Semantic Components Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Spoken Language Components of Students With Dyslexia and Normal Peers in the First and Second Grades of Primary School

Background and Aims The present study was conducted to investigate the change in the receptive language, intermediate language, expressive language, semantics, syntax, and phonology of dyslexic students and compare them with the norm group. Methods The statistical sample of the present study comprised 28 dyslexic students studying in the first and second grades of primary school and 29 normal students from the same grades. They were selected non-randomly based on the inclusion criteria. The third edition of the Persian version of the test of language development (TOLD-P3) was used to measure the components of receptive language, intermediate language, and expressive language. Tehran Stanford-Binet intelligence test (TSB-5) and reading and dyslexia test (NAMA) were used to diagnose dyslexia. Multivariate analysis of variance was used for data analysis. Results The findings indicate a significant difference in the evolution of the components of receptive language, intermediate language, expressive language, semantics, syntax, and phonology between dyslexic and normative students. Conclusion According to the results, dyslexic students are weaker in all components of spoken language than their non-dyslexic peers. Considering the dyslexic students’ problem in reading, they are profoundly different from their normal peers in lower levels of language, including spoken language. Thus, the growth and development of language skills must be considered in reading learning disability besides other rehabilitation skills.

Text-Vision Relationship Alignment for Referring Image Segmentation

Referring image segmentation aims to segment object in an image based on a referring expression. Its difficulty lies in aligning expression semantics with visual instances. The existing methods based on semantic reasoning are limited by the performance of external syntax parser and do not explicitly explore the relationships between visual instances. This article proposes an end-to-end method for referring image segmentation by aligning ’linguistic relationship’ with ’visual relationships’. This method does not rely on external syntax parser for expression parsing. In this paper, the expression is adaptively and structurally parsed into three components: ’subject’, ’object’, and ’linguistic relationship’ by the Semantic Component Parser (SCP) in a learnable manner. Instances Activation Map Module (IAM) locates multiple visual instances based on the subject and object. In addition, the Relationship Based Visual Localization Module (RBVL) firstly enables each instance of the image to learn global knowledge, then decodes the visual relationships between these visual instances, and finally aligns the visual relationships with the linguistic relationships to further accurately locate the target object. The experimental results show that the proposed method improves performance by 4– 9% compared with baseline method on multiple referring image segmentation datasets.

The Emergence of Consciousness in a Physical Universe

Consciousness appears so mysterious and hard to formulate within physical sciences because the present day scientific thinking excludes certain element of reality from its consideration. The primary missing element is the reality of information in the physical universe as an intrinsic causal correlate of observable physical states. Another missing element is a general formalism of information processing that is universally applicable to the processing resulting from each physical interaction. As shown, the formalism further enables a general mechanism to construct arbitrary structured and abstract semantics or object description in modular hierarchy as well as a powerful mechanism of population coding to represent arbitrary precision and variations in object description resolving the combinatorial problem. Here, a semantic content, or simply semantics, is equivalent (\(\equiv\)) to what the information of correlation expresses, and treated as a value to enable its formal processing. The primary motive here is to lay down a formal account of information (semantic) processing that leads to bridging the conceptual gap between the objectively observable elements in nature and the subjective consciousness. It is shown that the qualities we associate with consciousness are causally represented semantics of relation that a represented agency holds with other objects within a dynamically evolving semantic structure, where the state of the population of physical systems (neurons) representing the structure holds causal powers to effect appropriate behavior. Since the information arises from natural causal correlation, the consciousness forms an undeniable reality of existence. It is derived here how a semantic value equivalent to 'a self as an observer of objects and controller of actions' is representable. If the semantic components of a conscious experience, such as the self, the objects of experience, and the relation of experience attributing the self as the owner or experiencer are causally represented by a system's state having causal influence in action, then it suffices to bridge the gap between the objective reality and the subjective consciousness. That is, the semantic value corresponding to the thoughts and senses is the reality of nature the semantics of self relates to as the owner. Moreover, the semantics of'self as an observer and controller of action' is itself shown to form a part of observed objects giving rise to self awareness.

