Component Of Body Research Articles

Bioimpedance analysis of fat free mass and its subcomponents and relative associations with maximal oxygen consumption in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy.

Fat free mass (FFM) is considered the metabolically active component of human body and is positively associated with maximal oxygen uptake ( ). However, FFM is composed of metabolically active and inactive subcomponents whose proportion can vary depending on body composition and clinical condition, possibly affecting such association. Although it is known that in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) peculiar changes in body composition occur, it is unclear whether there are alterations in FFM composition and, if so, whether such alterations affect the association towards compared to healthy subjects (HS). To address this issue, 27 FSHD patients (mean age 37.3; 9 female) and 27 sex and age matched HS, underwent an assessment of by cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) and body composition, with reference to FFM and its subcomponents, by bioimpedance analysis. In between-groups comparison, patients showed lower amounts of body cell mass (BCM) and intracellular water (ICW) which reflect in lower BCM/FFM ratio and higher extracellular to intracellular water ratio (ECW/ICW). Patients' was lower than HS and, even if with lower associative values than HS, correlated with FFM and BCM, while BCM/FFM and ECW/ICW ratios associations were observed only in HS. FSHD patients showed lower amount of BCM and ICW. BCM resulted as the parameter with the highest associative value with VO2max in both groups. Since is associated with functional ability in dystrophic patients, BCM, rather than FFM, could be an additional body composition-based clinical stratification factor.

Unsupervised domain adaptation multi-level adversarial learning-based crossing-domain retinal vessel segmentation

BackgroundThe retinal vasculature, a crucial component of the human body, mirrors various illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, and retinopathy. Accurate segmentation of retinal vessels in funduscopic images is essential for diagnosing and understanding these conditions. However, existing segmentation models often struggle with images from different sources, making accurate segmentation in crossing-source fundus images challenging. MethodsTo address the crossing-source segmentation issues, this paper proposes a novel Multi-level Adversarial Learning and Pseudo-label Denoising-based Self-training Framework (MLAL&PDSF). Expanding on our previously proposed Multiscale Context Gating with Breakpoint and Spatial Dual Attention Network (MCG&BSA-Net), MLAL&PDSF introduces a multi-level adversarial network that operates at both the feature and image layers to align distributions between the target and source domains. Additionally, it employs a distance comparison technique to refine pseudo-labels generated during the self-training process. By comparing the distance between the pseudo-labels and the network predictions, the framework identifies and corrects inaccuracies, thus enhancing the accuracy of the fine vessel segmentation. ResultsWe have conducted extensive validation and comparative experiments on the CHASEDB1, STARE, and HRF datasets to evaluate the efficacy of the MLAL&PDSF. The evaluation metrics included the area under the operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), accuracy (ACC), and balanced F-score (F1). The performance results from unsupervised domain adaptive segmentation are remarkable: for DRIVE to CHASEDB1, results are AUC: 0.9806, SE: 0.7400, SP: 0.9737, ACC: 0.9874, and F1: 0.8851; for DRIVE to STARE, results are AUC: 0.9827, SE: 0.7944, SP: 0.9651, ACC: 0.9826, and F1: 0.8326. ConclusionThese results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of MLAL&PDSF in achieving accurate segmentation results from crossing-domain retinal vessel datasets. The framework lays a solid foundation for further advancements in cross-domain segmentation and enhances the diagnosis and understanding of related diseases.

BRAIN TUMOR PERCEPTION USING DEEP LEARNING

The human brain serves as the central component of the human body, orchestrating its functionality. Brain tumors emerge from abnormal cell growth and division within the brain, potentially leading to the development of brain cancer. Computer vision plays a pivotal role in healthcare by alleviating the burden of making precise decisions. Among imaging modalities like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scans, and X-rays, MRI scans stand out as one of the most prevalent and safest methods for obtaining detailed images, capable of detecting minute abnormalities. Our research endeavors to explore the diverse applications of brain MRI in detecting brain cancer. In this study, we employed the bilateral filter (BF) to eliminate noise from MR images before processing. Subsequently, the tumor region was delineated using binary thresholding and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) segmentation techniques. The datasets were divided into training, testing, and validation subsets, enabling our machine to discern the presence of brain tumors in subjects. Various performance metrics including accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were utilized to evaluate the outcomes. Dense layers within the CNN architecture efficiently extract features from brain MRI images, enhancing diagnostic accuracy. The experiment was conducted primarily on MRI data due to its ability to provide comprehensive insights into cellular

