate the interaction between these nine antioxidants and four proteins associated with oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase). The nine antioxidant compounds displayed notable binding affinities below -5.0 kcal/mol with the selected proteins, suggesting potential receptor-ligand interactions. These findings contribute to enhancing our understanding of dandelion and provide a comprehensive methodology for screening the natural antioxidant components from herbs.

A comparative study of antioxidant active components in different parts of Artemisia argyi by UPLC-ABTS-Q-TOF-MS

In order to characterize and identify the chemical components in different parts of Artemisia argyi(roots, stems, leaves, and seeds), compounds with antioxidant activity were screened. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt-quadrupole time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-ABTS-Q-TOF-MS) was used as an online combination technique. Poroshell 120 SB-Aq(3.0 mm×150 mm, 2.7 μm) was used as the column, and acetonitrile(A)-0.2% formic acid water(B) was adopted as the mobile phase to perform gradient elution and was scanned in positive and negative ion modes. MassLynx software was utilized, and combined with reference substances and related literature, the chemical components of different parts of A. argyi were identified and compared. The antioxidant active components were detected by using the online detection system, and the antioxidant activities of active components of different parts of A. argyi were compared and evaluated by scavenging efficiency. As a result, a total of 87 compounds were identified from extracts of different parts of A. argyi, and 38, 72, 85, and 33 components were identified from roots, stems, leaves, and seeds. 22 compounds with antioxidant activity were screened, and 14, 17, 20, and 11 compounds with antioxidant activity were identified from roots, stems, leaves, and seeds. The results show that there are certain differences in chemical components and antioxidant components of different parts of A. argyi, which provides data support for the resource utilization and further research and development of A. argyi.

UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE Based Profiling of the Chemical Composition of Different Parts of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum

Objectives: The differences in chemical constituents in different parts of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum were analyzed. Methods: The contents of total phenols, total flavonoids, and polysaccharides in methanol extracts from different parts of T. hemsleyanum in Zhejiang were determined, and the chemical components of different parts of T. hemsleyanum were collected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The differential index components of different parts of T. hemsleyanum were identified and analyzed by accurate mass-to-charge ratio of primary mass spectrometry and fragment ion of secondary mass spectrometry with reference spectrum and software database search and related literature reports. Results: A total of 20 components were identified, including 13 identified in root tubers, 7 in fibrous roots and 8 in leaves, and the structural cleavage of its compounds was analyzed. Conclusion: It provides a possibility and theoretical basis for the future use of the whole plant of T. hemsleyanum as medicine.

Microbial communities of Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. and the correlations between microbial community and the active secondary metabolites.

Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, great differences exist in the content of active secondary metabolites in various parts of S. sphenanthera. Do microorganisms critically influence the accumulation of active components in different parts of S. sphenanthera? In this study, 16S/ITS amplicon sequencing analysis was applied to unravel microbial communities in rhizospheric soil and different parts of wild S. sphenanthera. At the same time, the active secondary metabolites in different parts were detected, and the correlation between the secondary metabolites and microorganisms was analyzed. The major components identified in the essential oils were sesquiterpene and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The contents of essential oil components in fruit were much higher than that in stem and leaf, and the dominant essential oil components were different in these parts. The dominant components of the three parts were γ-muurolene, δ-cadinol, and trans farnesol (stem); α-cadinol and neoisolongifolene-8-ol (leaf); isosapathulenol, α-santalol, cedrenol, and longiverbenone (fruit). The microbial amplicon sequences were taxonomically grouped into eight (bacteria) and seven (fungi) different phyla. Community diversity and composition analyses showed that different parts of S. sphenanthera had similar and unique microbial communities, and functional prediction analysis showed that the main functions of microorganisms were related to metabolism. Moreover, the accumulation of secondary metabolites in S. sphenanthera was closely related to the microbial community composition, especially bacteria. In endophytic bacteria, Staphylococcus and Hypomicrobium had negative effects on five secondary metabolites, among which γ-muurolene and trans farnesol were the dominant components in the stem. That is, the dominant components in stems were greatly affected by microorganisms. Our results provided a new opportunity to further understand the effects of microorganisms on the active secondary metabolites and provided a basis for further research on the sustainable utilization of S. sphenanthera.

Analysis of Volatile Aroma Components in Different Parts of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinus edodes) Treated with Ultraviolet C Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectroscopy.

