Oil Components Research Articles

Pine Needle of Pinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc) Essential Oil Through Liquid Nitrogen Quick‐Freezing Assisted Solvent‐Free Microwave Extraction Process for Antibacterial Application

ABSTRACTIntroductionThis study investigates the composition and antibacterial properties of essential oil extracted from Pinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc) pine needles using a liquid nitrogen freezing treatment combined with solvent‐free microwave extraction (LNSFM).ObjectiveThe aim is to develop a low‐energy, high‐efficiency extraction method for conifer essential oils, analyze their chemical composition, and evaluate their antibacterial efficacy.MethodologyPine needle samples were frozen with liquid nitrogen and subsequently crushed. The essential oil was extracted using solvent‐free microwave technology. A single‐factor test and response surface methodology were employed to optimize extraction parameters. The extraction efficiency of LNSFM was compared with traditional methods through kinetics, and the essential oil components were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antibacterial activity of the extracted volatile oil was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.ConclusionLNSFM proves to be a green and efficient extraction method suitable for obtaining volatile oils from pine needles, which demonstrate significant antibacterial properties.

Antimicrobial Surfaces: Stainless Steel Functionalized with the Essential Oil Component Vanillin

Pathogenic microorganisms can adhere to solid surfaces, leading to the formation of biofilms, thus building a physical barrier hindering the penetration and diffusion of antimicrobial compounds. In this context, the use of natural antimicrobial compounds, such as essential oil components, as substitutes for common synthetic antimicrobials in the fight to prevent antimicrobial resistance is explored. As stainless steel is one of the most widely used surfaces in different industries, we have developed an innovative antimicrobial treatment for stainless steel surfaces based on a multi-step functionalization process, in which the stainless steel surface is coated with a silica layer to which a vanillin derivative is covalently attached. The surface was analyzed by microscopy studies, indicating the correct immobilization on the surfaces. Antimicrobial studies (viability and bacterial adhesion assays) were performed against the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, which is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections. The results of the microbiological studies showed that vanillin-functionalized stainless steel surfaces reduce the bacteria viability by 100% and the biofilm formation on the stainless steel surface by 75% compared with non-functionalized surfaces, highlighting the contact-killing and adhesion resistance properties of the developed surface. Additional cycles using the functionalized surfaces showed good maintenance of the antimicrobial coating efficacy. Moreover, the surfaces coated with an intermediate silica layer demonstrated much greater antimicrobial activity than surfaces in which the active molecule was directly functionalized on the stainless steel surface.

DDDR-03. DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-TUMOR AROMA THERAPY FOR GLIOBLASTOMA WITH LEMONGRASS ESSENTIAL OIL

Abstract INTRODUCTION Aroma essential oils apply to cancer therapy because of their immune-enhancing and sedative effects, and their ability to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy. Recently, aroma essential oils have also been reported to have anti-tumor effects. We investigate the anti-tumor effects of aromatic compounds contained in essential oils as a novel treatment for glioblastoma. In this study, we analyzed the antitumor effect of lemongrass essential oil and investigated its antitumor aroma therapy for glioblastoma. methods and RESULTS Human glioblastoma cells (U87, T98G) and mouse brain tumor cells (RSV-M) were used in the study. Tumor cells were cultured in the presence of lemongrass essential oil for 72 hours, and the growth inhibitory effect was observed, suggesting that the evaporated lemongrass essential oil components acted on tumor cells in the vicinity. In addition, a similar effect was observed with citral alone, which is the main component of lemongrass. Analysis of the effects of citral revealed that citral strongly binds to MARK4 and inhibits its enzyme activity, and that citral decreases the phosphorylation of tau protein. Next, a mouse brain tumor model with RSV-M was established, and the anti-tumor effect of lemongrass essential oil was studied. The results showed that the mice that inhaled lemongrass essential oil for 12 h/day had a significantly prolonged survival period compared to the control group. DISCUSSION Citral is the main component of lemongrass essential oil, which contains 70-80% of lemongrass essential oil. This study suggests a mechanism of inhibition of tumor cell proliferation by citral in malignant gliomas. Citral is a volatile monoterpene, and its anti-tumor effect was demonstrated by diffusion through evaporation. CONCLUSION Citral in lemongrass essential oil shows anti-tumor effects and is expected to be applied to a new glioblastoma therapy using “aroma”

