Component Analysis Research Articles

Limpca: An R package for the linear modeling of high‐dimensional designed data based on ASCA/APCA family of methods

SummaryMany modern analytical methods are used to analyze samples issued from an experimental design, for example, in medical, biological, chemical, or agronomic fields. Those methods generate most of the time, highly multivariate data like spectra or images, where the number of variables (descriptor responses) tends to be much larger than the number of experimental units. Therefore, multivariate statistical tools are necessary to identify variables that are consistently affected by experimental factors. In this context, two recent methods combining ANOVA and PCA, namely, ASCA (ANOVA‐Simultaneous Component Analysis) and APCA (ANOVA‐Principal Component Analysis), were developed. They provide powerful visualization tools for multivariate structures in the space of each effect of the statistical model linked to the experimental design. Their main limitation is that they produce biased estimators of the factor effects when the design of experiment is unbalanced. This article presents the R package limpca (for linear models with principal component effects analysis) that implements ASCA+ and APCA+, an enhanced version of ASCA and APCA methods based on several principles from the theory of general linear models (GLM). In this paper, the methodology is reviewed, the package structure and functions are presented, and a metabolomics data set is used to clearly demonstrate the potential of ASCA+ and APCA+ methods to highlight true biomarkers corresponding to effects of interest in unbalanced designs.

Action of the law of analogy in occasional word formation (based on the lyrics by E.A. Evtushenko and A.A. Voznesensky)

The article views analogy as one of the basic laws of language development. The action of the law of analogy is studied on the material of the occasional word creation of the poets of the 60-ies of the XX century E.A. Evtushenko and A.A. Voznesensky. The relevance of the study of occasionalisms is stipulated by insufficient knowledge of the interaction of regular and occasional word formation and the role of analogy in creating a poetic image. The main research method is the word-formation analysis of occasional units, which made it possible to analyze the derivational mechanism based on assimilation to ordinary regular models. Contextual analysis is applied, revealing the semantic side of the new lexeme. Component analysis was used to detect syntagmatic connections of occasional units. The author of the article notes the importance of the law of analogy not only in the choice of formants, but also in the procedure of the derivational process. The action of the law in the formation of occasional steps of word-formation nests is substantiated. The conditional entry of new units into the usual system and their ability to fill word-formation gaps are analyzed. In the course of the research, a lexical and word formation phenomenon of a different order was discovered a word formation paradigm, reflecting the processes of one word formation stage. The productivity of some root morphemes is traced in connection with their frequency in usage and participation in the formation of value concepts. The results of the analysis of language units confirm the importance of the law of analogy in the creation of occasionalisms and the expression of the authors assessment in general. In general, the results of the analysis of linguistic units confirm the high degree of significance of the law of analogy in the creation of occasionalisms and their use in poetic texts. The role of analogy as text formation means and a tool for constructing poetic imagery is emphasized. The conclusion is made about the systematic nature of the formation of lexical-derivational and semantic connections in the array of occasional vocabulary of E.A. Evtushenko and A.A. Voznesensky.

Phytochemical screening of Bixa orellana and preliminary antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifibrinolytic, anthelmintic, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity against lung cancer (A549) cell lines

Bixa orellana (B. Orellana) is a frequently utilized plant that has grown in significance in pharmaceutical applications. The leaves extract of B. orellana was used in the current study for preliminary phytochemical analysis in terms of both quantitative and qualitative, which indicates the presence of phenols, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Furthermore, the extract demonstrated antifungal activity at 30 mm zone of clearance against Candida albicans and antibacterial activity at 16 mm zone of clearance against Bacillus nakamuria by well diffusion method against different strains. The plant extract showed a MIC of 20 µg/mL and MBC of 157.11 µg/mL against E. coli by ELISA and broth dilution method, respectively.To evaluate the phytochemicals in the extract, further purification of the extract by TLC, column chromatography, and component analysis by GC–MS, which reported 18 components, and UV spectrum were performed. A number of therapeutic applicationsfor the extract were observed, including antidiabetic activity (anti-glucosidase) of 98.34% inhibitionat 100 µg/mL, anti-lipase of 100% inhibitionat 100 µg/mL, and anti-amylase activity of 100% inhibitionat 100 µg/mL, antioxidant activity (anti-DPPH activity) of 59.74% inhibitionat 100 µg/mL, anthelmintic at 1 min by 1000 µg/mL, antifibrinolytic at 20 secs by 1000 µg/mL and cytotoxic activity against A549 lung cell lines, wherein, the cell viability was below 40 % at the highest dose (100 µg/mL), with an IC50 value of 39.9 µg/mL.