Further assessment of ultraviolet C light-emitting diode (UVC-LED) irradiation for influencing shiitake mushrooms' (Lentinus edodes) volatile and sensory properties is needed. In this study, a comparison of UVC-LED irradiation treatment on the flavor profiles in various parts of shiitake mushrooms was conducted using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and sensory analysis. Sixty-three volatile compounds were identified in shiitake mushrooms. The fresh shiitake mushrooms were characterized by the highest values of raw mushroom odors. After UVC-LED treatment, the content of C8 alcohols decreased, especially that of 1-octen-3-ol, while the content of aldehydes increased, especially the content of nonanal and decanal. The score of fatty and green odors was enhanced. For fresh samples, the mushroom odors decreased and the mushroom-like odors weakened more sharply when treated in ethanol suspension than when treated with direct irradiation. The fruit odors were enhanced using direct UVC-LED irradiation for fresh mushroom samples and the onion flavor decreased. As for shiitake mushroom powder in ethanol suspension treated with UVC-LED, the sweaty and almond odor scores decreased and the vitamin D2 content in mushroom caps and stems reached 668.79 μg/g (dw) and 399.45 μg/g (dw), respectively. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that UVC-LED treatment produced rich-flavored, quality mushroom products.

Comparison of Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant Potential, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Activity and Volatile Components Based on HS-SPME-GC-MS of Different Parts from Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro.

Matteuccia struthiopteris is one of the most globally consumed edible ferns and widely used in folk medicine. Reports mainly focus on young fronds and the rhizome which are common edible medicinal parts. However, there are few detailed reports on other parts. Therefore, the volatile components of different parts based on HS-SPME-GC-MS were identified, and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities were compared in order to reveal the difference of volatile components and potential medicinal value of different parts. The results showed that total flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and volatile components of different parts were obviously different. The crozier exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities, but only underground parts exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition potential against AChE. Common volatile compounds were furfural and 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl-. In addition, it was found that some volatile components from adventitious root, trophophyll, sporophyll and petiole were important ingredients in food, cosmetics, industrial manufacturing and pharmaceutical applications.

Comprehensive quality evaluation of different types of Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) and Shuizhizi based on LC-MS/MS.

Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) serves as both a medicinal and edible substance and finds widespread use in various industries. There are often two kinds of medicinal materials in the market: Zhizi and Shuizhizi. Typically, Zhizi with small, round fruit is used for medicinal purposes, while Shuizhizi, characterized by large, elongated fruit, is employed for dyeing. Market surveys have revealed a diverse range of Zhizi types, and modern research indicates that Shuizhizi contains rich chemical components and pharmacological activities. In this study, we collected 25 batches of Zhizi and Shuizhizi samples, categorizing them based on appearance into obovate and round fruits, with seven length grades (A-G). Using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) method, we simultaneously quantified 13 main chemical components in fruits of Gardenia species. In addition, we compared the weight percentage of the pericarp, flesh, and seeds parts of samples with different traits, and quantified 13 chemical components in different parts. Results indicated that, aside from a few instances of overlapping fruit size ranges, Shuizhizi generally exhibits larger and longer dimensions than Zhizi. The weight proportion of the Shuizhizi pericarp is often higher than that of the Zhizi pericarp. Quantitative results highlighted significant differences in the chemical component content between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with Shuizhizi generally containing higher levels of iridoids. The PCA and OPLS-DA analysis distinctly divided Shuizhizi and Zhizi, among which three iridoids, two organic acids, and one flavonoid made significant contributions to their classification. Cluster heatmap analysis also demonstrated complete separation between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with clear distinctions among Zhizi samples from different origins. The distribution of the 13 chemical components in different Zhizi and Shuizhizi parts remained consistent, with iridoids and pigments concentrated in the seeds and flesh, and two organic acids and one flavonoid enriched in the pericarp. In summary, this study contributes valuable insights for classifying Zhizi and offers guidance on the rational use of Shuizhizi and the different parts of Zhizi.

Comparison of active components in different parts of Perilla frutescens and its pharmacological effects

Perilla frutescens is a widely used medicinal and edible plant with a rich chemical composition throughout its whole plant. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia categorizes P. frutescens leaves(Perillae Folium), seeds(Perillae Fructus), and stems(Perillae Caulis) as three distinct medicinal parts due to the differences in types and content of active components. Over 350 different bioactive compounds have been reported so far, including volatile oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenes, sterols, and fatty acids. Due to the complexity of its chemical composition, P. frutescens exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antidepressant, and antitumor activities. While scholars have conducted a substantial amount of research on different parts of P. frutescens, including analysis of their chemical components and pharmacological mechanisms of action, there has yet to be a systematic comparison and summary of chemical components, pharmacological effects, and mechanisms of action. Therefore, this study overviewed the chemical composition and structures of Perillae Folium, Perillae Fructus, and Perillae Caulis, and summarized the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of P. frutescens to provide a reference for better development and utilization of this valuable plant.