Identification of Volatile Oil Components of Croton oblongus

Identification of Volatile Oil Components of Croton oblongus

Phytochemical evaluation via GC-MS and LC-MS/MS: a comprehensive study of antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and genotoxic activities of extracts from endemic species Centaurea amanicola Hub.-Mor. and C. antitauri Hayek (Asteraceae)

The study investigated the antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and genotoxic activities of extracts from Centaurea amanicola and C. antitauri (Asteraceae). Methanol extracts were analysed for phenolic and fatty oil contents. Major components of fatty oils were identified, including methyl hexadecanoate (48.30%) and heptacosane (22.13%) in C. antitauri, and methyl hexadecanoate (16.29%) and methyl linoleate (13.55%) in C. amanicola. The highest α-amylase inhibition was observed in hexane extracts of both species with 55.53% and 41.57% inhibition values, respectively. Antioxidant activity, measured by ABTS•+ and DPPH• scavenging, varied among extracts, with notable efficacy in C. antitauri dichloromethane extract and C. amanicola ethyl acetate extract. The dichloromethane extract of C. antitauri demonstrated effectiveness against Candida albicans with MIC= 156.25 µg/mL. Importantly, all extracts were found to be genotoxicity-safe. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of these extracts for various medicinal applications, particularly in managing diabetes and combating microbial infections.

A Spray-Dried Self-Stabilizing Nanocrystal Emulsion of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Preparation, Characterization and ex vivo Intestinal Absorption

AbstractSalvia miltiorrhizae (Danshen, the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.) and Chuanxiong rhizome (Chuanxiong, the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.) are two traditional Chinese medicines that have been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, formulation development is difficult due to the complexity of the active ingredients, particularly the water-insoluble tanshinones and volatile oil of Chuanxiong rhizome, which cannot be absorbed via oral administration in conventional dosage forms. This study aimed to develop a self-stabilized nanocrystal emulsion co-loading the water-soluble, insoluble, and volatile active ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhizae and Chuanxiong rhizome to improve the bioavailability of the drugs. In this work, a high-pressure homogenization method was used to prepare a self-stabilizing nanocrystal emulsion. The emulsion was then spray-dried using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. The dispersibility and storage stability of the spray-dried emulsion, the particle size and morphology of the emulsion droplets, and the drug content and phase distribution of the reconstituted emulsion were evaluated. An everted intestinal sac model was established, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the concentration of six active components (ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B, senkyunolide A, ligustilide, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA) and to assess the cumulative uptake amount of the drug and the apparent permeability coefficient. A mixture of the crude materials of tanshinones extract, total salvianolic acid, ferulic acid, and volatile oil of Ligusticum Chuanxiong was used as a control. The results showed that the spray-dried emulsion can be easily reconstituted into a uniform submicron emulsion with no significant changes in particle size, morphology, and microstructure of the emulsion droplets compared with the original emulsion before drying. The self-stabilizing nanocrystal emulsion significantly improved the intestinal absorption of water-insoluble components (tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, and ferulic acid), and volatile oil components (senkyunolide A and ligustilide). Overall, the spray-dried self-stabilizing nanocrystal emulsion represents a potential oral formulation for Salvia miltiorrhiza and Chuanxiong rhizoma.

