Component Of Disease Control Research Articles

Combined effects of conditional cash transfer program and environmental health interventions on diarrhea and malnutrition morbidity in children less than five years of age in Brazil, 2006-2016.

IntroductionGovernmental measures aiming at social protection, with components of disease control, have potential positive impacts in the nutritional and health outcomes of the beneficiaries. The concomitant presence of these measures with environmental sanitation interventions may increase their positive effect. The context of simultaneous improvement of social protection and environmental sanitation is found in Brazil since 2007 and an assessment of the combined effects of both programs has not been performed so far.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether interaction effects between improvement of access to water, sanitation and solid waste collection with the Bolsa Família Program [PBF] were related to better responses in the reduction of morbidity due to diarrhea and malnutrition in children less than five years of age, acknowledging the positive results of these improved conditions and the PBF separately in coping with these diseases.MethodsDescriptive and inferential analyses were performed through Generalized Linear Models of the Negative Binomial type of fixed effects, with and without addition of zeros. Interaction models were inserted in order to evaluate the outcomes when the two public policies of interest in the current study were present simultaneously in the municipalities.ResultsInteraction with negative effect when a concomitantly high municipal coverage of the Bolsa Família Program and adequate access to sanitation and solid waste collection were present. In contrast, regardless of municipal coverage by the PBF, the simultaneous presence of water and sanitation (0.028% / 0.019%); water and solid waste collection (0.033% / 0.014%); sanitation and solid waste collection (0.018% / 0.021%), all resulted in a positive effect, with a decrease in the average morbidity rates for both diseases.ConclusionInvestments aimed at universalizing water, sanitation and solid waste collection services should be priorities, aiming at reducing the incidence of morbidity due to malnutrition and diarrhea and preventing deaths from these poverty-related diseases.

French condiment mustard resistance against Leptosphaeria maculans relies on genes Rlm5 and Rlm6, calling for caution in the deployment of Rlm6 in oilseed rape crops

Breeding varieties for increased disease resistance is a major means to control epidemics. However, the deployment of resistance genes through space and time drives the genetic composition of the pathogen population, directionally altering pathotype frequencies. In France, Leptosphaeria maculans causes stem canker on Brassica napus oilseed rape crops but not on B. juncea condiment mustard. Prior to the deployment of winter B. napus varieties with Rlm6 resistance gene introduced from B. juncea, the aim of our study was to investigate if this deployment could impact disease control in condiment mustard. We assessed the presence of resistance genes against the disease in a set of current French B. juncea varieties and breeding lines with a set of five differential L. maculans isolates carrying know Avr/avr genes. Rlm6 was detected in all 12 condiment mustard varieties. Rlm5 was also detected in eight varieties. No additional resistance genes were detected with the set of isolates used. Because the frequency of isolates virulent on Rlm6 is very low in France, these results indicate that Rlm6 gene is a major component of disease control in the French B. juncea mustards tested. Using Rlm6 in oilseed rape varieties will very likely induce an increase in frequency of Rlm6 virulent isolates. This raises the acute concern of a wise deployment of oilseed rape around the condiment mustard growing area. Scientific knowledge on adaptation dynamics, spatial segregation of crops and cooperation between actors is currently available in order to mitigate the risk and advert negative consequences of the introduction of Rlm6 resistance gene in oilseed rape varieties.

Efficacy of disinfectants and detergents intended for a pig farm environment where Salmonella is present

Disinfection is a useful component of disease control, although products and chemical groups vary in their activity against different pathogens.This study investigated the ability of fifteen disinfectants to eliminate pig-associated Salmonella. Active compounds of products included chlorocresol, glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), iodine, peracetic acid and potassium peroxomonosulphate. Six detergents were also tested for their ability to dislodge faecal material, and interactions with specific disinfectants.Eight serovars were screened against all products using dilution tests and a monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strain was selected for further testing. The disinfectants were tested using models to replicate boot dip (faecal suspension) and animal housing (surface contamination) disinfection respectively at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Approved Disinfectant General Orders (GO) concentration, half GO and twice GO. Stability over time and ability to eliminate Salmonella in biofilm was also assessed. The most effective products were then field tested. Most products at GO concentration eliminated Salmonella in the faecal suspension model. One glutaraldehyde/QAC and one glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde-based product at GO concentration eliminated Salmonella in the surface contamination model. Chlorocresol-based products were more stable in the faecal suspension model. One chlorocresol and the glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde-based product were most successful in eliminating Salmonella from biofilms. All products tested on farm reduced bacterial log counts; the glutaraldehyde/QAC based product produced the greatest reduction.The type of product and the application concentration can impact on efficacy of farm disinfection; therefore, clearer guidance is needed to ensure the appropriate programmes are used for specific environments.

Abstract 1861: PPAR γ mediated involucrin induction in aerodigestive preneoplasia in vitro

Abstract Effective prevention and monitoring of head and neck malignancy is a critical component of disease control which is significantly underdeveloped. Currently, no validated biomarkers or therapies for human aerodigestive preneoplasia exist. We have increasing interest in PPARγ mediated therapy for oral leukoplakia reversal based on our preliminary clinical trial results. Involucrin expression is associated with squamous differentiation and we hypothesize involucrin would be involved with PPARγ upregulation in differentiation therapies. In our present study we examined the use of involucrin as marker of PPARγ activity in response to treatment and effect of bexarotene on pioglitazone mediated PPARγ activation in oral leukoplakia. In an analysis of an Affymetrix database of human head and neck tumors (41 tumors compared to 13 normal oral mucosa samples), we found involucrin is expressed 5.6fold higher in normal versus tumor samples (P<0.0001). We found pioglitazone upregulates PPARγ DNA binding activity and involucrin promoter activity via reporter gene assay. Bexarotene positively effects pioglitazone upregulation of these genes via reporter gene assay and increases protein expression via western blot analysis We conclude the PPARγ activator, pioglitazone, can activate involucrin, which may be useful in upregulating differentiation in oral preneoplasia in clinical trialsin combination with bexarotene. Also involucrin has potential use as a biomarker of disease response to treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1861. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1861

The China–Australia training on psychological crisis intervention for medical aid leaders and volunteers after the Sichuan earthquake

Three of us (B R, an expert on mental health response to trauma; A C, a senior manager leading emergency management for the Australian Red Cross; and R M P, who played a significant role in mental health recovery of Australians affected by the second Bali bombing 6 ) were invited to conduct the training in association with senior faculty members of the Peking University Institute of Mental Health, with representatives from the provinces and from volunteer organisations such as Hope China. The training program was funded by AusAID and supported at a very high level in the Chinese Government, with Bai Huan, Deputy Director-General of the Bureau of Diseases Prevention and Control and Yang Gonghuan, Executive Director of the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention attending the opening ceremony. In his speech, Yang Gonghuan emphasised that mental health is an essential component of disease control in China.

Aplicación de un planteamiento global en el uso de marcadores moleculares para incrementar la resistencia a las enfermedades

The improvement and utilisation of host genetic resistance to disease is an attractive option as a component of livestock disease control in a wide range of situations. This paper reviews the situations where genetic resistance of the host is likely to be a useful component of disease control and provides a framework for deciding whether genetic improvement of resistance is likely to be worthwhile. Discussion is focused on low-input production systems in the developing world, where disease resistance is particularly important. The authors propose an integrated strategy for the use of molecular markers in assessing genetic diversity and in utilising and improving host genetic resistance to disease. The integrated approach assures that there is value in the molecular genetic information whether or not it proves useful in genetic selection, a feature that should prove attractive to funding and executing agencies.