SKIN CANCER DETECTION USING CNN

The skin is the main component of a human body and serves to cover all of the body's muscles, bones, and other structures. Many people these days are afflicted with skin cancer. Skin cancer that is most deadly is called malignant melanoma. Melanoma is the most dangerous kind of cancer. It is a massive malignant tumour on the skin, and its spread is growing daily. If melanoma is discovered early on, treatment is straightforward. Melanoma diagnosis involves both automated and clinical procedures. Early detection of malignant melanoma has significant potential with image-based computer aided diagnosis methods. Automatically identifying the type of skin cancer from the pictures can help with a speedier diagnosis and improved accuracy.

Research progress on intestinal microbiota regulating cognitive function through the gut-brain axis.

The intestinal microbiota community is a fundamental component of the human body and plays a significant regulatory role in maintaining overall health and in the management disease states.The intestinal microbiota-gut-brain axis represents a vital connection in the cognitive regulation of the central nervous system by the intestinal microbiota.The impact of intestinal microbiota on cognitive function is hypothesized to manifest through both the nervous system and circulatory system. Imbalances in intestinal microbiota during the perioperative period could potentially contribute to perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction. This article concentrates on a review of existing literature to explore the potential influence of intestinal microbiota on brain and cognitive functions via the nervous and circulatory systems.Additionally, it summarizes recent findings on the impact of perioperative intestinal dysbacteriosis on perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction and suggests novel approaches for prevention and treatment of this condition.

Bone Advisor: AI-guided Bone Regeneration Prediction and Recommendations

The bone is a major component of the human body. Bone provides the ability to move the body. Bone fractures are common in the human body. Although external fixation is being widely used by orthopedic surgeons in treatment of bone fractures, the surgical procedure and recovery includes the possible complications which can significantly decrease the treatment’s efficiency and effectiveness. In this project we propose the improvement of a fixation device design by introducing the machine learning and deep learning technology. The Bone Regeneration Prediction and Recommendation System project represents a paradigm shift in orthopedic care. Through the integration of predictive modeling and machine learning, the system forecasts bone regeneration outcomes with maximal accuracy. Beyond predictions, the system generates personalized recommendations, to the individuals based on the patient data given to the model. Keywords: Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Recommendation system, prediction system, orthopedic

Thioredoxin-1 decreases alpha-synuclein induced by MPTP through promoting autophagy-lysosome pathway

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the formation of Lewy body in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a major component of Lewy body. Autophagy eliminates damaged organelles and abnormal aggregated proteins. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is a redox regulating protein and plays roles in protecting dopaminergic neurons against neurotoxicity induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). However, the relationship between Trx-1 and α-syn in PD is still unknown. In the present study, the movement disorder and dopaminergic neurotoxicity in MPTP-treated mice were improved by Trx-1 overexpression and were aggravated by Trx-1 knockdown in the SNpc in mice. The expression of α-syn was increased in the SNpc of MPTP-treated mice, which was inhibited by Trx-1 overexpression and was exacerbated in Trx-1 knockdown mice. Autophagosomes was increased under electron microscope after MPTP treatment, which were recovered in Trx-1 overexpressing mice and were further increased in Trx-1 knockdown in the SNpc in mice. The expressions of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, LC3 II and p62 were increased by MPTP, which were blocked in Trx-1 overexpressing mice and were further increased in Trx-1 knockdown mice. Cathepsin D was decreased by MPTP, which was restored in Trx-1 overexpressing mice and was further decreased in Trx-1 knockdown mice. The mRFP-GFP-LC3 green fluorescent dots were increased by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and further increased in Trx-1 siRNA transfected PC12 cells, while mRFP-GFP-LC3 red fluorescent dots were increased in Trx-1 overexpressing cells. These results indicate that Trx-1 may eliminate α-syn in PD mice through potentiating autophagy-lysosome pathway.