Phraseological Units Designated Time in The Kyrgyz Language

The article is devoted to phraseological units that play an important role in the linguistic picture of the world of the Kyrgyz people, revealing the features of the lifestyle of the ethnic group. Research objectives: study of phraseological units denoting time in the Kyrgyz language. Research materials and methods: the article uses and analyzes phraseological units and their meanings in various life situations using the method of continuous selection, methods of semantic-cognitive and component analyses. Research results:given examples of phraseological units in the Kyrgyz language expressing the meanings of time in everyday rituals and customs. Conclusion: just like the ancient Kyrgyz nomadic people, most of phraseological units mean the subject of life and people behavior.

The identification and cognitive correlation of perfusion patterns measured with arterial spin labeling MRI in Alzheimer’s disease

BackgroundVascular dysfunction, including cerebral hypoperfusion, plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), independent of amyloid and tau pathology. We established an AD-related perfusion pattern (ADRP) measured with arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI using multivariate spatial covariance analysis.MethodsWe obtained multimodal MRI including pseudo-continuous ASL and neurocognitive testing in a total of 55 patients with a diagnosis of mild to moderate AD supported by amyloid PET and 46 normal controls (NCs). An ADRP was established from an identification cohort of 32 patients with AD and 32 NCs using a multivariate analysis method based on scaled subprofile model/principal component analysis, and pattern expression in individual subjects was quantified for both the identification cohort and a validation cohort (23 patients with AD and 14 NCs). Subject expression score of the ADRP was then used to assess diagnostic accuracy and cognitive correlations in AD patients and compared with global and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in specific areas identified from voxel-based univariate analysis.ResultsThe ADRP featured negative loading in the bilateral middle and posterior cingulate and precuneus, inferior parietal lobule, and frontal areas, and positive loading in the right cerebellum and bilateral basal areas. Subject expression score of the ADRP was significantly elevated in AD patients compared with NCs (P < 0.001) and showed good diagnostic accuracy for AD with area under receiver–operator curve of 0.87 [95% CI (0.78–0.96)] in the identification cohort and 0.85 in the validation cohort. Moreover, there were negative correlations between subject expression score and global cognitive function and performance in various cognitive domains in patients with AD. The characteristics of the ADRP topography and subject expression scores were supported by analogous findings obtained with regional CBF.ConclusionsWe have reported a characteristic perfusion pattern associated with AD using ASL MRI. Subject expression score of this spatial covariance pattern is a promising MRI biomarker for the identification and monitoring of AD.

Linguistic Means of Expressing the Category of Temporality in Modern Political Discourse

The emergence of new challenges of the present necessitates the modernization of approaches to understanding the category of time and its connection with the political life of the state. It requires wide use of linguistic means because the existing trends of globalization require an adequate perception of the need for political changes and their temporality. Therefore, the issue of studying the phenomenon of temporality in political discourse as a two-pronged objective-subjective category of cognition of the world and political life in time, as well as the linguistic means of its expression, is becoming more relevant. The article is aimed at theoretical and applied research of linguistic means of expressing the category of temporality in modern political discourse. The methodological basis of the study is the following methods of scientific cognition and analysis: descriptive method, system analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction, component analysis, comparison, analogy, generalization, systematization, and graphical method. Based on the results of the study, it has been established that the need to express the category of temporality is especially relevant in modern political discourse. This category involves the comprehension and interpretation of past political events, objective assessment and vision of the current state of functioning of the political sphere, and making the right decisions in the future. It can be achieved through well-chosen linguistic means. Moreover, it has been revealed that the most commonly used linguistic means of expressing temporality in modern political discourse are manipulations. They are an effective means of influencing the public consciousness and forming an opinion about the current state and trends in the development of political processes. The necessity of modernization of linguistic methods of expressing temporality in political discourse under the requirements and challenges of modernity has been proven.