Dynamics of impure CO2 and composite oil in mineral nanopores: Implications for shale oil recovery and gas storage performance

Evaluating the application effectiveness of impure CO2 in shale reservoirs is a prerequisite for reducing CO2 purification costs. Therefore, molecular dynamics simulations were applied to study the influential mechanisms of impurity gases, mineral types and oil components on impure CO2 enhanced oil recovery (impure CO2-EOR) and gas storage (GS). The orientation force between H2S and polar oil components and the strong adsorption of H2S on mineral walls improve the solubility and diffusivity of impure CO2 in shale oil. Moreover, the induction force between H2S and CO2 carry additional CO2 to walls, and the hydrogen bonds formed between H2S and walls further enhance oil–gas competitive adsorption, resulting in more adsorbed oil being stripped and more H2S/CO2 being sequestered. N2 hinders the dissolution of H2S/CO2 into shale oil and the diffusion of desorbed oil towards the center of nanopores. Therefore, the EOR and GS performances in nanopores are positively and negatively correlated with the proportion of H2S and N2 in impure CO2, respectively. Both EOR and GS performances of impure CO2 decrease sequentially in illite, quartz, and kerogen nanopores, because the strong adsorption of shale oil on kerogen walls causes oil molecules to arrange tightly and dissolve in kerogen. It weakens the solubility and diffusivity of impure CO2 in shale oil, and also increases the resistance of impure CO2 to displace adsorbed and dissolved oil. By contrast, illite walls have the weakest adsorption on shale oil and the largest number of hydrogen bonds formed with H2S. The increase of heavy component content further enhances the interaction between oil molecules and the adsorption of shale oil on wall, thereby weakening the effects of various impure CO2-EOR mechanisms.

Modification and mechanistic study of fluid/fluid and carbonate rock/fluid interfaces using a glycolipid biosurfactant from an indigenous strain of Gordonia terrae for MEOR applications

To clarify the mechanism of the interface behavior between carbonate surface/biosurfactant solution/oil systems, the interfacial tension (IFT), surface wettability, spreading coefficient (SC), and capillary number were investigated with regard to the synergistic effects of a biosurfactant from an indigenous Gordonia terrae strain (isolated from an Iranian oil reservoir), formation water salinity, and pH using response surface methodology (RSM-CCD). According to the analysis of variance results, the process effectively depicted by the quadratic model demonstrated statistical significance in terms of the responses of IFT, wettability alteration, and SC, which were significantly affected by biosurfactant concentration. The optimal conditions were 0.260 g/L biosurfactant, 36.202 g/L salinity, and a pH of 5.9. Accordingly, the quadratic model was verified using the estimated optimal parameters, thereby confirming the accuracy of the model in which a strongly water-wet surface (contact angle change from 159° to 31°) and IFT reduction (from 23.96 to 1.26 mN/m) resulted in an SC of near-zero value (−0.18) and 25 % recovery of oil during the imbibition experiments after secondary water flooding. The desorption of the polar components of crude oil from the dolomite rock surface was also investigated through determining the un-coverage ratios of the elements using energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and characterization. Although the solutions containing biosurfactants contributed to the alteration of the rock surface wettability, their performance strongly depended on the pH and salinity, resulting in different desorption ratios. The desorption of approximately 40 % of the adsorbed organic compounds from the carbonate surface was a critical limiting factor affecting the surface properties of the rock, and was responsible for altering the wettability to water-wet conditions. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of effective biosurfactant-flooding techniques for MEOR.

Variations in volatile components and biological activities of essential oils from Citrus aurantium ‘changshanhuyou’ at different growth and ripening stages