The Emergence of Consciousness in a Physical Universe

Consciousness appears so mysterious and hard to formulate within physical sciences because the present day scientific thinking excludes certain element of reality from its consideration. The primary missing element is the reality of information in the physical universe as an intrinsic causal correlate of observable physical states. Another missing element is a general formalism of information processing that is universally applicable to the processing resulting from each physical interaction. As shown, the formalism further enables a general mechanism to construct arbitrary structured and abstract semantics or object description in modular hierarchy as well as a powerful mechanism of population coding to represent arbitrary precision and variations in object description resolving the combinatorial problem. Here, a semantic content, or simply semantics, is equivalent (\(\equiv\)) to what the information of correlation expresses, and treated as a value to enable its formal processing. The primary motive here is to lay down a formal account of information (semantic) processing that leads to bridging the conceptual gap between the objectively observable elements in nature and the subjective consciousness. It is shown that the qualities we associate with consciousness are causally represented semantics of relation that a represented agency holds with other objects within a dynamically evolving semantic structure, where the state of the population of physical systems (neurons) representing the structure holds causal powers to effect appropriate behavior. Since the information arises from natural causal correlation, the consciousness forms an undeniable reality of existence. It is derived here how a semantic value equivalent to 'a self as an observer of objects and controller of actions' is representable. If the semantic components of a conscious experience, such as the self, the objects of experience, and the relation of experience attributing the self as the owner or experiencer are causally represented by a system's state having causal influence in action, then it suffices to bridge the gap between the objective reality and the subjective consciousness. That is, the semantic value corresponding to the thoughts and senses is the reality of nature the semantics of self relates to as the owner. Moreover, the semantics of'self as an observer and controller of action' is itself shown to form a part of observed objects giving rise to self awareness.

Sequentiality

Abstract This paper examines a hitherto unreported use of the Gã Perfect gram termed the ‘sequential perfect’. The sequential perfect represents a late stage of grammaticalization as it no longer conveys any aspectual information on its own, instead deriving its semantics from verbal categories in the prior discourse. It is primarily modal, being used for irrealis, habitual and iterative situations. It occurs in the non-initial clause of multiclausal constructions and signals that the event it marks is temporally posterior to another event. It also imparts the epistemic modal meanings of inevitability and certainty. I propose that these newer functions are developed from the core semantic components of change-of-state and completion. This involves grammaticalization via domain extension, where change-of-state within an event is extended to change between events. The investigation introduces a new pathway for grammaticalization of the perfect, which has implications for studies of the perfect and grammaticalization generally.

Humanization and sovereignization as a strategy for reforming and development of Russian education. Part 1. Russia's sovereign path in education

Introduction. Russia defends its humanitarian sovereignty when upbringing, education, culture, politics, films are built on our traditions and values, which are not outside, but inside a person, in his mind, since these are mental components, worldview components.Purpose setting. The education system should work for the formation and development of the country's human capital. Without solving this problem, the country will not have a sovereign education, which means there will be no future. It is necessary to change the paradigm of higher education, we need a new Russian national model. A professional school should be not just a «forge of personnel», but a center for the spiritual transformation of a specialist's personality, a source of spirituality for his thoughts, words and deeds. It is necessary to educate a real citizen, a patriot who knows the history and culture of his country well.Methodology and methods of the study. Based on the key points of the sovereignization of Russian education, which naturally abandoned the Bologna system of education. Methodology for understanding the current situation in education, analytical report «The Future of Higher Education in Russia: an Expert View. Foresight-study-2030».Results. Russian education until recently, with the implemented Bologna system, developed exclusively as an extractive social institution. For more than twenty years, this most important sphere of social life, the importance of which in maintaining and developing the sovereignty of the country cannot be overestimated, was literally «broken over the knee» to please the West. The main changes in the system of higher education caused by this participation are outlined. Joining the Bologna process has received an ambiguous and even contradictory assessment in the professional community.Conclusions. Now a situation has developed in society that makes the problem of finding a new semantic component of the fundamentalization of education, the essence of which is the realization that the future fate of human civilization will be determined not only by the intellectual and educational, but also by the spiritual and moral potential of society and people, i. e. by humanization and sovereignization. This is the value of Russia.

