Paint Components Research Articles

Characterizing Surfaces of Garnet and Steel, and Adsorption of Organic Additives.

This work reports that abrasive blasting of a structural steel results in significant retention of garnet abrasive residues. A comparative study of the adsorption behavior of a number of organic species, relevant to paint components and additives, onto the surfaces of garnet and S355 steel from nonaqueous solutions is also presented. Areas per adsorbed molecule, estimated from the isotherm data, suggest a range of molecular orientations on the surfaces. Pronounced differences in the adsorption strength to the garnet and steel were observed, particularly that most additives bind more strongly to steel than to garnet. Surface characterization data from acid-base titrations, photoelectron spectroscopy, and backscattered electron diffraction were used to rationalize the adsorption data obtained. The ramifications of these findings for particular industrial processes, with regards the strength of paint adhesion and paint additive formulations, are highlighted.

A novel methodological approach for the assessment of surface cleaning of acrylic emulsion paints

In the present study a novel methodology was developed for the assessment of surface cleaning treatment of acrylic emulsion paints, with the use of Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py–GC/MS). In order to assess the degree of invasiveness of surface treatments applied on acrylic emulsion paints, Py–GC/MS was employed for the direct analysis of the cleaning extracts, aiming to simultaneously detect the main organic components of the acrylic emulsion paints extracted from the paint during cleaning. Commercial acrylic emulsion paints were chosen for the study, containing four different synthetic organic pigments: Hansa yellow (PY3), diketopyrrolopyrrole red (PR264), phthalocyanine blue (PB15) and phthalocyanine green (PG7). Mock ups of paint films were prepared and subjected to artificial soiling and thermal ageing. Py–GC/MS and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Attenuated Total Reflection mode (FTIR–ATR) were used for the identification of the main organic components found in the prepared acrylic paints. Cleaning tests were conducted simulating actual surface cleaning treatment conditions, using a set of different types of wet cleaning systems, including water, aqueous solutions with chelating agents, water in oil (w/o) microemulsion and a siloxane based w/o emulsion. For an integrated physicochemical and aesthetic approach towards the evaluation of the cleaning tests, in parallel with the Py–GC/MS analysis carried out on the cleaning extracts, the degree of soil removal was comparatively evaluated through visual observation and documented in macro and micro scale. Moreover, statistical analysis was performed in the aim of correlating the aesthetic and the physicochemical cleaning assessment results. The study showed that Py–GC/MS is very useful tool for assessing the cleaning of acrylic emulsions and the action of different cleaning systems, making possible to detect minor quantities of the paint's components, through the direct analysis of the cleaning extracts. Some new information on the impact of cleaning treatments on emulsion paints as regards the synthetic organic pigments and the acrylic binder is presented.

Paint blistering affects quality of finished products

Abstract Automotive painted components confront an almost limitless variety of environments and environmental assaults. The appearance (color, gloss, and texture) of the surface significantly affects a customer's perception of product quality. During the paint application process however, and later during car operation, numerous kinds of failures and/or paint damages can occur. A defective part from a car in warranty period with paint blisters was brought for investigations. Samples from defective part were taken, and then they were examined using optical microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A section of the part away from the blisters was excised and used as a reference. The black coating was analyzed in the reference area, on the rim of the part away from the blisters and on top of the coating covering the blisters. The result of the spectral subtraction revealed that benzyl benzoate was used inside of the car. Benzyl benzoate is used in topical medications, insect repellents, perfumes and cosmetics. As a proof of benzyl benzoate utilization inside of the car, a paint attack with benzyl benzoate was performed. The test revealed that, the part's failure was similar to that seen in the returned part from the car in warranty period.

Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in automobile spray painters of Mumbai: A cross-sectional study

Background: Spray painting poses health hazards that affect the respiratory system. During spray painting, workers are exposed to different paint components. Toluene diisocyanates, methylene diisocyanates, and hexamethylene diisocyanates are commonly used isocyanates in the spray painting. The major route of occupational exposure to isocyanates is the inhalation of the vapor or aerosol that can sensitize workers. The short- and long-term consequences of the respiratory system can be raised from these occupations. Hence, the aim and objective of this study were to find the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in automobile spray painters of Mumbai and to study the use of safety measures in automobile spray painters. Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study. A total of 50 automobile spray painters were selected based on inclusion criteria. The self-made validated questionnaire was used as an outcome measure. Results: About 90% of the automobile spray painters have reported respiratory symptoms in their occupation among which 88% had the most prevalent symptom of breathlessness followed by 84% workers had the symptom of coughing. Nearly 60% of workers were aware about the safety measures, but only 33% were using the safety measures during work. Conclusion: The study showed a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms. The lack of awareness and the use of safety measures had increased the severity of the symptoms.