Citrus aurantium ’Changshanhuyou’ is one kind of fruit that is beneficial to human health. Most research focus on active substances such as flavonoids and limonoids, but few on the essential oils from its peels. This study analyzed the volatile components of Huyou peel essential oil (HYEO) throughout the growth and ripening stages including beginning, middle, end of growth period, and post- ripening stage (60 days of storage) by GC–MS. The results identified approximately 70 components in HYEO, and the level of oxygenated monoterpenes decreased while sesquiterpenes increased with the ripening of the huyou. The essential oil after 60 days of storage showed outstanding antioxidant properties (DPPH, IC50 = 101.77 ± 0.83 mg/mL; ABTS, IC50 = 18.11 ± 0.74 mg/mL), antibacterial (zones of inhibition: E. coli, 28.18 ± 1.37 mm; S. aureus, 20.40 ± 0.84 mm; S. Typhimurium, 27.17 ± 1.14 mm; L. monocytogenes, 22.83 ± 1.27 mm) and antidiabetic (IC50 = 5.26 ± 0.58 mg/mL) activities due to high levels of p-cymenene, cis-carveol, and D-carvone detected. Results from the corticosterone-damaged mouse neuronal cell model, the essential oil extracted from the middle of the growth period demonstrates the best antidepressant activity due to high content of citronellol, elemene, linalool, and citronel detected. Overall, this study provides a valuable reference for exploiting and evaluating essential oils from Huyou peels with multifunctions in food and medicine industry.

Prediction of Melting and Solid Phase Transitions Temperatures and Enthalpies for Triacylglycerols using Artificial Neural Networks

Triacylglycerols (TAG) are the main components of vegetable oils and any attempt to simulate vegetable oils processes will demand knowledge of their properties. However, experimental values are scarce, considering that several TAG in their pure forms are unavailable or too expensive for experimental measurements. On the other hand, correlating physical properties with TAG molecular structure is not simple. TAG is a molecule composed of 3 fatty acids (FA) esterified to a glycerol (GL) backbone, making properties dependent on carbon number (CN) of each FA, number of unsaturations (UN) of each FA, and position of the FA in the GL backbone. Few models are available in literature for prediction of TAG melting properties, with a special attention to melting temperature (Tfus) and enthalpy (ΔHfus) and solid-solid transition properties of the TAG polymorphic forms. Wesdorp's, Moorthy's et al. and Zeberg-Mikkelsen and Stenby's works present models based on the Group-Contribution theory nowadays used, despite some flaws, particularly considering the polymorphic transitions. Therefore, this work was aimed at evaluating Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for prediction of TAG's Tfus and ΔHfus (β-form) as well as temperature and enthalpy transitions of molecule polymorphic forms (α and β’). Database was composed of temperature and enthalpy experimental data from literature. For each TAG, 7 input data were provided: total CN, as well as CN and UN at sn-1, 2 and 3 TAG position. The Multilayer Perceptron Feed Forward (MPL) model was used, and the topology was evaluated for number of hidden layers (HL), number of neurons (NN) and activation function at each hidden layer, and convergence algorithm. Number of HL and NN was screened by using a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). Models were further evaluated by Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and feature evaluation strategies. Architectures showed a significant higher accuracy for calculation and prediction of TAG's melting properties of the 3 polymorphic forms, with R2 higher to 0.91 for all databases when compared to literatures’ models (excepted for the prediction of the melting temperature of the β form, where Wesdorp's model presented a better predictive ability, despite great similarity). Good results were probably related to the well-defined physicochemical relationship between input (molecular structure descriptors) and output (melting properties), that could be described by XAI evaluation. This is an important advantage considering the improvement of the performance of process and products design including TAG molecules.

Occurrence characteristics and factors that influence shale oil in the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation, northeastern Sichuan Basin