Differentiation of the Subject and the Complement in French Sentences: Difficulties of Translation

This article deals with the problem of the non-prepositional members of the French narrative sentence. The main goal is to clarify the basic principles of the positioning of the subject and the complement, their interchangeability, the principles of localization in written speech. Within the framework of the work, descriptive, comparativehistorical, comparative and semantic-stylistic methods of language research were used. The results of the analysis of grammatical reference books and fiction of the XVIII-XX centuries made it possible to prove the connection of the position of the subject and the complement with their syntactic function. The semantic component in the expression of syntactic relations is analyzed. Advanced hypothesis were verified with the examples of four translations of the classic Russian novel of the XIX century. The research will expand the comprehension of subject and complement in the French narrative sentence and, perhaps, encourage linguists to further study this phenomenon not only in analytical, but also in inflectional languages.

Short- and long-term influences of repeated speech examples on segmentation in an unfamiliar language analog.

Because segments in fluent speech (e.g., words and phrases) are not reliably separated by pauses, a key task when listening to an unfamiliar language is to parse the incoming speech into segments to be learned. We aim to understand how working memory contributes to that segmentation learning. One cue to segmentation occurs when a segment is repeated in varying contexts. Cowan (Acta Psychologica, 77(2), 121-135, 1991) explored a language analog to study how segmentation occurs during immediate memory of speech, and found effects of segment presentation frequency, stimulus length, and serial position. Here we ask whether those effects extend from working memory to long-term memory. Overlapping segments were presented (e.g., mah bar slo mi and slo mi geh), varying numbers of times (presentation frequencies) to determine how varying the schedule of repetition patterns would affect perception of a unified test pattern formed from the two of them (e.g., mah bar slo mi geh). These constructions provide an analogy to how segments occur in varying contexts in speech. Participants were to indicate where they heard the boundaries between syllables. In immediate memory, the perceived boundaries more often reflected the most frequently presented pattern, and often reflected both pattern boundaries (in this example, mah bar / slo mi / geh). In a long-term memory follow-up, however, the original presentation frequencies only mattered for certain short test pattern configurations. We suggest that working memory for speech, without a semantic component, may be an incomplete basis to learn longer segments in an unfamiliar language.

Semantic classifiers in Guodian bamboo manuscripts: Reconstructing categories in the ancient Chinese mind

Ancient Chinese scripts are one of the most complex writing systems in the world. Many graphs contain components referred to as unpronounced semantic classifiers. These components bear a semantic relationship to the meaning of the word written by the graph. It is proposed that the set of semantic components, as well as the specific semantic concepts that they encode, reflect a cognitive map of knowledge organization of the community of script users at a particular place and time. By analyzing the semantic classifiers within a constrained manuscript corpus, it is possible to build a network that models aspects of the ancient Chinese knowledge organization as reflected in this corpus. With the help of the digital tool iClassifier, a corpus-based study is conducted based on the sample texts, Guodian bamboo manuscripts. Additionally, a list of semantic classifiers is presented, two prominent categories 心 [heart/senses & emotion] and 辵 [road + foot/movement] are analyzed, and a visualization network of the sample corpus is drawn.

Communicative dynamism of Muslim stereotypes and the war in Ukraine

The article explores communicative dynamism of stereotypical ideas about Muslims in predominantly Christian Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current substitution features of Islamic values objectified by the Russian-Ukrainian war. The research methodology is based on the modern scientific media linguistic approaches to religion communication and religious ideologemes. In particular, attention is paid to the ideologeme of Jihad, which is used in the motivational practice of international recruiting as media technique. The research also reveals and examines semantic components of the media conceptualization of OWN and ALIEN Muslim. The results show that negative stereotypes of Muslims are used in the hybrid war as a cognitive tool of psychological pressure on and intimidation of Ukrainians. Stereotypes can also acquire the forms of power and control used by religious leaders and political institutions in mass media. The communicative specificity of stereotypical representations of Ukrainians is analyzed within the framework of religious marketing research.