Component Analysis and Classification Model of Ancient Glassware Based on K-means Clustering and Random Forest

The analysis and identification of the composition of ancient glass objects has important application and practical significance to the world of archaeology. In this study, after classifying the artifacts according to their types, the corresponding classification models were analyzed and constructed. Using the analysis of classification laws, for each category to select the appropriate chemical components for subclassification, the K-means cluster analysis model was established, and then secondary components were added to the model to select the appropriate model to achieve clustering. Analysis of the clustering results to achieve subclasses, the glass artifacts into three categories: high lead and high barium artifacts, transitional artifacts, high silicon and high potassium artifacts. The classification results were analyzed for reasonableness, and sensitivity analysis was conducted using the OAT method, which showed that the sensitivity of the classification results was high and the chemical composition had good anti-disturbance ability within 10%. A random forest model was also established to determine the category to which the artifacts belonged based on the known chemical composition.

Exploring features in chromatographic profiles as a tool for monitoring column performance

In the biopharmaceutical industry, chromatography resins have a finite number of uses before they start to age and degrade, typically due to losses of ligand integrity and/or density. The “health” of a column is predicted and validated by running multiple cycles on representative scale-down models and can be followed by real-time on-going validation during commercial production.Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Square (PLS), Similarity Scores and Single One Point-MultiParameter Technique (SOP-MPT) along with machine learning principles were applied to explore the hypothesis that there is predictive capability of latent variables in chromatography absorbance profiles for process performance (step yield) and product quality (aggregates, fragments, host cell proteins (HCP) and DNA, and Protein A ligand).The first stage of this study is described in this paper: a MabSelect SuRe™ chromatography column was cycled with a method to establish the “normal” baseline for process performance and product quality, followed by runs using a harsher NaOH Cleaning in Place (CIP) procedure (with a higher NaOH concentration than that recommended by the vendor) to accelerate resin degradation. The different mathematical analytical tools correlated with resin degradation of the column (reflected in decreasing step yield and binding capacity with increasing running cycle), specifically when using the Wash, Elution and Strip phases of the chromatography method. Monomer, HCP and DNA content were not significantly impacted and therefore a correlation with product quality was inconsequential. Importantly, this work shows proof-of-concept that while more traditional methods of measuring resin integrity such as the height equivalent to a theoretical place (HETP) and Asymmetry (As) measurements could not detect changes in the integrity of the resin, PCA, PLS, Similarity Scores and SOP-MPT (to a lesser extent) applied to the absorbance data were capable of anticipating issues in the chromatography bed by identifying atypical outcomes.

Modelling Stakeholders’ Knowledge and Perception in a Fuzzy Cognitive Map: The Case of the Extra-Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) Value Chain in Central Italy

Italy is the second largest extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) producer within the European Union. Despite its importance in preserving rural landscape and in supporting household economy, the EVOO sector faces several constraints due to high management costs, small farm size, lack of cooperation and investment, production vulnerability, and farmers’ ageing. Such a number of weak points suggests the need to identify and adopt innovative approaches, at both the farm and oil mill levels. In order to address these priorities, a fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) survey was carried out in Umbria region, central Italy, involving key local stakeholders of the EVOO value chain in the Orvieto district. Based on stakeholders’ perception and knowledge, this paper aims to identify and evaluate the most relevant components of the local olive oil value chain, and predict scenarios responding to hypothetical changes of the same components. These stakeholders were firstly invited to each build an individual fuzzy cognitive map and then, grouped all together, build a joint fuzzy cognitive map. Finally, the maps represented both the individual and the grouped stakeholders’ perceptions. The maps were translated into adjacency matrices in order to create an FCM model by applying the software “Mental Modeler”. In total, 24 participants, including practitioners, multipliers, researchers, suppliers and members of local administration, participated in the survey. The component analysis and the scenario analysis highlighted several priority issues: to preserve the ecosystem functioning, to implement cooperation, innovation and education, to adapt and mitigate climate change. The main novelty of this study is that all stakeholders’ categories in the EVOO sector recognize several challenges to sustain the EVOO value chain, in particular, climate change adaptation and mitigation.