The Synergistic Effect Study of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and A53T-α-Synuclein: Intranasal LPS Exposure on the A53T-α-Synuclein Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease.

Aging and interactions between genetic and environmental factors are believed to be involved the chronic development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Among PD patients, abnormally aggregated α-synuclein is a major component of the Lewy body. Generally, the intranasal route is believed to be a gate way to the brain, and it assists environmental neurotoxins in entering the brain and is related to anosmia during early PD. The current study applies the chronic intranasal application of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in 4-, 8-, 12- and 16-month-old A53T-α-synuclein (A53T-α-Syn) transgenic C57BL/6 mice at 2-day intervals for a 2-month period, for evaluating the behavioral, pathological, and biochemical changes and microglial activation in these animals. According to our results, after intranasal administration of LPS, A53T-α-Syn mice showed severe progressive anosmia, hypokinesia, selective dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal losses, decreased striatal dopamine (DA) level, and enhanced α-synuclein accumulation within the substantia nigra (SN) in an age-dependent way. In addition, we found obvious NF-кB activation, Nurr1 inhibition, IL-1β, and TNF-α generation within the microglia of the SN. Conversely, the wild-type (WT) mice showed mild, whereas A53T-α-Syn mice had moderate PD-like changes among the old mice. This study demonstrated the synergistic effect of intranasal LPS and α-synuclein burden on PD development. Its underlying mechanism may be associated with Nurr1 inhibition within microglia and the amplification of CNS neuroinflammation. The mice with multiple factors, including aging, neuroinflammation, and α-synuclein mutation, have played a significant role in enhancing our understanding of how inflammation and α-synuclein mutation contribute to the neurodegeneration observed in PD.

Artículo traducido] Uso de rellenos faciales en la práctica clínica: nivel de satisfacción del paciente y visión general de las complicaciones clínicas comunes

BackgroundPatient esthetic satisfaction following facial fillers is an essential topic that should be studied as the number of individuals seeking treatment increases. The face is an essential component of the human body that is frequently associated with beauty, youthfulness, and health. Individuals may seek facial augmentation with fillers for a variety of reasons, such as congenital, acquired by means of aging or disease, or current aesthetic trends. ObjectiveThe aim is to assess patient's aesthetic satisfaction and description of common clinical complications in relation to the facial filler injections. MethodA cross sectional survey using a questionnaire derived from the global aesthetic improvement scale and WHO quality of life scale, convenience sampling was used to recruit patients attending cosmetic clinics, descriptive analysis and Chi-square methods were used to analyze the data. ResultsIn the study, 500 female participants, with an average age of 28.48 years, were included. Over 90% reported improvement after filler treatment, ranging from improved to very much improved. A statistically significant correlation was observed between patient satisfaction and the number of filler treatments and the anatomical injection site. However, no statistically significant correlation was found when considering age groups. Local side effects, such as swelling and redness at the injection site, were common but generally mild and of short duration. ConclusionAlthough the satisfaction level is currently high, practitioners in the field need to pay more attention to this important outcome, since understanding the patient's motivation and expectation before proceeding with the procedure is very important and can contribute significantly in determining patient satisfaction with the result.

The Correlation between Protein, Iron, and Vitamin C Intake with Hemoglobin Levels in Pregnant Women

Hemoglobin is an important component of the human body. It aims to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Anemia during pregnancy often occurs in the second trimester. Pregnant women tend to be vulnerable to malnutrition since their nutritional needs will increase to satisfy the needs of both the mother and the fetus. Protein intake plays a crucial role in the transportation of iron in the body. Meanwhile, vitamin C serves as a promoter of iron absorption. This research aims to determine and analyze the correlation between protein, iron, and vitamin C intake and hemoglobin levels in pregnant women at Kayon Public Health Center, Jekan Raya District. This research used an analytic observational method with a cross-sectional approach and a purposive sampling technique. Bivariate analysis was also applied by using the Spearman test. The latter results obtain a p-value of 0.748 between protein intake and hemoglobin level; a p-value of 0.222 between vitamin C intake and hemoglobin level; and a p-value of 0.050 between iron intake and hemoglobin level. There was a correlation between iron intake and hemoglobin level, yet there was no correlation between protein and vitamin C intake with hemoglobin level.

