Load Components Research Articles

A training-free non-intrusive air conditioning load monitoring method based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation

Air conditioner (AC) is a grid friendly load, monitoring its operating status plays a key role in evaluating user side potential for participation in demand response. With continuous innovations in AC technology, the AC operation characteristics have shown increasing complexity, which poses significant challenges for non-intrusive AC load monitoring. Furthermore, obtaining labeled training data for target scenarios is often challenging, which hinders deployment of many Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) methods in practice. In this regard, this article proposes a training-free non-intrusive AC load monitoring method based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE), which is very easy to deploy and has good robustness. Firstly, considering various influence factors, a FCE model is constructed based on common knowledge about AC. This model simulates the manual labeling process to locate AC operation periods. Secondly, an AC power estimation method based on weighted filtering is established, in which weighted filter is used to eliminate the non-AC load components that may overlap during AC operation periods. Specifically, an optimization model is constructed to make the cumulative power of the AC events in its working cycle approach zero, with the filter weight vector as the objective variable, in which a heuristic greedy algorithm is used to find the optimal filter weight vector. When multiple feasible solutions with similar objective function values are derived in the solving process, the probability of load events appearing in AC and non-AC operation periods are compared. The final solution is selected, taking into account the likelihood of each feasible solution corresponding to a load event sequence belonging to AC load. The testing results on the PecanStreet dataset and multiple real-world measured datasets prove the effectiveness of the proposed method in monitoring complex ACs with poor waveform consistency.

Selective Oligomerization of Isobutylene in Mixed C4 with Co/BETA-Loaded Molecular Sieve Catalysts

This paper investigates the use of loaded Co/BETA molecular sieve catalysts for the selective oligomerization of isobutylene. The physicochemical properties of Co/BETA molecular sieves were characterized using XRD, BET, NH3-TPD, FT-IR, XPS, and Py-FTIR. The effects of different active component loadings, reaction temperatures, and reaction air velocities on the selective oligomerization of isobutylene were investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. The results showed that the catalytic effect was optimal when the Co loading was 6%, the reaction temperature was 60 °C, the reaction pressure was 1 MPa, and the reaction air speed was 1 h−1. The isobutylene conversion was greater than 74%, the C8= selectivity was approximately 70%, and the C8= yield reached 51.69% with minimal loss of n-butene, providing good catalytic capacity and efficiency.

Component, design, and prospects of self-consistent energy systems for transport infrastructures

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a Transportation Self-Consistent Energy System (TSCES) to meet the increasing electricity requirements of transport infrastructure in various traffic environments, including highway, railway, and waterway. The TSCES consists of four primary components: power source, load, energy storage, and interconnected microgrid. The power source component can be categorized into natural energy endowment and energy-electricity conversion components. Load components can be classified, quantified, and forecasted based on diverse transportation facilities, traffic volume, and importance levels. Energy storage components necessitate thorough consideration of the technical attributes of various energy storage methods, along with the functional requirements of the traffic environment, power sources, and loads. Interconnected microgrid components establish connections among all components, followed by configuration optimization and choosing appropriate network topological structures based on techno-economic conditions, ensuring that all components adhere to constraints imposed by transportation space, regulations, and policy indicators. Additionally, the design procedure and architectural patterns of TSCES are presented, which indicates that the TSCES has excellent adaptability and research application value in the field of transportation.

High Areal Capacity Cation and Anionic Redox Solid-State Batteries Enabled by Transition Metal Sulfide Conversion.

Pure sulfur (S8 and Li2S) all solid-state batteries inherently suffer from low electronic conductivities, requiring the use of carbon additives, resulting in decreased active material loading at the expense of increased loading of the passive components. In this work, a transition metal sulfide in combination with lithium disulfide is employed as a dual cation-anion redox conversion composite cathode system. The transition metal sulfide undergoes cation redox, enhancing the electronic conductivity, whereas the lithium disulfide undergoes anion redox, enabling high-voltage redox conducive to achieving high energy densities. Carbon-free cathode composites with active material loadings above 6.0 mg cm-2 attaining areal capacities of ∼4 mAh cm-2 are demonstrated with the possibility to further increase the active mass loading above 10 mg cm-2 achieving cathode areal capacities above 6 mAh cm-2, albeit with less cycle stability. In addition, the effective partial transport and thermal properties of the composites are investigated to better understand FeS:Li2S cathode properties at the composite level. The work introduced here provides an alternative route and blueprint toward designing new dual conversion cathode systems, which can operate without carbon additives enabling higher active material loadings and areal capacities.