Well Ping'an 1, located in the northeastern Sichuan Basin, tested 112.8 m3/d of oil from the Lianggaoshan Formation, marking an important breakthrough in shale oil production. However, due to the influence of complex lithofacies, high thermal maturity, and limited exploration, the occurrence and factors that influence shale oil across the different lithofacies of the Lianggaoshan Formation remain unclear, thereby severely impeding exploration and development. This study systematically examines the occurrence and factors that influence shale oil (adsorbed oil and free oil) in the Lianggaoshan Formation through an integrated approach involving petrology, geochemistry, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, multi-temperature pyrolysis, and gas chromatography. Results demonstrate the following: (1) Residual shale oil (adsorbed oil) in the study area predominantly exists as oil films, precipitated oil, and residues (asphalt). Oil films appear on the edges of organic matter (OM), clay minerals, pyrite, and felsic minerals. Crude oil adheres as thin layers to mineral edges, with part of the oil resulting from the lipophilic properties of OM. Precipitated oil tends to accumulate around organic pores, and at higher maturity stages, heavy oil components adhere to mineral surfaces as residues. The hydrocarbon loss of the sample is serious, and free oil is difficult to observe due to experimental processing. (2) Based on the experimental results of preserved cored samples, the shale oil in the study area is mainly free oil (0.86–4.46 mg/g, average 1.99 mg/g), followed by adsorbed oil (0.0007–1.36 mg/g, average 0.43 mg/g). The presence of higher concentrations of clay minerals and total organic carbon (TOC) correlates with increased quantities of free and adsorbed oil in the Lianggaoshan Formation. (3) The two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance method combined with the “e” index method was employed to quantify the free oil volumes in shale reservoirs of varying maturity within the study area. The recovery coefficient initially increases rapidly and then gradually with increasing Ro (vitrinite reflectance) values. Compared with other lithofacies types, OM-rich laminated argillaceous shale and OM-poor laminated siliceous shale have higher free oil content, which makes them easier to produce, in other words, these two lithofacies should be preferred as favorable exploration and development targets.

Different mechanisms of two oil-soluble additives to reduce heavy crude oil viscosity

The depletion of light crude oil resources necessitates the efficient development of heavy crude oil, characterized by high density and viscosity. In this work, we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the mechanisms by which two oil-soluble viscosity reducers (VRs) reduce the viscosity of heavy crude oil. Our results reveal that direct interaction between VRs and asphaltene (ASP) aggregates is not the sole pathway for viscosity reduction. Instead, targeting resin (RES) emerges as a critical strategy. The first kind of VR (VR1), with its polar acrylamide head, binds effectively to ASP, reducing the exposure of ASP to other heavy oil components and thereby decreasing the friction between ASP and these components. In contrast, the second kind of VR (VR2), with a maleic anhydride head, tends to disperse away from ASP aggregates, reducing viscosity by weakening the intermolecular interactions between RES and lighter components. These findings elucidate distinct mechanisms by which VRs mitigate the viscosity of heavy crude oil and provide insights for the design of more effective oil-soluble VRs for future heavy oil exploitation.

A baroduric immobilized composite material promoting remediation of oil-polluted sediment at typical deep-sea condition: The performances and potential mechanisms

Contriving immobilized bioreagent is of great significance to enhance bioremediation of marine oil pollution. However, there remains a notable scarcity of correlational study conducted at deep sea condition. Herein, we first developed a baroduric microsphere encasing biotic and chemical materials to remediate oil-contaminated sediments at deep-sea microcosm. Total oil degradation efficiency of microsphere-treated group reached 71% within a month, representing an approximate 35% increase compared to natural remediation. Absorption and biodegradation by microsphere provided a comparable contribution to oil elimination. Together with scanning electron microscope observation, the physical mechanism was that the reticulate structure of microsphere surface facilitating oil adsorption and bacteria attachment. Via metabarcoding analysis for meta and metabolically-active microbes, we demonstrated the primary working center was located at the microsphere. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota and Desulfobacterota were the key activated bacteria. More importantly, we revealed the ecological mechanisms were associated with the following aspects: 1) the addition of microsphere significantly improved the metabolic activity of bacteria (particularly including several oil-degrading taxa); 2) the microspheres enhanced ecological stability and microbial functional diversification during bioremediation; 3) expressing activity of pathways involving oil component degradation, biosurfactant production, biofilm architecture, biogeochemical and energy cycling all were observed to be up-regulated in microsphere-treated samples. Altogether, our results provide important theoretical guidance and data support on application of immobilization technology in removing in-situ oil pollution of deep-sea sediment.