Влияние срочного тренировочного эффекта на показатели адаптации у квалифицированных борцов вольного стиля

An analysis of the results of assessing the urgent training effect of qualified freestyle wrestlers in the preparatory period of the annual training cycle is given. As parameters for the analysis of the urgent training effect, subjective and objective research methods were used, such as a change in the resting heart rate, an athlete's assessment of readiness to train, the ratio of fatigue to recovery, an assessment of the training day by the coach, and a biochemical blood test to clarify the level of the creatine phosphokinase enzyme. The results of the control of the urgent training effect according to the four-component scale indicate that the athletes recover sufficiently and have an average readiness to train. To assess the objective indicators of the urgent training effect, documentary materials were analyzed – the results of a biochemical blood test for the concentration of the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) enzyme. Determination of the total activity of CPK in the blood serum after exercise makes it possible to assess the degree of damage to the cells of the muscular system, myocardium, and other organs. The higher the stress (severity) of the transferred load for the body, the greater the damage to cell membranes, the greater the release of the enzyme into the peripheral blood.In most wrestlers, the creatine phosphokinase index corresponds to the average index of physical activity stress and does not represent negative changes in the biochemical component of the athletes' body. Consequently, in these athletes, the urgent training effect has been successfully implemented. Athletes were identified whose stress level in terms of CPK is above average and high, which corresponds to the body’s underrecovery after previous loads, respectively, subsequent training loads will deplete the body’s reserve capabilities and will not cause an increase in the wrestlers’ body fitness.

Влияние срочного тренировочного эффекта на показатели адаптации у квалифицированных борцов вольного стиля

An analysis of the results of assessing the urgent training effect of qualified freestyle wrestlers in the preparatory period of the annual training cycle is given. As parameters for the analysis of the urgent training effect, subjective and objective research methods were used, such as a change in the resting heart rate, an athlete's assessment of readiness to train, the ratio of fatigue to recovery, an assessment of the training day by the coach, and a biochemical blood test to clarify the level of the creatine phosphokinase enzyme. The results of the control of the urgent training effect according to the four-component scale indicate that the athletes recover sufficiently and have an average readiness to train. To assess the objective indicators of the urgent training effect, documentary materials were analyzed – the results of a biochemical blood test for the concentration of the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) enzyme. Determination of the total activity of CPK in the blood serum after exercise makes it possible to assess the degree of damage to the cells of the muscular system, myocardium, and other organs. The higher the stress (severity) of the transferred load for the body, the greater the damage to cell membranes, the greater the release of the enzyme into the peripheral blood.In most wrestlers, the creatine phosphokinase index corresponds to the average index of physical activity stress and does not represent negative changes in the biochemical component of the athletes' body. Consequently, in these athletes, the urgent training effect has been successfully implemented. Athletes were identified whose stress level in terms of CPK is above average and high, which corresponds to the body’s underrecovery after previous loads, respectively, subsequent training loads will deplete the body’s reserve capabilities and will not cause an increase in the wrestlers’ body fitness.

Methods to maintain a healthy life through ayurvedic dietetics namely Ahara Vidhi Visesayatana in the current scenario

The main component of the human body are water, protein, carbohydrates, fat and minerals which is obtained from the food. The proportion of these components may vary according to the age, sex and states of nutrition etc. Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins, and water are some of the important nutrients that make up food as a source of bio-energy. Ahara and the way it is consumed both carry identical values in Ayurveda. Ayurvedic philosophies clearly reflect the historical, empirical, and aesthetic part of Ahara Vidhi (Dietetics) and consider Ahara as Mahabhaishajya. Ingested food is bio-transformed into body entities. If food possess qualities opposite to body entities, such food keeps these body entities ill nourished. In recent times, due to the changes in life style which remarkably altering the diet pattern of an individual. As a result, one’s condition becomes so difficult that he/she is unable to take food as per his/her requisites. This paved the way to carry out a review on Asta Ahara vidhi visesayatana- eight factors which determine the outcome of various types of food in the current scenario.