Accelerated thioanisole oxidation using partially β-brominated Cobalt(II) porphyrin heterogenized within UiO-66 scaffold

Heterogenization of a partially β-brominated cobalt (II) tetraphenylporphyrin complex (CoIITPPBr4) within the cavities of an UiO-66 (UiO stands for Universitetet i Oslo) metal-organic framework (MOF) using bottle-around-ship (BAS) strategy resulted in the formation of highly selective recoverable biomimetic catalyst (CoIITPPBr4@UiO-66). Integrating partial β-bromination with entrapment within the MOF host improved the porphyrin complex's stability and efficiency while preventing its deactivation owing to self-destruction. Under the influence of a heterogenized catalyst with a low active component loading, the selective oxidation of thioanisole (PhSMe) to methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PhSOMe) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in acetonitrile (MeCN) solvent in the presence of imidazole (ImH) co-catalyst and acetic anhydride (Ac2O) activator was expedited significantly with an outstanding conversion (96.01 %) and selectivity (100 %). Also, the utilization of diverse analysis techniques verified the efficacious fabrication, as well as the stability and recyclability of the catalyst after four catalytic cycles.

Influence of axial clearance on load distribution in double supported tapered roller bearings of wind turbine main shaft

The operational safety and stability of wind turbines are highly determined by the characteristics of main bearings, which are influenced by the axial clearance. In this paper, for the arrangement type of double-supported tapered roller bearings on the wind turbine main shaft, the actual clearance distribution assumption is established, and a new method of calculating the internal load distribution taking into account the axial clearance is proposed. Firstly, the mathematical relationship between the clearance of tapered roller bearings and ring displacement, contact deformation, and load interval is described. Secondly, the load components of main bearings are calculated by force balance equation and load-displacement condition. Finally, a mathematical model of main bearings including axial clearance is established, and it is numerically solved to obtain the internal load distribution of the bearings. The calculation results of a large megawatt wind turbine example show that: the axial load of both main bearings is negatively correlated with the sum of axial clearances; the number of loaded rolling elements is negatively correlated with the sum of axial clearances; and there exists an optimal value of the sum of axial clearances for main bearings to reach the optimal load carrying state.

Plant-Derived Chinese Herbal Hydrogel Microneedle Patches for Wound Healing.

Several natural Chinese herbal medicines have demonstrated considerable potential in facilitating wound healing, while the primary concern remains centered around optimizing formulation and structure to maximize their efficacy. To address this, a natural microneedles drug delivery system is proposed that harnesses gelatinized starch and key Chinese herbal ingredients-aloe vera and berberine. After gelatinized and aged in a well-designed mold, the starch-based microneedles are fabricated with suitable mechanical strength to load components. The resulting Chinese herbal hydrogel microneedles, enriched with integrated berberine and aloe, exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and fibroblast growth-promoting properties, thereby facilitating wound healing in the whole process. In vivo experimental results underscore the notable achievements of the microneedles in early-stage antibacterial effects and subsequent tissue reconstruction, contributing significantly to the overall wound healing process. These results emphasize the advantageous combination of traditional Chinese medicine with microneedles, presenting a novel strategy for wound repair and opening new avenues for the application of traditional Chinese medicine.

On the Relationship Between Factor Loadings and Component Loadings When Latent Traits and Specificities are Treated as Latent Factors

On the Relationship Between Factor Loadings and Component Loadings When Latent Traits and Specificities are Treated as Latent Factors

Impact of Weekly Training-Load Structure and Content on the Risk of Injury in Professional Rugby Union Match-Play.

Chéradame, J, Loursac, R, Piscione, J, Carling, C, Decq, P, and Jacqmin-Gadda, H. Impact of weekly training-load structure and content on the risk of injury in professional Rugby Union match-play. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): 1613-1619, 2024-The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different components of daily training load during the week preceding the match on the risk of sustaining a match injury in professional rugby union. A cohort of 72 players from a single professional French club participated. Global positioning system-derived data including total distance (TD) and high-speed distance in addition to ratings of perceived effort (RPE) for both on- and off-pitch (gym-based strength conditioning work) training were collected for each training session over 3 seasons (2017-2020). The association between the daily measures of external and internal training load over the week preceding the day of the match (MD) and the subsequent risk of injury in match-play was estimated using a mixed-effects logistic model adjusted for contextual and individual factors. A total of 184 injuries were sustained in 128 matches (incidence: 81.2 injuries per 1,000 player hours). Higher RPE values for the strength conditioning session on MD-5 ( p < 0.001) and for the on-pitch session on MD-1 ( p = 0.04) were associated with an increased risk of injury in matches. On MD-2, a higher TD covered and that run at high speed (>MAS) were, respectively, associated with a higher ( p = 0.03) and lower risk ( p = 0.02) of injury in matches played. This study in professional rugby union shows that different components of external and internal load had varying influences on injury risk and particularly in relation to the day on which these were performed in the week leading up to the next match. At MD-2, training load favoring intensity rather than volume could reduce the risk of match-play injury.