A Novel Semantic IoT Middleware for Secure Data Management: Blockchain and AI-Driven Context Awareness

In the modern digital landscape of the Internet of Things (IoT), data interoperability and heterogeneity present critical challenges, particularly with the increasing complexity of IoT systems and networks. Addressing these challenges, while ensuring data security and user trust, is pivotal. This paper proposes a novel Semantic IoT Middleware (SIM) for healthcare. The architecture of this middleware comprises the following main processes: data generation, semantic annotation, security encryption, and semantic operations. The data generation module facilitates seamless data and event sourcing, while the Semantic Annotation Component assigns structured vocabulary for uniformity. SIM adopts blockchain technology to provide enhanced data security, and its layered approach ensures robust interoperability and intuitive user-centric operations for IoT systems. The security encryption module offers data protection, and the semantic operations module underpins data processing and integration. A distinctive feature of this middleware is its proficiency in service integration, leveraging semantic descriptions augmented by user feedback. Additionally, SIM integrates artificial intelligence (AI) feedback mechanisms to continuously refine and optimise the middleware’s operational efficiency.

The national core of the lexical-illustrative base of Ukrainian dictionaries of the first half of the 20th century On the material of the Archival Card Index

The article focuses on the topical issue of language as a civilizational and nation-building value in the context of the struggle for Ukrainian identity. The study is devoted to the problem of the national core of lexical-illustrative material in the Archival Card Index as a linguistic source. The subject of the study is the linguistic content of the card index of Ukrainian dictionaries of the early 20th century from the lexical, phraseological, grammatical, etc. points of view. The goal is to find out the features that highlight the aesthetic parameter of the formation of the national language, the dynamics of its semantic component, spelling norms, etc. Using the method of structural analysis, lexicographic description, and generalization, were identified those language units that can be included in the register or recommendation section of a modern dictionary of the active type as synonyms — forgotten, unfixed or returned. For the first time, the materials of the ACI became the object of this type of research, such as lexemes and quotation material to them: клейнодець, котва, сліпи, сварливий, крижники; сипнути наздогад, не було на молоці — не буде й на сироватці. The main result of the research is that the analysis of the fragments of the Archival Card Index — the lexical-illustrative base of the lexicographic work of the early 20th century — is a base: for solving lexical, grammatical, phraseological issues of the modern language; development of the recommendation section of a modern dictionary of the active type from the point of view of returned language resources. The ACI is rich in examples that reflect linguistic features different from today’s codified examples; a rich synonymous series of Ukrainian words highlights the shades of meaning of Ukrainian units. The prospects for further study are that the considered materials are the basis for developing and deepening the theory of nationally marked features of the Ukrainian language.

Manipulable Semantic Components: a Computational Representation of Data Visualization Scenes.

Various data visualization applications such as reverse engineering and interactive authoring require a vocabulary that describes the structure of visualization scenes and the procedure to manipulate them. A few scene abstractions have been proposed, but they are restricted to specific applications for a limited set of visualization types. A unified and expressive model of data visualization scenes for different applications has been missing. To fill this gap, we present Manipulable Semantic Components (MSC), a computational representation of data visualization scenes, to support applications in scene understanding and augmentation. MSC consists of two parts: a unified object model describing the structure of a visualization scene in terms of semantic components, and a set of operations to generate and modify the scene components. We demonstrate the benefits of MSC in three applications: visualization authoring, visualization deconstruction and reuse, and animation specification.

Mystique: Deconstructing SVG Charts for Layout Reuse.