Synthesis and Thermal Properties of Bio-Based Janus Ring Siloxanes Incorporating Terpenes and Terpenoids

A mild and highly selective hydrosilylation method was employed to synthesize five novel well-defined Janus ring siloxanes bearing terpenes and terpenoids, which are the main bioactive components of essential oils. The characterization of these new bio-sourced molecular materials, derived from hydrosilyl-substituted all-cis-cyclotetrasiloxane, was conducted through comprehensive analyses using multinuclear NMR, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the newly synthesized Janus rings was investigated, and the siloxane skeleton was shown to confer an enhanced thermal stability compared with free terpenes and terpenoids.

Genetic and metabolic engineering approaches for enhanced biodesulfurization of petroleum fractions

Sulfur, an abundant component of crude oil, causes severe damage to the environment, poses risks to human health, and poisons the catalysts used in combustion engines. Hydrodesulfurization, the conventionally used method, is not sufficient to remove thiophenes like dibenzothiophene (DBT) and other aromatic heterocyclic compounds. The push for “ultra-clean” fuels, with sulfur content less than 15 ppm, drives the need for deep desulfurization. Thus, in conjunction with hydrodesulfurization, efficient and eco-friendly methods of deep desulfurization, like biodesulfurization, are desirable. In biodesulfurization, naturally desulfurizing microorganisms are used, with genetic engineering and biotechnology, to reduce the sulfur content of crude oil to below 15 ppm. In this review, we describe genetic and metabolic engineering approaches reported to date to develop more efficient methods to carry out biodesulfurization, making it a practically applicable reality.

ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ESSENTIAL OILS EXTRACTED FROM Viola odorata L. CULTIVATED IN IRAQ

This study was aimed to determine the composition of essential oil contained in Viola odorata flowers and leaves. As well as assessing the cytotoxic effects of this oil on cancer cells and its antioxidant properties. A GC-Mass analysis was conducted to reveal essential oil components in flowers and leaves. For testing the antioxidant capacity of flowers and leaves oil, DPPH (1,1 Dyphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), resazurin dye, and hydroxyl were used. An in vitro study was conducted using lung cancer (A549) and breast normal (MCF-10) cell lines with concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 µl/ml of V. odorata L. essential oil. According to the results, essential oils derived from flowers and leaves contain different components in terms of quality and quantity. At a concentration of 300 µl/ml, the results showed that flowers' essential oil was highly antioxidant (98.16 %, 92.47%, 94.00 %) when combined with DPPH, resazurin dye, and hydroxyl, respectively. There was variation in cytotoxic effects on cancer cells based on oil concentrations and sources (flowers and leaves). In conclusion, the A549 cell line was significantly affected by flower oil than by leaves oil. The highest effect of flower oil was observed at a concentration of 300 µl/ml.

Unraveling the adsorption dynamics of asphaltene molecules on silica surfaces

Understanding the adsorption behavior of heavy oil components on reservoir solids is crucial for improving oil recovery, yet the molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study used molecular dynamics simulations to explore the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of asphaltene molecules on silica surfaces. The adsorption process was divided into three stages: free, adsorption, and equilibrium. In the adsorption stage, asphaltenes must pass through two dense hydration layers and adhere to the silica surface in a flat configuration. Carboxyl groups increase asphaltene hydrophilicity, raising interaction energy with water molecules and hindering adsorption. In addition, two distinct hydration layers of water molecules on the silica surface. The first hydration layer, with a peak density of 2000 kg m−3, was located around 0.6 nm from the surface, driven by hydrogen bonding between Si-OH groups and water molecules. The second layer, found at 1.44–1.80 nm, had a lower density of 1200 kg m−3, formed through hydrogen bonding between water molecules. This study aims to enhance the understanding of the physicochemical mechanisms governing oil droplet adsorption on silica surfaces, potentially informing the design of improved oil recovery strategies.