Association between Anxiety Status and Hydration Status in Spanish University Students.

Anxiety disorders are a very common psychiatric pathology among young university students, and the strategies for its mitigation are limited to the consumption of anxiolytic substances. Adequate hydration is essential for staying healthy, as water is the main component of the human body and of several physiological processes. A state of dehydration, in addition to a negative water balance, has serious consequences on health status. We aimed to determine the association between the degree of anxiety and the level of hydration in Spanish university students. A cross-sectional, observational research study with a sample of 65 female university students was conducted. Over 90% of the study population shows anxiety levels above the 95th percentile. The individuals with anxiety above the 95th percentile showed a negative water balance. The consumption of coffee and herbal teas shows correlations with state anxiety and trait anxiety.

Evaluating numerous techniques for the effects of electromagnetic waves on the Electro Cardio Gram (ECG)

<p>Nowadays, due to the widespread use of mobile phones and the proliferation of mobile towers the human body parts especially the heart are getting affected. Furthermore, these waves are ubiquitous in our modern society, with various sources emitting these waves in our environment. As medical devices become more prevalent and wireless technologies continue to advance, concerns have been raised regarding the potential impact of electromagnetic waves on human health. It is important to monitor the condition of your heart. With the increase in the number of mobile phones, there is also an increase in electromagnetic radiation, which can affect the human heart. The heart is an important component of the human body and an electrocardiogram (ECG) can provide valuable information about its condition. ECG parameters can show how well the heart is working. In this paper, the author proposes how ECG parameters change under the influence of mobile phones in three different situations. A comprehensive experimental setup was devised. A group of healthy human subjects volunteered to participate in the study, with each subject undergoing ECG recording under controlled conditions. The subjects were exposed to varying intensities and frequencies of electromagnetic waves generated by a standardized source. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the ECG measurements obtained during exposure to electromagnetic waves with those obtained in a controlled environment without electromagnetic wave exposure. This study contributes to the growing body of research on the potential health effects of electromagnetic waves. By specifically focusing on the ECG signal, which is vital for cardiovascular diagnostics, this research provides valuable insights into the safety and reliability of using ECG in environments with electromagnetic wave exposure. The findings will help inform healthcare professionals, engineers, and policymakers to establish appropriate guidelines and safety measures concerning the use of medical devices and wireless technologies in proximity to patients or individuals with cardiac conditions.</p>

Investigating the Biological Composition and Injurious Tendencies of the Rotator Cuff Muscles

The construction of our human anatomy is one of great importance. In the grand scheme of the rotational torque that our skeletomuscular body exerts, one such key structure is the Rotator Cuff Muscles. To function as a biologically sound component of the human body, the muscular composition of the Four Major Muscles: the Supraspinatus, Subscapularis, Teres Minor, and the Infraspinatus. I explored the muscular composition and substance matter of each of these 4 crucial muscles of the Rotator Cuff. Through the various connections between the movement, location (relative to the midline of the body), and the composition of tissue, an apparent connection between the muscular damage in each of these listed muscles can be observed as well.

Design and Development of a Mobile-Based Water Reminder Application on the iOS Platform

Lifestyle encompasses the various ways in which individuals, groups, and nations are influenced by geography, economy, politics, history, culture, and religion. It reflects the characteristics of residents, including their daily behaviors in work, activities, and health. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial for overall well-being, and one key aspect is ensuring an adequate intake of water. Water constitutes the primary component of the human body, comprising an average of 70-80 percent of an individual's body weight. Factors influencing water consumption behavior include knowledge and preferences for other beverages. To address the challenge of promoting water consumption and advocating for its importance, this study proposes the development of a mobile application system capable of reminding individuals to drink water based on personalized needs, considering factors such as gender, age, weight, height, and activity level. The research aims to leverage and advance existing technology, specifically by creating a mobile application on the iOS platform. The objective is to enhance and reinforce individuals' discipline in maintaining proper water intake. Targeting users from middle-class to affluent social conditions, the application is tailored for the iOS platform. The study involves testing the functionality of the water reminder system software developed for mobile devices running on the iOS platform. The ultimate goal is to create an information system that not only exhibits maximum aesthetics and functionality but also adheres to the principles of interface design, including the application of the eight golden rules.