Traditions of Ceramic Production in the Central and Eastern Europe Eneolithic: Tripolye, Late Malice and Lublin-Volhynian Cultures

In the area of Podolsk Upland and Upper Dniester in the second half of the V and in the first half of IV millennia BC periodically co-existed the communities of three Eneolithic cultures, significantly different in terms of cultural inventories and economic systems: Tripolye (stages BII, CI), Malice (late phase) and Lublin-Volhynian (classical phase). For these cultures the indicated area was a peripheral zone of ranges, on which a various mutual relations, manifested in ceramic and flint production, took place. The most explicit evidences of intercultural relations are manifested in the pottery production, when the technical and stylistic traditions are diffused among culturally different communities, living on the same or closely adjacent territories. In the contact zone occurs not only a syncretistic cultural units, such as the Ostrog-Zeman cemetery, but also ceramics of mixed traditions, with elements of Tripolye, Malice and Lublin-Volhynian cultures, such as the Bodaki settlement. In order to identify the directions and nature of the relationship between these cultures, analysis of selected ceramic collections was carried out, taking into account a successive stages of production: selection of raw material, preparation of ceramic mass, forming vessels along with surface treatment, decorating and firing. In addition to archaeological methods, the petrographic and spectral analyzes (chromatography-mass spectrometry) were used to determine the organic components of the ceramic painting of the Tripolye and Lublin-Volhynian cultures.

Combined 14C Analysis of Canvas and Organic Binder for Dating a Painting

AbstractThe use of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for age determinations of paintings is growing due to decreasing sample size requirements. However, as only the support material is usually dated, the validity of the results may be questioned. This work describes a novel sampling and preparation technique for dating the natural organic binder using radiocarbon (14C) AMS. In the particular case of oil paintings, the natural oil used has a high probability of being representative of the time of creation, hereby circumventing the problem of the originality of the support material. A multi-technique approach was developed for a detailed characterization of all paint components to identify the binder type as well as pigments and additives present in the sample. The technique was showcased on a painting of the 20th century. The results by 14C AMS dating show that both the canvas and binding medium predate the signed date by 4–5 yr. This could be the time span for keeping painting material in the atelier. The method developed provides, especially given the low amounts of material needed for analysis, a superior precision and accuracy in dating and has potential to become a standard method for oil painting dating.

Are the TiO2 NPs a “Trojan horse” for personal care products (PCPs) in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum?

In recent years, increasing quantities of personal care products (PCPs) are being released into the environment. However, data about bioaccumulation and toxicity are scarce; and extraction and analytical approaches are not well developed. In this work, the marine clam Ruditapes philippinarum, selected as model organism, has been employed to investigate bioaccumulation, antioxidant enzyme activities and DNA damage due to exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles and bulk TiO2 (inorganic compounds that are frequent components of PCPs, plastics, paints and coatings, foods and disinfectant water treatments). We have also studied the joint effect of both forms of inorganic TiO2 combined with four organic compounds (mixture exposures) commonly used in PCPs: an antimicrobial (triclosan), a fragrance (OTNE) and two UV filters (benzophenone-3 and octocrylene). Bioaccumulation of the inorganic compound, TiO2, was almost immediate and constant over exposure time. With respect to the organic compounds in mixtures, they were mediated by TiO2 and bioaccumulation is driven by reduced size of the particles. In fact, nanoparticles can be considered as a vector to organic compounds, such as triclosan and benzophenone-3. After a week of depuration, TiO2 NPs and TiO2 bulk in clams showed similar levels of concentration. Some organic compounds with bioactivity (Log Kow >3), like OTNE, showed low depuration after one week. The joint action of the organic compound mixture and either of the two forms of TiO2 provoked changes in enzyme activity responses. However, for the mixtures, DNA damage was found only after the depuration period.

‘Landscape In Miniature’—The use of the gum leaf as a painting support in colonial Victoria

The paper examines the history of the use of the gum leaf as a support for oil paintings in colonial Australia, with a focus on the conservation treatment of four paintings by artist Alfred William Eustace from the Albury City Gallery Collection. The paper presents some historic background and describes the technical analysis of the material components of these unique paintings, their condition and the conservation treatment undertaken in preparation for exhibition.