Failure Scenario of Power Supply Due to Conducted Electric Pulse From E1 HEMP

This article presents the effects of a high amplitude conducted electromagnetic pulse on the electrical behavior of a flyback switch-mode power supply. The electromagnetic pulse is generated by a current injection platform that is able to reproduce differential or common mode parasitic currents and voltages induced by the coupling between E1 high-altitude nuclear electromagnetic pulse and a global electrical network. In this article, injections are performed in differential mode until the destruction of power supply. Current and voltage measurements have been performed around each destroyed component during the injection. Finally, these destruction tests, associated with spice simulations and component analyses, permit to build a power supply destruction scenario with the component's failures chronology modeling. This scenario is the first step in order to model the susceptibility of power supplies during an electrical pulse injection.

Verbal representation of the central conceptual signs of male fidelity in German and Russian literary texts

The purpose of the article is to identify and establish common and distinctive central features of the concept of Male fidelity based on the material of German and Russian literary texts of the first half of the twentieth century. The object of the study are lexemes representing the value representation of the linguistic and cultural concept of Male fidelity in the Russian and German languages. The subject of the proposed research is the lexical and semantic explication of the conceptual component of the concept of Male fidelity in German and Russian literary texts, the direction of realism in the first half of the twentieth century. The study used such methods as: definitional analysis, component analysis, comparative method, as well as the reception of quantitative calculations. In the work, as a scientific novelty, it is proposed to study for the first time the verbalization of the conceptual component of the concept of Male fidelity on the material of literary texts in a comparative aspect. The analysis allows us to conclude that the conceptual component of the concept can be verbally represented in the form of specific central features of the concept under study. Also, as a result of the conducted research, the presence of one common central feature of the concept of Male fidelity was established, namely: loyalty to the profession. However, there are also distinctive signs. In German art texts – constancy in the chosen style of clothing, and in Russian art texts - devotion to their ideas, constancy in the noble behavior of men, practicality as a manifestation of the constancy of a man's behavior.

Optimal design of electromagnetic interference of LED lamp switching power supply based on TRIZ theory

The innovation method TRIZ is an innovative methodology that can analyze problems and solve them and has been widely used in many fields. In this paper, TRIZ theory is applied to optimize the design of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem of a model of LED lamps and lanterns switching power supply. The tools of resource analysis, component analysis, functional analysis, and cause-effect analysis are used to analyze the problem of excessive EMI encountered in the design of LED lamps and lanterns, and the tools of technical contradiction and material field analysis are used to improve the problem of reducing EMI. Two solutions are obtained to improve the problem of high EMI by changing the Power inductor design method of the input voltage and by adding capacitors to form a Π-type filter circuit.

Linguocognitive Approach to Understanding the Concept “Education”: Structure and Content.

The study of the concept “education” has a special relevance, as it is one of the basic in the system of linguistic and cultural values of speakers of any of the languages. This fact is due to the fact that education as a social phenomenon accompanies a person throughout his life. According to V.I. Karasik’s classification, the concept “education” refers to specialized ethno-cultural and socio-cultural concepts. The concept “education” includes the process of learning, obtaining new social knowledge, the process of protection from negative external factors, taking care of social and physical well-being. The aim of the study is to define the structure and content of the concept “education”. The study of the linguistic and cognitive phenomenon “education” can serve as a source of information about the mentality of carriers of any language culture and their system of values. To achieve the goal the following theoretical and empirical research methods were chosen: the analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the chosen topic of research; synthesis, which consists in uniting separately taken facts on the topic of research into a single whole to form an idea of the concept “education”; systematization, which consists in classification of considered objects of research according to chosen criteria; statistical method, which allowed to get and analyze obtained quantitative data; component analysis and analysis of the lexical meaning, linguistic and cultural comment. Taking into account the lexical-semantic field, the concept “education” has components based on the criteria of the participants in the process. In the process of work the concept «education» was considered from a number of positions: as training, as education, as socialization, as transfer of experience, as development and formation. For each of them examples of the core, near periphery and far periphery were presented. The study is conducted within the framework of the scientific linguistic picture of the world.