Analysis of Floral Fragrance Components in Different Parts of Iris typhifolia

Floral fragrance, as one of the evaluation indicators for ornamental plants, influences people’s perception of these plants. To explore the volatile compounds and their application value in different parts of Iris typhifolia and to investigate the contributions of each part to the floral aroma, an AIRSENSE electronic nose, principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and loading analysis (Loading) are employed to study the differences in floral components among the various parts. Samples from the stamen, pistil, flag petal, and pendant petal are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques, combined with spectral library retrieval, cluster analysis, and Odor Activity Value (OAV) calculation. The results show that the electronic nose significantly distinguished the aromas from different parts, and there are significant differences in aroma composition. Through cluster analysis and OAV calculation, it is found that the pistil makes the primary contribution to the floral profile of Iris typhifolia, due to the presence of caproaldehyde, 2-methoxy-3-sec-butylpyrazine, and abundant terpenes. This research provides a valuable reference for reconstructing the floral aroma profile, extracting bioactive substances, and exploring aromatherapy with Iris typhifolia.

The chemical profile and seasonal variation of the composition of the phenolic acids in different plant parts of Centaurea sp.

This study investigated the seasonal variation (over seven months) of phenolic acid (PHA) components in different parts of Centaurea sp. The primary objective was to determine the pattern of variation, while the secondary objective was to identify which month or growth stage provides a greater total PHA content or percentage of bioactive components. Different patterns of seasonal variations were highlighted for the different PHA components and their classes (hydroxybenzoic and -cinnamic acids) in different parts of the plant. The leaves exclusively provided the highest PHA contents, with maximum values reached in April (1368.06 μg/g). The major hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (HBAs) identified in the leaves were vanillic acid (VaA) “154.18–374.06 μg/g” and protocatechuic acid (PA) “9.37–595.61 μg/g”, while the major hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (HCAs) were p-coumaric acid (p-CoA) “109.35–261.77 μg/g”, m-coumaric acid (m-CoA) “10.22–70.57 μg/g”, and ferulic acid (FeA) “35.54–109.13 μg/g”. The maximum percentage of PA was obtained in April “595.61 μg/g”, while the maximum p-CoA content was obtained in January “261.77 μg/g”. Therefore, the leaves can be recommended as the optimal source of PHAs. If there is a specific interest in certain PHA components, we recommend collection in either January or April. Multivariate statistical analysis (PCA & AHC) showed the existence of two main clusters. The first cluster comprised the leaves, distinguished by the highest VaA, PA, and p-CoA contents. The second cluster comprised roots and the root bark samples. This study provides information on the development of PHAs in different parts of Centaurea sp. and explores potential applications. It will be of considerable interest for determining the optimal harvesting time of shrub species used for their medicinal properties and bio-active phenolic contents.

Characterization of the key volatile organic components of different parts of fresh and dried perilla frutescens based on headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry and headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Perilla frutescens was an annual herb considered as one of the “One Root of Medicine and Food”, and it was used widely for food and medical treatment. Its main active ingredients were volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but it was easily affected during drying and storage. The leaves, seeds and stems had shown differences in therapeutic effects, but the underlying reason remained unclear. In the present work, headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) and headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC–MS) were utilized to effectively and comprehensively analyze VOCs of fresh and dried P. frutescens between the leaves, stems and seeds. Meanwhile, chemometric analysis was applied to compare and identify characteristic volatile markers. As a result, 60 VOCs were identified by HS-GC-IMS and 115 VOCs were identified by HS-SPME-GC–MS from P. frutescen. 25 potential volatile markers were selected based on a combination model of orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and random forest (RF). The models could be used to analyze the variation between fresh and dried P. frutescens and distinguish the differences in different parts effectively and comprehensively. It was the first research regarding the method development of HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC–MS that comprehensively analyzes the VOCs characterization of fresh and dried P. frutescens in different parts and the findings obtained would evaluate the quality and provide a reference for further exploration of the edible and medicinal effects of P. frutescens.