Lime-based restoration paints: characterization and evaluation of formulations using a native species from the Amazon flora and PVA-based glue as additives

Abstract Based on historic documents, two lime-based paint formulations were produced in laboratory in order to evaluate their basic characteristics as restoration materials for historic buildings with lime-based components. The paints were made basically with hydrated lime, clay, water and linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) oil, and one formulation had PVA (polyvinyl acetate)-based glue as fixative, and the other one, Couma guianensis' latex. Each paint component was characterized by XRD and FTIR, and color and specular gloss measurements were performed on both paints. A preliminary assessment of the paints was conducted using the Pipe Method, the salt crystallization test, visual analysis for dustiness, and analysis of microbiological growth. The results showed that the laboratory-produced paints are theoretically and technologically compatible with lime-based coatings, however, their superficial performance can be improved to achieve greater durability. This study also brings to light local materials from the Amazon region that have great potential to be used and recognized as raw materials for paints and which could also be investigated for other uses.

A Rare Case of Transdermal Methanol Intoxication

Introduction: Methanol is a clear, colorless, and highly toxic liquid which is a common component of antifreeze solutions, paints, varnishes, gasoline mixtures, and various solvents. Even though methanol is used only in industry, when ingested accidentally or for suicide it may cause methanol intoxication which has high mortality rates. Methanol intoxication is generally seen after accidental or suicidal oral intake. Methanol can be absorbed by inhalation or through the skin, which rarely leads to clinical toxicity.Case Report: Herein, we present a case of methanol intoxication associated with absorption through the skin which is one of the rare ways of poisoning. We aim to emphasize that methanol intoxication rarely occurs after dermal exposure.Conclusion: Emergency department physicians must consider methanol intoxication in patients of high anion gap metabolic acidosis with visual symptoms even if the patient has no history of oral intake

Ceria/Acrylic Polymer Microgel Composite: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticorrosion Application for API 5L X70 Substrate in Chloride-Enriched Medium

Ceria/poly(acrylic acid) microgel composite with anticorrosion potential has been synthesized via an in situ polymerization method. This polymer composite matrix has demonstrated significant reduction in API 5L X70 steel corrosion in 0.5 M HCl. In-depth studies of the anticorrosion properties of this microgel have been conducted by corrosion electrochemistry, and its adsorption on steel altered both anodic dissolution and cathodic hydrogen evolution in the acid medium. Increment of CeO2 content within the PAA/CeO2 hybrid composite improved its surface protective performance; 1 and 5 g of CeO2 within the composite recorded 82 and 90% inhibition efficiency, respectively, compared to PAA alone (62%), at equal concentration. PAA formed a protective polymeric film on steel upon molecular adsorption, but in the presence of the PAA/CeO2, the metal surface protection was enhanced by the adhesion of compact hybrid films. PAA/CeO2 microgel composite may have a future as an anticorrosive paint component for metal su...

Correlating thermophysical properties with the molecular composition of 19th century chrome yellow oil paints

In the present study, we explore Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) as a tool for assessing the physical performance in 19th century paints and to evaluate the parameters that influence the mechanical properties of the paint films. This data is particularly important for accurate life-time predictions as well as better conservation treatments. DMTA is used to study the thermophysical properties of chrome yellow (PbCrO4) oil paints under the influence of common fillers found in 19th century chrome yellow oil paints: calcium carbonate (CaCO3), barium sulphate (BaSO4) and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Oil paint mock-ups were dry to touch and included oil plus the single paint components (chrome yellow pigment and the three fillers) that were compared with 19th c. Winsor & Newton historic paint formulations. The fillers selected were applied with a ratio to pigment ranging from 10 to 40% in weight.DMTA data revealed that the addition of solids (pigment and/or fillers) reduces the flexibility of the oil paint films, confirmed by the increase of the storage modulus (E′) and glass transition temperature (Tg). DMTA provided a clear differentiation between the thermo-mechanical behavior of the oil film and oil with inorganic compounds and, more importantly, pigment oil system versus oil with fillers. The data revealed that the pigment and filler system oil is modulated essentially by the presence of the filler irrespective of the individual filler behavior (as a single component) and its percentage (within the proportions used by Winsor & Newton in their 19th c. chrome yellow paints).

Lead and Cadmium Levels in Residential Soils of Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria.