김해 야생차와 운남 보이 쇄청모차의 항산화 활성 및 유용성분 함량 비교

Yunnan Pu’er Tea is made from old tea trees and has recently become popular in Korea, commanding a high price. However, its ingredients and effects are not properly known. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of Gimhae primary tea made by the method of Yunnan Pu'er tea as a subsititute for Yunnan Pu'er tea by analyzing its ingredients of caffeine, catechin, free amino acid, gallic acid, and polyphenol, evaluating its antioxidant activity and conducting a taste analysis. In most component analyses, Yunnan primary tea showed a slightly higher component content on average, but there were no significant differences compared to Gimhae primary tea. However, Gimhae primary tea had on average 5% higher total amino acids and it scored higher overall in the value of four taste sensors, excluding sour taste in a taste analysis using electronic tongues. This suggests that Gimhae primary tea has the potential to be a multi-flavored tea. Daesung-dong (T8), a Gimhae wild tea, which showed results similar to Yunnan tea in all its ingredients, is thus considered as a suitable alternative to Yunnan tea by making it appropriate for use as a fermented tea. for use as a fermented tea.

Component Analysis and Identification of Ancient Glass Products Based on Correlation Analysis

The Silk Road was an important channel for cultural exchanges between ancient China and the West, and glass was a precious material evidence of early trade exchanges. In order to explore the changes of relevant properties and chemical compositions of these glass relics before and after weathering, it is necessary to calculate their correlation degree and predict the changes of compositions. In this paper, the correlation and correlation between the components are calculated by establishing the grey correlation analysis method, independent sample T test method, random forest algorithm, K-means algorithm and other models, so as to analyze and predict the correlation properties and chemical components of glass relics before and after weathering.first, preprocess the data, remove the invalid data, and take the glass type, decoration and color as the comparison sequence. Whether the cultural relic surface is differentiated into a reference sequence, use the gray correlation analysis method to calculate that the gray correlation between the glass type and whether it is differentiated is the largest, which is 0.7939, indicating that the glass type is most closely related to whether it is weathered. According to the type of glass, the average, median and standard deviation are calculated, and the chemical composition with strong correlation with weathering is determined by independent sample t-test. The prediction results are obtained by predicting the principal components of weathering points.

Фразеологические единицы с компонентом «птица» в мордовских и финском языках (семантический анализ)

The purpose of the study is to identify common and distinctive features of Mordovian and Finnish phraseological units with the zoonym component “bird”. The relevance of this study is due to the need for a comprehensive study of phraseological units in order to identify common and specific features inherent in these linguistic cultures. The object of the study was the phraseological units of the Mordovian and Finnish languages, in which the zoonym component “bird” was identified. Based on the methods of descriptive, comparative, component analysis, the semantic characteristics of phraseological units are studied, dominant images are identified, universal phenomena and distinctive features in the meanings conveyed by phraseological units in the compared languages are determined. The main material of the study is presented by phraseological units with a zoocomponent, identified by continuous sampling from explanatory monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, as well as phraseological developments, texts of fiction and journalistic literature. The properties that the Mordovians and Finns attribute to poultry are in most cases similar, which is why both languages have a lot of phraseological units that coincide in meaning. In both Mordovian and Finnish cultures, the bird is considered a creature that is not very smart. The observed phenomenon is to a greater extent associated with domestic poultry, and to a lesser extent with wild birds.

Dynamic Vascular Imaging Using Active Breast Thermography

Mammography is considered the gold standard for breast cancer screening and diagnostic imaging; however, there is an unmet clinical need for complementary methods to detect lesions not characterized by mammography. Far-infrared 'thermogram' breast imaging can map the skin temperature, and signal inversion with components analysis can be used to identify the mechanisms of thermal image generation of the vasculature using dynamic thermal data. This work focuses on using dynamic infrared breast imaging to identify the thermal response of the stationary vascular system and the physiologic vascular response to a temperature stimulus affected by vasomodulation. The recorded data are analyzed by converting the diffusive heat propagation into a virtual wave and identifying the reflection using component analysis. Clear images of passive thermal reflection and thermal response to vasomodulation were obtained. In our limited data, the magnitude of vasoconstriction appears to depend on the presence of cancer. The authors propose future studies with supporting diagnostic and clinical data that may provide validation of the proposed paradigm.