Effect of knock on piston thermal load of a high compression ratio natural gas engine based on stepwise decoupling calculation

High compression ratio natural gas engine (NGE) is prone to knock at high load, which aggravates the thermal load of piston. Therefore, accurately evaluating the piston thermal load in the practical design is essential to enhance engine reliability and improve performance. The typical piston thermal load simulation adopts uniform wall boundary conditions, making it difficult to reveal the influence of turbulent flame and knock on the piston thermal load. In this paper, a stepwise decoupling method is applied to calculate the piston thermal load. The advancement of this method lies in its integration of chemical reaction mechanism with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to calculate the spatial variations in heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and near-wall gas temperature at the piston top. Moreover, the conjugate heat transfer (CHT) method is adopted to solve the piston thermal load by coupling the thermal boundary conditions (TBC) obtained in the first step with the cooling oil boundary conditions. Based on this method, the effect of knock on piston thermal load of a high compression ratio NGE under different knock intensities is explored in this paper. It is found that turbulent combustion causes uneven distribution of thermal load at piston top. The decrease in knock intensity significantly reduces the gas temperature, heat flux and thermal load at piston top. Particularly under severe knock, the average temperature of piston is 22.9 K and 32.4 K higher than that of light knock and normal combustion, respectively. Furthermore, the main factor affecting the piston temperature field distribution is the gas temperature rather than the HTC. The gas temperature at piston top is overall the highest on the side near the inlet valve pit, which leads to a higher temperature on this side. Compared to light knock and normal combustion, when severe knock occurs, the thermal load on the exhaust valve pit increases significantly. This study provides an effective method for analyzing the heat transfer of the piston under knocking combustion, which is of guiding significance for controlling the thermal load of the high-temperature components in the combustion chamber.

Leveraging Compatible Iridium(III) Complexes to Boost Performance of Green Solvent‐Processed Non‐Fullerene Organic Solar Cells

AbstractIn organic solar cells (OSCs), the short exciton lifetime poses a significant limitation to exciton diffusion and dissociation. Extending exciton lifetime and suppressing recombination are crucial strategies for improving the OSC performance. Herein, an effective approach is proposed by introducing the phosphorescent emitter, tris(2‐(4‐(tert‐butyl)phenyl)‐5‐fluoropyridine)Iridium(III), with long‐lived triplet exciton lifetime in OSCs. This research reveals that the steric structure of fac‐Ir(tBufppy)3 exhibits excellent compatibility with both the donor PM6 and acceptor BTP‐eC9, maintaining efficiencies of over 90% even with a 30% third component loading. Moreover, a 10% addition of fac‐Ir(tBufppy)3 mitigates excessive aggregation in the acceptor BTP‐eC9, optimizing the active layer morphology and improving the fill factor. Transient absorption spectroscopy and transient photoluminescence measurements demonstrate that the introduction of fac‐Ir(tBufppy)3 significantly extends exciton lifetimes and suppresses recombination, which increases the short‐circuit current (JSC). Ultimately, employing the non‐halogenated solvent o‐xylene for processing, an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.54% is achieved in devices based on PM6:10%fac‐Ir(tBufppy)3:BTP‐eC9, surpassing the efficiency of binary PM6:BTP‐eC9 devices (17.41%). This work provides a promising approach to further improve the PCEs in binary OSCs by introducing a phosphorescent iridium(III) complex as the third component.

High internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by Zein-hyaluronic acid conjugate particles and their application in active substances protection

In recent years, active substances have been extensively applied in the fields of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. However, their preservation and transportation have posed challenges due to issues such as oxidation and photodegradation. This study proposes a method for synthesizing Zein-Hyaluronic Acid (Zein-HA) conjugate particles via the Schiff base reaction, utilizing these conjugate particles to encapsulate and protect active substances within a stable emulsion system. Compared to zein, the modified conjugate particles exhibit significantly improved dispersibility, amphiphilicity, interfacial affinity, and emulsifying properties. Consequently, these particles are capable of stabilizing high internal phase Pickering emulsions with an oil phase volume fraction of up to 80 (v/v)%, thereby enabling the carriage of a higher load of active components. Furthermore, the prepared emulsions demonstrate excellent storage stability, resistance to ionic strength (250–2000 mM NaCl), and outstanding antioxidative characteristics. Moreover, after 8 h of UV light exposure, the retention rates of the active substances (curcumin, astaxanthin, and resveratrol) exceed 60 %. Therefore, these emulsions hold substantial potential to be applied as a carrier system in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

Application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to analyze the environmental loads of heavy machinery components

The heavy machinery used in mining and mineral processing generates significant environmental burdens that cause global warming and also negatively affect human health. This is caused by the use of large amounts of energy by these machines, including the amount of process heat, which generates negative environmental changes. As part of sustainable development, it is necessary to look for more friendly solutions, e.g., life cycle assessment (LCA). Therefore, the objective was to analyse the main environmental loads that arise during the extraction and processing of the component materials used in mining machines. In this case, the subject of the research was a reduction gear with a high utilisation rate in excavators and forklifts used in mining. The environmental impact criteria taken into account in the analysis were ozone depletion, human toxicity, and eutrophication. The analysis was carried out using the OpenLCA programme with the ecoinvent database. The results of the analysis showed that in the extraction and processing phase of the reduction gear materials, the main environmental loads arise for selected criteria arise, among others: during coke production, oil and gas extraction, natural gas transport, and hard coal exploitation. The results of the analysis may contribute to the sustainable development of machines in the mining industry and may be useful in the production of new mining machines in order to eliminate their negative impact throughout their life cycle.

HYPNOINDUCTORS OF THE EFFECTIVE FORMULA OF POSITIVATION IN SOCIAL ADVERTISING DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to influential elements of social advertising discourse, where Milton-model inductions are arranged, which is proposed to be nominated as hypnoinducers. The purpose of the study was to identify actual hypnoinducers of the influential formula of positivity in social advertising discourse. The object of intelligence research is Ukrainian advertising megadiscourse, the subject is suggestive markers of Ukrainian social advertising discourse. General scientific methods contributed to the delineation of specific features of social advertising discourse, various types of hypnoinducers (descriptive method); identification of the components of a communicative suggestion and combining them into a whole (methods of analysis and synthesis); concretization of general conclusions (method of induction); construction of formula models of advertising influence (modeling method). Special linguistic — the study of the semantic load and functional features of linguistic components of social advertising discourse (contextualinterpretive and component analysis) and the communicative nature of advertising suggestogens (elements of discursive analysis). The methodological base of the latest scientific directions (suggestive linguistics and neurolinguistic programming) made it possible to differentiate and systematize relevant markers (hypnoinducers) of advertising suggestion (methods of meta- and Milton-model identification and suggestive qualification, which are distinguished by R. Bandler, J. Grinder, M. Erikson, T. Yu. Kovalevska. The formulas of vectors of emotional orientation of influence are presented: positivity, negation and change of vector (in commercial, political and social advertising discourses), where special attention is paid to the formula of positivity realized in social advertising discourse. Relevant hypnoinducers, which are fixed in the above formula. In particular, hypnoinducers of complex syntactic structure + lexical-semantic hypnoinductors ("point" markers) and actually lexical-semantic hypnoinducers are singled out. Truisms can act as hypnoinducers of complex syntactic structure; pattern break; "reading thoughts" complicated by other hypnoinducers, and quotations, or "quotes" of an established and transformed structure, which, in turn, often act as separate hypnoinducers without the support of lexical and semantic markers. Elements of the inverse metamodel of the processes of omission (nominalization, nonspecific vocabulary) and generalization (universal quantifiers, modal operators of necessity) act as lexical-semantic hypnoinducers. The characteristic feature is the presence of affectives as super (powerful) hypnoinducers, the presence of ergonomics varies, and predicates are not clearly represented. Prospects for research development: in-depth analysis and systematization of current hypnoinducers in various genres of advertising discourse, which will expand the spectrum of the most effective influential dominants.