Background.Lead and cadmium are components of paints sold in Nigeria. These heavy metals are associated with adverse neurological, cardiovascular and other human health effects.Objectives.This study assesses the levels of lead and cadmium in topsoil of residential areas in Lagos and Ibadan potentially resulting from painting of buildings.Methods.Samples were pre-treated prior to metal determination using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metal speciation was determined using modified Tessier sequential extraction. Soil characteristics were determined by standard methods. Soil contamination was assessed using contamination factor, geo-accumulation and pollution load indices. The United States Environmental Protection Agency integrated exposure uptake biokinetic (IEUBK) model was used to estimate and predict children's blood lead levels (BLL).Results.Lead and cadmium concentrations in residential areas in Lagos and Ibadan ranged from 1.56–419 mg/kg and not detected–2.8 mg/kg, respectively. Metal contamination factor and pollution load index were highest at the Lagos low income settlement. Results of IEUBK modelling showed that the Lagos low income settlement had the highest probability density for children between 1–7 years of age with an estimated BLL of >10 μg/dL. This population made up less than 0.01% of those within this age range.Conclusions.Lead and cadmium concentrations in soil around the residential buildings were higher than those in the control sample. Contamination factor and pollution load index showed significant contamination in average and low income settlements. These results suggested that there was accumulation of the metals in the soil, which can persist in the environment. This may pose serious health risks, especially to vulnerable groups such as children.

Spatiotemporal distributions of butyltin compounds in various intertidal organisms along the Samcheok and Tongyeong coasts of Korea

Thirteen years ago, the Korean Government introduced a regulation prohibiting the use of tributyltin (TBT), which was a component of antifouling paints. A subsequent decline in the concentration of butyltins (BTs) was recorded in seawater and the sediment, however, the current concentration of BTs in biota has not been well documented. The spatiotemporal distribution and concentration of BTs was recorded in biota from 2013 to 2015 along the coasts of Samcheok and Tongyeong using GS/MSD analysis. Crustaceans contained the greatest concentrations of BTs, followed by gastropods, fishes, and bivalves. We found that the concentration of BTs was greater at Tongyeong compared to Samcheok, because of the geographical characteristics of the area. We also confirmed that the regulation has been effective by showing that the TBT concentration decreased over the 3-year study period. The TBT levels of gastropods and bivalves fell within the limits of the guidelines and/or the effective concentration of the toxicological endpoint reported previously. The concentration of BTs also varied among species, being dependent on the weight of the soft tissue. Furthermore, the greater quantities of BTs degradation products compared to TBT confirmed the absence of recent inputs of pollutants during the study periods. However, compared with other Asian countries, biota BTs were greater in Korea, with noticeably greater concentrations along the south coast. Thus, further investigation of the distribution of BTs along the Korean coasts is required in the future. In conclusion, our results provide useful information about the recent trends of BTs in Korea.

Spectroscopic characterization of sixteenth century panel painting references using Raman, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and helium-Raman system for in situ analysis of Ibero-American Colonial paintings.

Colonial panel paintings constitute an essential part of Latin-American cultural heritage. Their study is vital for understanding the manufacturing process, including its evolution in history, as well as its authorship, dating and other information significant to art history and conservation purposes. Raman spectroscopy supplies a non-destructive characterization tool, which can be implemented for in situ analysis, via portable equipment. Specific methodologies must be developed, comprising the elaboration of reference panel paintings using techniques and materials similar to those of the analysed period, as well as the determination of the best analysis conditions for different pigments and ground preparations. In order to do so, Raman spectroscopy at 532, 785 and 1064 nm, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and a helium-Raman system were applied to a panel painting reference, in combination with X-ray fluorescence analysis. We were able to establish the analysis conditions for a number of sixteenth century pigments and dyes, and other relevant components of panel paintings from this period, 1064 nm Raman and SERS being the most successful. The acquired spectra contain valuable specific information for their identification and they conform a very useful database that can be applied to the analysis of Ibero-American Colonial paintings.This article is part of the themed issue 'Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology'.

A hypothesis on different technological solutions for outdoor and indoor Roman wall paintings

The determination of the chemical composition of different parts of wall paintings (pigments, mortars and binders) provides information about technology of preparation of an artefact. Herein, we present a multi-methodological characterisation of wall paintings from a Roman archaeological site in Cuma, focusing on differences between an indoor (domus) and outdoor fabrication (a temple, Tempio con Portico (TCP)). Both pigments, binders and mortars were studied via a combination of destructive/μ-destructive (mass spectrometry, ionic chromatography, ICP-based techniques) and non-destructive (Raman microscopy, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and X-ray diffraction) methodologies. Particularly, the systematic presence of dolomite only in mortars from TCP may suggest an intentional use of such limestone for the outdoor fabrication of public interest. Differences between TCP and domus are also related to the composition of the pigment binder. In particular, the detected binders (studied by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS) were proteinaceous in the case of domus (possibly egg and animal glue) and drying oils in the case of TCP. Ultimately, our multi-methodological study provides an overall picture of the material components of paintings from fabrications with different use, proposing a hypothesis on technological choices according to conservative and destination reasons.