Lanthanide modified Pt/CeO2-based catalysts for methane partial oxidation: Relationship between catalytic activity and structure

In most cases, reasonable design and construction of Pt/CeO2-based catalysts and detailed exploration of relationship between its structural characteristics and the catalytic activity are crucial to improve the catalytic performance and reduce the cost. In this work, a series of CeO2 doped with lanthanide metal ions (La, Nd, Er and Yb) has been successfully synthesized, and then Pt is introduced through impregnation. The morphology, structure and component analysis are characterized by SEM, TEM (HRTEM), EDS, XRD, ICP-AES, XPS, UV Raman, O2-TPD, H2-TPR and CO or O2-pulse chemisorption, and the corresponding catalytic performances are developed by partial oxidation of methane. On the basis of the analysis of the structural properties of various catalysts, it is found that the Pt/CeLa catalyst shows the best catalytic performance due to its low valence state of Pt, excellent oxygen migration capacity and oxygen storage capacity, T50 is 510 °C and the selectivity is superiority. What's more, the modification of CeO2 by lanthanide metal ions especially La3+ can effectively change the oxygen activity of supports, so that this catalyst can be used in various redox catalytic reactions.

Leak Location for Urban Elbowed Water Pipe Based on Complex-Optimized FastICA Blind Deconvolution

Previous research has primarily focused on leak diagnosis algorithms under the interference of outside environment noise. However, the former algorithms in leak detection are easily affected by noise from the pipe, especially the one that contains elbow noise. This article was mainly concerned with the effective and reliable approach to precisely locate leaks in the buried elbow pipeline system. To overcome the drawback of elbow noise interference and extract the leak source from the mixing signal in the greatest extent, this article proposes a novel frequency-domain-independent component analysis (ICA) blind deconvolution algorithm, which is based on a popular optimized FastICA (O-FICA) called complex-optimized FastICA (CO-FICA) algorithm. In comparison, CO-FICA differs from the time-domain blind convolution separation (T-BCS) algorithm, which transforms complicated time-domain convolution into a simple frequency-domain product problem. Compared with the conventional complex FastICA (C-FICA), the proposed CO-FICA method does not need to estimate signal statistics at each step, but it displays more excellent performance in convergent speed and separated precision. Altogether, the results from this study demonstrate that the localization precision of the proposed method is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\approx 87\%$ </tex-math></inline-formula> under the interference of elbow noise.

Some applications of Scanning Electron Microscopy to the study of reservoir rock

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a powerful tool for visualising reservoir pore and grain framework systems which (SEM) provides qualitative information about pore geometry through direct observation of a rock or a pore cast of the rock. This aids in understanding reservoir productivity capabilities. The SEM is useful for locating and identifying minerals, particularly clay minerals - an aid when designing drilling and completion programs. SEM unlike conventional light microscopy, produces images by recording various signals resulting from interactions of an electron beam with the sample as it is scanned in a raster pattern across the sample surface. Combined with a backscatter detector (BSE), energy dispersal X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and EDS - Mapping, SEM can yield multiple types of information about geological samples at the same time, such as superficial microstructure, BSE image, component analysis, and crystal structure features. In addition, new technic of SEM like Qemscan and FIB (Focused ion beam) can automatically minerals mapping and approach to 3-D imaging. In this paper, we use granite rock from a granitic basement reservoir, Bach Ho Oilfield as examples to discuss the geological application of SEM. The most important reservoir properties of granite rock in the oilfield are porosity and fractured pores which are abundant. The fractures have various sizes from mm to micron in width. Some large cracks have 1÷3 cm in lenght and 100÷600 µm in width. The small ones have 0.001÷0.2 mm in length and 10÷100 µm in width. Some large fractures were porefilled by crystals that have blade shape.