To facilitate the reuse of existing charts, previous research has examined how to obtain a semantic understanding of a chart by deconstructing its visual representation into reusable components, such as encodings. However, existing deconstruction approaches primarily focus on chart styles, handling only basic layouts. In this paper, we investigate how to deconstruct chart layouts, focusing on rectangle-based ones, as they cover not only 17 chart types but also advanced layouts (e.g., small multiples, nested layouts). We develop an interactive tool, called Mystique, adopting a mixed-initiative approach to extract the axes and legend, and deconstruct a chart's layout into four semantic components: mark groups, spatial relationships, data encodings, and graphical constraints. Mystique employs a wizard interface that guides chart authors through a series of steps to specify how the deconstructed components map to their own data. On 150 rectangle-based SVG charts, Mystique achieves above 85% accuracy for axis and legend extraction and 96% accuracy for layout deconstruction. In a chart reproduction study, participants could easily reuse existing charts on new datasets. We discuss the current limitations of Mystique and future research directions.

Linguistic expression of intangible cultural heritage in "Baburnama": subject, object, addressee

The intangible cultural heritage of the Great Silk Way Road has the core role in historical area. It covers various spheres of life and is reflected in traditions, customs, languages, music, dances, crafts, ceremonies, legends and historical events. In the written heritage of "Baburnama", the author provides the centuries-old Turkic identity and cross-country features that arose from Central Asia, associated with the lands of Afghanistan, India, namely geographical, biological, medical, literary, historical, political, cultural and other relations. Babur's personal experiences and observations, his philosophical reflections and assessments of various cultural and socio-political phenomena are transmitted through "Baburnama". Thus, this work serves not only as a historical documents events, but also serves as an important source for understanding the cultural context of the era. The article depicts linguistic expression of intangible cultural heritage in "Baburnama". The primary focus was on the semantic syntactic components of the propositions in Babur's sentences such as, subject, object, and addressee. The actant was noted in the scripts of that era's intangible cultural heritage, based on the sentence's syntax structure. The text's substance and its feature of utilizing the many forms of intangible cultural heritage from the Babur era in contemporary Kazakh society are decided upon based on the study examples that were gathered.

Полимодальность как черта когнитивного стиля автора в изобразительном регистре англоязычного художественного текста (на материале произведений Дж. Стейнбека)

The study discusses multimodal perceptual situations presented in a literary text as a feature of the author’s mind style. The perceptual component of world perception is considered to be the result of unique perceptual experience, thus it is argued that the perceptual component of the text structure reflects the mind style of its author. The analysis of the situation of perception provided in the paper is based on the concept of speech registers. A speech register implemented in a text appears as a model of the speaker’s worldview that determines the language means used in the text in accordance with the communicative situation, and vice versa, makes it possible to identify the features of the perception of reality based on the lingual means used by the author. The research is based on data obtained from a number of J. Steinbeck’s literary works totaling 830 pages. The research methods used include componential, contextual, and linguo-stylistic analysis. The analysis prompts the following conclusions: multimodality within a literary text is conveyed through the use of a variety of lexical, phonetic, syntactic lingual means as well as expressive means based on conceptual metaphors with visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile semantic components, thus evoking corresponding planes of perception. Perceptual images depicted in the descriptive register help convey the ideas, the topics raised in a literary work, serve as a means of text composition, and create a cinematic effect within the text. The abovementioned testifies to the distinctiveness of the author’s mind style, which manifests itself in the representation of perceptual experience through various modalities simultaneously, in synesthetic metaphors, multimodal presentation of the results of perception by visual submodalities.

АУДИАЛЬНЫЙ СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЙ КОД КАК ПРОЯВЛЕНИЕ КОГНИТИВНОГО СТИЛЯ ПЕРСОНАЖА В АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНОМ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОМ ТЕКСТЕ

The article discusses the linguistic and stylistic means involved in lingual manifestation of auditory perception. The lingual means of conveying an auditory perceptual image in the literary text are analyzed from the perspective of their potential in characterisation. The use of auditory based imagery is seen as a feature of the protagonist’s cognitive style formed under the influence of his passion for composing music. The perceptual plan of the narrative is conveyed by vocabulary with a semantic component of auditory perception, terms of musical notation, onomatopoeia, as well as music metaphors. The main trait of the protagonist’s cognitive style is the ability to express perceptual experience (visual, olfactory, tactile, etc.) with the help of an auditory imagery and, thus, compose music.