The Use of Facial Fillers in Clinical Practice: The Level of Patient Satisfaction and an Overview of Common Clinical Complications

BackgroundPatient esthetic satisfaction following facial fillers is an essential topic that should be studied as the number of individuals seeking treatment increases. The face is an essential component of the human body that is frequently associated with beauty, youthfulness, and health. Individuals may seek facial augmentation with fillers for a variety of reasons, such as congenital, acquired by means of aging or disease, or current aesthetic trends. ObjectiveThe aim is to assess patient's aesthetic satisfaction and description of common clinical complications in relation to the facial filler injections. MethodA cross sectional survey using a questionnaire derived from the global aesthetic improvement scale and WHO quality of life scale, convenience sampling was used to recruit patients attending cosmetic clinics, descriptive analysis and Chi-square methods were used to analyze the data. ResultsIn the study, 500 female participants, with an average age of 28.48 years, were included. Over 90% reported improvement after filler treatment, ranging from improved to very much improved. A statistically significant correlation was observed between patient satisfaction and the number of filler treatments and the anatomical injection site. However, no statistically significant correlation was found when considering age groups. Local side effects, such as swelling and redness at the injection site, were common but generally mild and of short duration. ConclusionAlthough the satisfaction level is currently high, practitioners in the field need to pay more attention to this important outcome, since understanding the patient's motivation and expectation before proceeding with the procedure is very important and can contribute significantly in determining patient satisfaction with the result.

Neuromodulation of the peripheral nervous system: Bioelectronic technology and prospective developments

AbstractThe peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a fascinatingly complex and crucial component of the human body, responsible for transmitting vital signals throughout the body's intricate network of nerves. Its efficient functioning is paramount to our health, with any dysfunction often resulting in serious medical conditions, including motor disorders, neurological diseases, and psychiatric disorders. Recent strides in science and technology have made neuromodulation of the PNS a promising avenue for addressing these health issues. Neuromodulation involves modifying nerve activity using a range of techniques, such as electrical, chemical, optical, and mechanical stimulation. Bioelectronics plays a critical role in this effort, allowing for precise, controlled, and sustained stimulation of the PNS. This paper provides an overview of the PNS, discusses the current state of neuromodulation devices, and presents emerging trends in the field, including advances in wireless power transfer and materials, that are shaping the future of neuromodulation.

Interplay of the hydroxyapatite structure and morphology with the thermodynamic parameters at hydroxyapatite/protein interface

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a major inorganic component of human body’s hard tissues. For bioengineering applications involving tissues regeneration, the understanding of the interaction of HAP materials with proteins is essential in determining the extent of interaction with cells and tissues in vivo and thus, can be critical for understanding the subsequent physiological responses. Here we report the results obtained from a study of the interaction between various types of HAP materials and a model protein, i.e. bovine serum albumin (BSA). Three types of HAP powders were prepared by bovine bone extraction (HAPnatural) and by hydrothermal synthesis, in acidic (HAPacid) and in basic (HAPbasic) medium, respectively. The HAP powders were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, BET, DLS and SEM, and they show different characteristics in terms of morphology, particle size and surface properties. Further, according to our approach, the following issues have been addressed: (i) The BSA loading capacity onto HAP by spectrophotometric (UV–Vis) measurements, (ii) The analysis of the thermodynamic binding characteristics represented by the binding constant K, binding stoichiometry n, enthalpy ΔH, Gibb’s energy ΔG and entropy ΔS changes of the binding interaction obtained by means of Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. The change of the binding energy is negative for all systems, showing the spontaneity of the binding process. The thermodynamic profile of the protein−HAP interactions appears to be strongly dependent on the physicochemical properties of the HAP materials, the enthalpic character of the interaction decreasing in the order HAPbasic > HAPacid > HAPnatural.