Wind-induced interference effect of complex building clusters on long-span roof structures

The presence of complex buildings introduces interference effects and complicates the wind field around the long-span roof structure. The complexity of the problem makes it challenging to predict wind load of long-span roof structures, resulting in a scarcity of design data available to engineers and designers. Thus, the influence of interference effect on mean and peak pressure coefficients of a long-span tri-centered cylindrical roof structure was investigated through wind tunnel tests conducted in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. The study focused on the interference effects caused by two cooling towers, chimney, and some low-rise buildings, considering all wind directions. The results show that the interference effects are the result of a combination of amplification effects from the adjacent cooling towers and chimney and shielding effects from the surrounding low-rise buildings. Due to the shielding effect of low-rise buildings, the wind suction on the roof is mitigated compared to that of a single building, while at the end of the roof, wind suction is amplified by cooling tower effects. The interference effect of the building clusters, however, amplifies the fluctuating wind pressure coefficient and the peak pressure coefficient on the roof. To accurately estimate the wind load of building components and envelopes, furthermore, this study investigates the influence mechanism of interference effect on non-Gaussian characteristics of wind pressure combining with fluctuating wind pressure spectrum, spatial correlation of fluctuating wind pressure, and probability distribution characteristics of standardized wind pressure coefficient. The spatial correlation of wind pressure in the roof interference area exhibits a strong association, and the probability density distribution characteristics of the standardized wind pressure coefficient significantly deviate from the Gaussian curve, with a peak factor exceeding 3.5. Thus, it can be concluded that the wind pressure within this region demonstrates significant non-Gaussian characteristics. Hence, the zone values of peak pressure coefficients are determined using the peak factor approach to inform the wind resistance design of the envelope structure.

A flexible loss reduction formulation for simultaneous capacitor placement and network reconfiguration in distribution grids

Efficiently reducing power losses involves various strategies such as opening normally closed switches and closing normally open tie-lines in distribution feeders, and optimally placing shunt capacitors in distribution networks. In this process, the accurate modeling of the demand side is crucial in understanding the behavior of electricity consumers appropriately. It is important to note that loads are not constant; they vary with changes in voltage magnitude, which in turn depend on the type of consumer. Each load can be represented by its constant power, current, and impedance components. In this regard, establishing a clear relationship between these components and consumer types can significantly enhance the flexibility of the network switching or capacitor placement strategy. Therefore, this study aims to mathematically formulate the correlation between load components and consumer types, aiming at establishing an efficient reconfiguration and capacitor allocation formulations. This is achieved by transforming polynomial load formulations into quadratic ones, while establishing mathematical relationships between the quadratic and polynomial models for various load types. The accuracy and convergence time of the proposed model was tested through its application to 16- and 33-bus distribution networks, and the results have been compared with the nonlinear metaheuristic approach. The results demonstrated that the proposed framework can efficiently provide optimal solutions within a shorter computational time as compared to the nonlinear and metaheuristic approaches.

Wind loads on a square high-rise building under aerodynamic interference effects of a short building in close proximity

Although the interference effect of an equally high or higher building has been examined extensively, the interference effect of a short building in close proximity on the wind pressure of a high-rise building has not yet been investigated comprehensively and thoroughly. In view of the fact that a newly built wind-sensitive high-rise building is more likely to be close to neighboring shorter buildings, this research focuses on wind loads of a square high-rise building under the interference effect of a short building in close proximity. Wind pressure on the principal square building model is measured by wind tunnel test for a series of cases of interfering buildings with different heights and gap distances. In addition, computational fluid dynamics simulation is conducted for a few typical cases. Characteristics of wind flow and pressure on the principal building are then discussed in detail for three typical interfering configurations to uncover the mechanism of interference effect of a short building. Although a short interfering building in many cases tends to decrease wind loads on the high-rise building, especially for the dynamic component of wind loads, the interfering effect from a short building could induce damage to cladding structures from the increased tension caused by the asymmetrical wind pressure, channeling effect, and the wind-over-top flow over the short interfering building.