Study on the chemical constituents and anti-free radical activity of mint essential oils in Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam

Mints (Mentha spp.) are famous aromatic and medicinal herbs that are used in traditional and folk medicines around the world for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Mints contain volatile components such as flavonoids, organic acids, and quinones for the digestive system, central nervous system and respiratory system. Therefore, this study aimed to primarily find out the constituents and antioxidant activity of mint essential oil, which are very essential. The mint was harvested from the Ham Thuan Nam district of Binh Thuan province, Vietnam, in 2023. The essential oil of the mint was collected using steam distillation and dried with Na2SO4 for the final product. Chemical analysis of the components of the mint essential oil by GC-MS led to the identification of 17 chemical components, representing 98.72% of the hydro-distilled essential oil. Of these, five were hydrocarbons, such as monoterpenes (32.82%), and the rest were oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as alcohols (53.42%), aldehydes (4.67%), and ketones (7.81%). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazol free radical scavenging activity of the mint essential oil was 39.36±1.23%, and this value was lower than that of 0.5 mM ascorbic acid (42.84 ±1.18%). Thus, the results of this study have high scientific and practical significance, when adding peppermint essential oil to food, it not only creates a fragrant smell for food, but also has antioxidant and antibacterial effects for food.

Impact of altitudinal gradients on chemical profiling and pesticidal activities of Hedychium spicatum Sm

Hedychium spicatum Sm. is an endangered herb which grows preferably in humid tropics and subtropics known for its distinct camphoraceous flavour and medicinal properties. The essential oils of H. spicatum rhizomes from six different natural habitats at different altitudes in Uttarakhand, India were analyzed. Twenty compounds were identified, accounting for 87.4–98.5% of the essential oils, with 1,8-cineole (33.4–41.9%), α-terpinene (39.6%), camphor (31.4%), and linalool (29.9%), being the prevalent major constituents of all accessions. HS-ALM (H. spicatum rhizomes Almora essential oil), HS-DDN (H. spicatum rhizomes Dehradun essential oil), HS-PAU (H. spicatum rhizomes Pauri essential oil), HS-TEH (H. spicatum rhizomes Tehri essential oil), and HS-USN (H. spicatum rhizomes Udham Singh Nagar essential oil) were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes with 43.1–74.0%, respectively. In contrast, in HS-PIT (H. spicatum rhizomes Pithoragarh essential oil), hydrogenated monoterpenes dominated 57.8% of the total oil constituents. All accessions were assessed for significant nematicidal potential against Meloidogyne incognita and insecticidal potential against Spodoptera litura. The proteins/enzymes used for validation using docking studies were acetylcholinesterase (PBD ID: IC2O) and carboxylesterase (PDB ID: 1CI8). The study produced significant outcomes, showing the binding energy estimation of tested oil components to active sites supported the structure-activity relationship with bioinformatics tools.

Genetic Diversity, Analysis of Some Agro-Morphological and Quality Traits, and Utilization of Plant Resources of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Supported with Cluster and Multivariate Analyses

In this study, 119 different coriander genotypes (38 different countries), including 114 genotypes and five cultivars, were undertaken to characterize the genotypes based on phenotypic, morphological, yield, and International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) properties, along with some chemical properties. The yield components were between 1.34 and 21.49 g for thousand-grain weight, 0.02–9.58 g/plant for fruit yield, 0.01–50.78 g/plant for biological yield, and 8.48–73.36% for harvest index. Similarly, the results of this study revealed significant variations in essential oil (0.05–1.86%v/w) and fixed oil content (10.22–34.03%v/w). The main components of the essential oil were determined as linalool (3.13–45.70%v/v), p-cymene (0.10–15.77%v/v), ɣ-terpinene (0.04–13.80%v/v), while the fixed oil main acids were determined as petroselinic (24.47–87.70%v/v), palmitic (7.13–23.04%v/v), elaidic (1.55–47.44%v/v), and behenic acids (3.17–12.56%v/v). The cluster, heat map, correlation, and principal coordinate (PCA) analyses were conducted to determine the genetic diversity and relationship among the genotypes based on the examined properties. The cluster and heat map analyses showed differences in the same origin genotypes. Petroselinic acid was the major contributing factor for PCA. As a result of this study, Ames 13900 and Ames 18595 genotypes had high values for fruit yield, fixed oil content, and essential oil content.