Nasturtium officinale’nin Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesinin ve İçeriğindeki Uçucu Organik Bileşikler ve Yağ Asitlerinin Belirlenmesi

Due to the side effects of antibiotics used in the treatment of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, and antibiotic resistance that develops due to the misuse of antibiotics, scientists have turned to the search for alternative antimicrobial compounds. Plants and antimicrobial compounds in plants are widely researched because they are natural and have been a familiar resource in the field of complementary medicine for centuries. In this study, antimicrobial activities of the methanol and water extracts of Nasturtium officinale prepared at different concentrations were investigated on gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi by the disc diffusion method. In addition, volatile organic compound and fatty acidcontent of the plant were determined. For this purpose, fatty acids were determined by converting them to methyl esters in GC-FID (gas chromatography flame ionization detector), volatile compounds were determined by SPME (Solid-phase microextraction) method in GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). In addition, the amounts of volatile components in different parts of the plant were shown comparatively within the scope of the research. According to the results obtained; it was revealed that Nasturtium officinale has an antimicrobial effect on Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus Spizizenii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The plant showed a stronger antimicrobial effect, especially on P. aeruginosa, C. Albicans, and E. coli. It has also been determined that Nasturtium officinale has important essential fatty acids as well as many volatile components. In the analyzes made, it was determined that the main volatile component of Nasturtium officinale was alpha-Terpinolene.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA FROM KARACHI, PAKISTAN

Moringa oleifera has been reported as super food owing to its high nutritional value which has largely been explored in leaves with limited reports from other parts. Therefore, comparative study was designed to determine the nutritional components of different parts of M. oelifera found in Karachi, Pakistan. Samples were collected from multiple parts of M. oleifera plant. Proximate, minerals and Vitamin C analysis was carried out as per Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. Amino acid contents were estimated using Amino Acid Analyzer. The protein content (g/100g dry weight basis) was high in the leaves with stalks and leaves samples compared to seedpods and stem. Caloric contents were in the order of leaves&gt;leaves withstalk&gt;seedpods&gt;stem. The contents of different minerals (Ca, Fe and K) and Vitamin C varied from parts to parts with leaves showed comparatively high amount of Vitamin C and calcium. Total amino acid contents of different parts were in the order of leaves&gt;flowers&gt;seedpods. In conclusion, all the studied parts of M. oleifera have nutritional significance. However, leaves and seed pods due to their comparatively higher nutritional value can be more beneficial as dietary supplement.

Determination and comparison of 10 active components in different parts of Loropetalum chinensis based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of ellagic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, kaempferol, myricetin, tiliroside, salidroside, isoquercetin, chlorogenic acid, and quinic acid in the leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots of Loropetalum chinensis by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and provide references for the development and utilization of L. chinensis resources. The analysis was performed on the chromatographic column ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm) with a gradient mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.2% formic solution at the flow rate of 0.3 mL·min~(-1). Column temperature was 30 ℃ and injection volume was 2 μL. Multiple reactive ion monitoring mode(MRM) was used in the negative ion ionization mode of electrospray ion source. The 10 active components had a good linear relationship, and the established method was stable, simple, and accurate. The 10 active components existed in different parts of L. chinensis, with significant different content. The main components in different parts of L. chinensis were polyphenols, with the highest content, followed by flavonoids. The content of 10 active components was generally high in flowers. Among them, the content of quinic acid was the highest, reaching 22.539 1 mg·g~(-1). This study elucidates the differences of active components in the same part and the different parts of L. chinensis, thereby providing basis for the research on the pharmacodynamic substances of L. chinensis and references for the comprehensive development and utilization of L. chinensis resources.

ResNet and MaxEnt modeling for quality assessment of Wolfiporia cocos based on FT-NIR fingerprints.

As a fungus with both medicinal and edible value, Wolfiporia cocos (F. A. Wolf) Ryvarden & Gilb. has drawn more public attention. Chemical components' content fluctuates in wild and cultivated W. cocos, whereas the accumulation ability of chemical components in different parts is different. In order to perform a quality assessment of W. cocos, we proposed a comprehensive method which was mainly realized by Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy and ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC). A qualitative analysis means was built a residual convolutional neural network (ResNet) to recognize synchronous two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) images. It can rapidly identify samples from wild and cultivated W. cocos in different parts. As a quantitative analysis method, UFLC was used to determine the contents of three triterpene acids in 547 samples. The results showed that a simultaneous qualitative and quantitative strategy could accurately evaluate the quality of W. cocos. The accuracy of ResNet models combined synchronous FT-NIR 2DCOS in identifying wild and cultivated W. cocos in different parts was as high as 100%. The contents of three triterpene acids in Poriae Cutis were higher than that in Poria, and the one with wild Poriae Cutis was the highest. In addition, the suitable habitat plays a crucial role in the quality of W. cocos. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model is a common method to predict the suitable habitat area for W. cocos under the current climate. Through the results, we found that suitable habitats were mostly situated in Yunnan Province of China, which accounted for approximately 49% of the total suitable habitat area of China. The research results not only pave the way for the rational planting in Yunnan Province of China and resource utilization of W. cocos, but also provide a basis for quality assessment of medicinal fungi.