Joint Energy-based Model for Semi-supervised Respiratory Sound Classification: A Method of Insensitive to Distribution Mismatch.

Semi-supervised learning effectively mitigates the lack of labeled data by introducing extensive unlabeled data. Despite achieving success in respiratory sound classification, in practice, it usually takes years to acquire a sufficiently sizeable unlabeled set, which consequently results in an extension of the research timeline. Considering that there are also respiratory sounds available in other related tasks, like breath phase detection and COVID-19 detection, it might be an alternative manner to treat these external samples as unlabeled data for respiratory sound classification. However, since these external samples are collected in different scenarios via different devices, there inevitably exists a distribution mismatch between the labeled and external unlabeled data. For existing methods, they usually assume that the labeled and unlabeled data follow the same data distribution. Therefore, they cannot benefit from external samples. To utilize external unlabeled data, we propose a semi-supervised method based on Joint Energy-based Model (JEM) in this paper. During training, the method attempts to use only the essential semantic components within the samples to model the data distribution. When non-semantic components like recording environments and devices vary, as these non-semantic components have a small impact on the model training, a relatively accurate distribution estimation is obtained. Therefore, the method exhibits insensitivity to the distribution mismatch, enabling the model to leverage external unlabeled data to mitigate the lack of labeled data. Taking ICBHI 2017 as the labeled set, HF_Lung_V1 and COVID-19 Sounds as the external unlabeled sets, the proposed method exceeds the baseline by 12.86.

Cognitive aspect of concept strangeness in English

The paper aims to explore the cognitive aspect of the concept of "Strangeness" in English. It examines this concept through the lens of the image-schema of Relation, as "strangeness" is primarily perceived as a quality associated with being unnatural, unknown, or unrecognizable. Through an analysis of the meanings of the synonymic set of adjectives with the dominant "strange", the study reveals that, in addition to the common semantic component of "different from what is usual or ordinary," these adjectives also share other semes. These semes include "striking or shocking," "eccentric," "inspiring fear," and "remote in space/time," which differentiate them into smaller subgroups. Overall, based on the semantic analysis of the selected adjectives, it can be concluded that English speakers perceive something or someone as strange when they cannot categorize them into known categories or when the objects are distant in time and space. The quality of strangeness typically carries a negative connotation.

Comparison Metaphor and Reasoning Comprehension Between Children with Borderline Intelligence and Typical Developing School-Aged children

Purpose: Metalinguistic skills play a critical role in school-aged children’s language development and academic achievement. This study investigates whether metaphorical reasoning in children with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) (or slow learners) differs from that of typically developing children.Methods: A total of 52 children (29 boys and 23 girls), who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study, were included. Children were categorized into three groups (15 slow learner group, 18 chronological age-matched group, and 19 language age-matched group) based on their K-WISC and receptive vocabulary scores in the Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test (REVT). All children completed the Metaphorical and Reasoning Comprehension test (MARC) to estimate their metaphor and reasoning comprehension ability.Results: As a result of a one-way analysis of variance, there was a significant difference among the groups, and a significant difference was found between the slow learners and the chronological age-matched group (<i>p</i>=0.000), but no significant difference was presented between the slow learner group and the language age-matched group. Similarly, regarding the expressive vocabulary score, a one-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference only between the slow learner and the chronological age-matched group (<i>p</i>=0.000). When comparing the scores for metaphorical reasoning comprehension among the three groups, the metaphorical reasoning comprehension scores were significantly different among the groups, with the slow learners having the lowest scores: the slow learner group was substantially different from the language age-matched group (<i>p</i>=0.025), while there was also a significant difference between the slow learner group and the chronological age-matched group (<i>p</i>=0.000).Conclusions: This study suggests that the semantic component of language is not affected in BIF children, but rather, the meaning of words is affected by tasks that require higher-order metalinguistic skills, such as understanding metaphorical inferences embedded in the context of a sentence. Accordingly, the ability to understand metaphorical reasoning can identify slow learners.