Nano-TiO2 enhances biofilm formation in a bacterial isolate from activated sludge of a waste water treatment plant

TiO2 NPs is one of the major components of paints and sunscreens and also acts as a catalyst for waste water treatment. The study demonstrates the toxic effects of TiO2 NPs on an anaerobic bacterium, Macrococcus caseolyticus, isolated from the activated sludge of a waste water treatment facility. The cytotoxicity assessment under UVA, visible light, and dark conditions revealed a dose- and exposure-dependent reduction in viability. The examination of cytotoxicity was performed with membrane permeability assessment through LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase) detection. The formation of exopolymeric substances (EPS) was observed to be dose-dependent, and maximum EPS release was noted under UVA condition. The scanning electron microscopy described the aggregation tendency of biofilm to be more pronounced under UVA condition when treated with TiO2 NPs as compared to the control biofilm. Uptake of TiO2 NPs by the biofilm indicated possible remediation of the NPs in waste water by these organisms.

CIM® monolith chromatography-enhanced ELISA detection of proteins in artists' paints: Ovalbumin as a case study

ELISA (Enzyme-linked ImmunoSorbent Assay), as one possible application of antibody-based methods, has proved to be a good candidate for the determination of proteins in works of art due to the low limit of detection, high sensitivity (in the nanogram range), specificity and micro invasiveness of required sampling. Despite the advantages of this method, interference by metal ions present in pigments, lipids, saccharides and in other components of paints, grounds, and varnishes may cause several problems for incontestable identification of proteins. To overcome the drawbacks of ELISA, a novel way to purify the extracted mixtures to predominantly protein fractions, by the DEAE-modified (weak anion exchange) CIM® (Convective Interaction Media) chromatographic monoliths was introduced. Utilisation of monolithic chromatographic supports greatly enhanced the ELISA detection of ovalbumin in the model paint samples (aged and non-aged), for at least one tenfold dilution of a sample. In several cases the purification enabled detection of the target protein, otherwise not possible with non-purified samples. For the first time in the field of Cultural Heritage, the combined approach of ELISA and CIM® monolith-supported extraction was successfully tested also for the detection of protein in real-case paint layers.

Moisture uptake and permeability of canvas paintings and their components

Abstract Canvas paintings may show significant dimensional changes and experience internal stresses with fluctuating relative humidity. The relatively high and rapid absorption and drying of moisture within the different layers makes them more vulnerable than panel or wall paintings in comparable conditions. The dynamics of the moisture response is controlled by the water vapour permeability of the different layers. This paper presents a quantitative investigation of the vapour sorption and permeability of a selection of canvas painting components and of reconstructed paintings made of them. The selection of test samples was based on a survey of the materials used by Cuno Amiet in his early work and encompasses linen canvas, collagen glue sizing, chalk-glue ground and brown umber pigmented oil paint. Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS) tests were performed to obtain sorption isotherms. The vapour permeability was analysed in terms of the vapour resistance of layers and measured by means of wet cup and dry cup tests as well as in double chamber tests. The principle of incremental resistances was used to discriminate between the properties of the different layers. Whereas glue and canvas are comparable in being strongly absorbent, it appears that their vapour resistance is very different: a continuous glue film has a much higher vapour resistance than a canvas. In this context, we found that the method of applying glue sizing on a canvas influences the permeability of the resulting sized canvas: a gel size forms a more continuous glue film and hence leads to higher vapour resistance of the system, as opposed to a liquid size. Chalk-glue grounds have low moisture sorption, when compared to the high absorption of the proteinaceous glue, because they consist largely of chalk particles, which are not hygroscopic. The umber oil paint stands out for its low sorption and its high resistance to vapour transfer. These results characterise the highly heterogeneous nature of the multi-layered system of a painting in a quantitative way, enabling to better interpret damage phenomena and to make computational predictions of the influence of changing boundary conditions.

Monitoring the Laser Ablation Process of Paint Layers by PILA Technique

The spectrum analysis obtained by Fast Fourier Transform of the Photoacoustic In-duced by Laser Ablation (PILA) during laser assisted paints removal process is de-scribed, in order to identify the presence of paint components on a metallic surface, optimize the ablation rate and propose the method as a cleaning process monitoring. The process was carried out using a low-cost experimental setup which includes a burst-mode Nd:YAG laser, an electret microphone, an audio amplifier device and an oscilloscope, to record the acoustic pulse and analyze it. The samples surface mor-phology was characterized by Optical Microscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) before and after irradiation to visualize the formation of craters. As additional monitoring technique, the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was used. The potential of the analysis for qualitative monitoring of coating removal was demonstrated due to the coincidence of the information provided by LIBS and PILA techniques.