Analysis of the volatile components in different parts of three Ferula species via combined DHSA-GC-MS and multivariate statistical analysis

This study employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with dynamic headspace adsorption (DHSA-GC-MS) to characterize volatile compounds in the leaves and fruits of three Ferula species. The critical aroma components were determined using multivariate statistical analysis. A total of 44 volatile compounds were identified in the six Ferula samples and further divided into five classes: hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, amines, ketones, and esters. The hydrocarbon, sulfur compound, and amine contents were the highest. The volatile compounds in the three Ferula species’ samples were obtained by semi-quantitative analysis (ion flow peak area normalization method). Nine aromatic compounds were identified, of which di-sec-butyl disulfide, with pungent onion and sulfur flavors, contributed significantly to the aroma of the three Ferula species. However, the primary aroma characteristics of Ferula include onion, sulfur, and flower fragrances. Although the type and abundance of chemical components differ among species, the trend is relatively consistent. The volatile components identified in this study provide a theoretical foundation for the characterization of specific flavors associated with Ferula, while expanding the application of Ferula as an edible traditional medicinal plant.

Effects of Hot Air-drying and Vacuum Freeze-drying on Flavor Components in Different Parts of Hericium erinaceus

Effects of Hot Air-drying and Vacuum Freeze-drying on Flavor Components in Different Parts of Hericium erinaceus

Difference analysis of different parts of chicory based on HPLC fingerprint and multi-component content determination

ObjectiveTo establish HPLC fingerprints of different parts of chicory stems, leaves, roots, flowers and seeds, and compare the similarities and differences of chemical components in different parts, so as to provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of chicory. MethodsTo establish the HPLC fingerprint of chicory, the chromatographic column was chosen with Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18, the mobile phase was methanol (A) – 0.2% formic acid (B), the flow rate was 1 mL/min, the column temperature was 30 °C, and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. The Similarity Evaluation System of Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2012 Edition) was used to evaluate the similarity of different parts of decoction pieces, and the determination method of multi-component content was established based on fingerprint identification chromatographic peaks, and the determination results were analyzed. ResultsThe HPLC fingerprinting method of chicory was established. Sixteen chromatographic peaks were identified and 10 of them were identified as: caftaric acid (1), esculin (2), chlorogenic acid (3), esculetin (4), caffeic acid (5), cichoric acid (8), hyperoside (11), rutin (12), isochlorogenic acid C (14) and luteolin (16). The similarity of different parts was 0.084–0.701. At the same time, the total content of detected chemical components was ranked as flower > leaf > stem > root > seed. Roots did not contain caftaric acid, rutin, and luteolin, flowers did not contain luteolin, and seeds did not contain caftaric acid, cichoric acid, and luteolin. The content of cichoric acid in leaves was the most, and esculin in flowers was the most. ConclusionThe results of HPLC fingerprint and multi-component content determination revealed the similarity and difference of different parts of chicory from chemical composition, indicating that there were certain differences in different parts of chicory. The established HPLC fingerprinting method can provide a reference for quality control and evaluation of different parts of the chicory.

A new perspective on the benzo(a)pyrene generated in tea seeds during roasting

ABSTRACT The detection of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a strong carcinogen, in edible oil has been widely reported. This work studied the concentration of BaP in different parts of tea seeds generated during roasting from a new perspective. A novel method was established and used to calculate the actual generated concentration of BaP, which is different from the previous direct determination of BaP concentration and also takes into account the concentration of the lost BaP. The results showed that the loss rate of BaP in husks was the highest (92.7%), while that in the peeled tea seeds was the lowest (66.9%). Conversely, the generated concentration of BaP in peeled seeds was the highest (6.7 μg·kg−1), while that in husks was the lowest (2.8 μg·kg−1). The change in concentration of BaP during roasting was mainly related to the components of different parts of tea seeds. Finally, the lost BaP-d12 in tea seeds was detected in other parts of the semi-closed simplified model, which confirmed that BaP will migrate during roasting. This work emphasised that it was necessary to modify the calculation method for the generated concentration of BaP in food during thermal processing, which will be helpful to explore the generation mechanism of BaP.