Effectiveness of gellan gum scaffolds loaded with Boswellia serrata extract for in-situ modulation of pro-inflammatory pathways affecting cartilage healing

In this study, we developed a composite hydrogel based on Gellan gum containing Boswellia serrata extract (BSE). BSE was either incorporated directly or loaded into an MgAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay to create a multifunctional cartilage substitute. This composite was designed to provide anti-inflammatory properties while enhancing chondrogenesis. Additionally, LDH was exploited to facilitate the loading of hydrophobic BSE components and to improve the hydrogel's mechanical properties. A calcination process was also adopted on LDH to increase BSE loading. Physicochemical and mechanical characterizations were performed by spectroscopic (XPS and FTIR), thermogravimetric, rheological, compression test, weight loss and morphological (SEM) investigations. RPLC-ESI-FTMS was employed to investigate the boswellic acids release in simulated synovial fluid. The composites were cytocompatible and capable of supporting the mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) growth in a 3D-conformation. Loading BSE resulted in the modulation of the pro-inflammatory cascade by down-regulating COX2, PGE2 and IL1β. Chondrogenesis studies demonstrated an enhanced differentiation, leading to the up-regulation of COL 2 and ACAN. This effect was attributed to the efficacy of BSE in reducing the inflammation through PGE2 down-regulation and IL10 up-regulation. Proteomics studies confirmed gene expression findings by revealing an anti-inflammatory protein signature during chondrogenesis of the cells cultivated onto loaded specimens. Concluding, BSE-loaded composites hold promise as a tool for the in-situ modulation of the inflammatory cascade while preserving cartilage healing.

Pre-Construction predictions of the Loads from large Ice Ridges Interacting with the Confederation Bridge Piers

During the design phase of the Confederation Bridge in Canada, the Canadian government Public Works and Government Services Canada asked the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada to provide information on ice loads from large ridges using a wide range of predictive technologies. The NRC put together a team that looked at loads from several sources including analytical models, physical model tests, finite element models, discrete particle models, and full-scale data. The ice loading scenario was an extreme first-year ridge loading one of the bridge piers. A large number of analytical models were used and the load components were separated into those from the consolidated layer, the sail, and the keel. An upper bound prediction from this approach gave a value of 16 MN on a pier, but the assumptions that were used to arrive at this value did not match observed behavior in the physical and numerical studies of the program. Physical model tests indicated that the loads could be 10.5 MN with a load of 7.3 MN from the keel and 3.2 MN from the consolidated layer and sail. A finite element analysis indicted a range of predicted values of 10 MN to 12 MN depending upon the assumptions used. A discrete particle analysis predicted load values from 2.2 MN to 9.5 MN depending upon the assumptions used in describing the stiffness of the ridge. A review of full-scale measurements on lighthouses and ships suggested that the loads could range from 7.3 MN to 10.4 MN. These predicted values compare to the highest load measured on the Confederation Bridge over a twenty-year span of just over 8 MN. This paper outlines the approaches used for this prediction study and their resulting predictions. It shows the value of using multiple approaches for load predictions for offshore structures in ice-covered waters.

A cross sectional pilot study utilising STrain Analysis and Mapping of the Plantar Surface (STAMPS) to measure plantar load characteristics within a healthy population

BackgroundNo in-shoe systems, measuring both components of plantar load (plantar pressure and shear stress) are available for use in patients with diabetes. The STAMPS (STrain Analysis and Mapping of the Plantar Surface) system utilises digital image correlation (DIC) to determine the strain sustained by a deformable insole, providing a more complete understanding of plantar shear load at the foot-surface interface. Research questionsWhat is the normal range and pattern of strain at the foot-surface interface within a healthy population as measured by the STAMPS system? Is STAMPS a valid tool to measure the effects of plantar load? MethodsA cross-sectional study of healthy participants was undertaken. Healthy adults without foot pathology or diabetes were included. Participants walked 20 steps with the STAMPS insole in a standardised shoe. Participants also walked 10 m with the Novel Pedar® plantar pressure measurement insole within the standardised shoe. Both measurements were repeated three times. Outcomes of interest were global and regional values for peak resultant strain (SMAG) and peak plantar pressure (PPP). ResultsIn 18 participants, median peak SMAG and PPP were 35.01 % and 410.6kPa respectively. The regions of the hallux and heel sustained the highest SMAG (29.31 % (IQR 24.56–31.39) and 20.50 % (IQR 15.59–24.12) respectively) and PPP (344.8kPa (IQR 268.3 – 452.5) and 279.3kPa (IQR 231.3–302.1) respectively). SMAG was moderately correlated with PPP (r= 0.65, p < 0.001). Peak SMAG was located at the hallux in 55.6 % of participants, at the 1st metatarsal head (MTH) in 16.7 %, the heel in 16.7 %, toes 3–5 in 11.1 % and the MTH2 in 5.6 %. SignificanceThe results demonstrate the STAMPS system is a valid tool to measure plantar strain. Further studies are required to investigate the effects of elevated strain and the relationship with diabetic foot ulcer formation.