Complimentary Split Ring Resonator Research Articles

Analysis and design of compact dual-mode bandpass filter based on modified CSRR with wide stopband for 5G sub-6 GHz mobile communications

In this paper, a dual-mode bandpass filter with a wide stopband based on modified complementary split-ring resonators for 5G sub-6 GHz mobile communications is presented. The non-magnetic resonant particle known as a complimentary split ring resonator is used with a host microstrip line with a series gap in order to obtain a bandpass response. Since a complementary split-ring resonator provides a narrow passband, a T-slot has been introduced in the middle of this resonator to obtain dual-mode behavior with controllable bandwidth. Moreover, a pair of stubs are added to the host microstrip line in order to achieve a wide stopband with good out-of-band rejection. The proposed resonator is analyzed, and a bandpass filter is designed to operate at 3.6 GHz to cover the 5G band from 3.4 to 3.8 GHz. The results show that the filter has a low insertion loss, good return loss, and a wide stopband up to 9 GHz with a compact size since its resonator offers a size of 0.1 λ g × 0.14 λ g where λ g is the guided wavelength at 3.6 GHz.

Применение метаматериалов в антенных устройствах цифровых систем связи

The possibility of application of metamaterials in the design of microwave antennas is investigated on the basis of foreign and domestic sources. The unique properties of metamaterials can find a wide application in ultrahigh frequency technology, as they allow to obtain devices with improved characteristics and extended functionality. Various variations of microstrip antenna devices that meet modern requirements for optimisation of dimensions and improvement of radiation parameters are simulated using CST Software. The following structures are considered: split ring resonator (SRR) and complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR). The possibility of application of the investigated antennas in Wi-Fi 6E standard, hence, in Internet of Things applications, as well as in other digital communication systems of new generation is shown.

Design and Analysis of Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Loaded Complimentary Split Ring Resonator for Wireless Applications

This paper presents a multi-band reconfigurable antenna, circular patch antenna loaded with combination of rectangular and infinity shape complementary split ring resonator (CSRR). Four slots used for connecting the rectangular with infinity CSRR, where the four PIN diodes loaded in order to achieve reconfigurability. The circular patch has printed in Roger RT/5880 substrate having a dielectric constant of 2.2 within a size 37.35x34.35x1.57. Extraction of permittivity negative of the CSRR is discussed in detail. The proposed antenna can be used in modern and mobile communication devices.

Liquid Characterization of 2 GHz Complimentary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) for Water Quality Applications

This study describes a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR)-based planar microwave sensor. Its capability in detecting several samples which are based on the usual water contaminant in Malaysia was investigated. The CSRR sensor was designed with an unloaded resonant frequency of 2.0 GHz, and it was fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.3. The S-parameter responses of the sensor were measured under two conditions; i) unloaded and ii) loaded. For the latter, samples of tap water, salt water, isopropyl alcohol, filtered water and cooking oil were used to load the resonant element of the CSRR. The measurement result of unloaded CSRR shows that the designed sensor resonates at 1.99 GHz, which is in line with the simulation. The measurement results also showed that the presence of all samples caused the resonant frequency of the CSRR to shift, with filtered water and cooking oil showing the biggest frequency shifts (0.84 GHz and 0.96 GHz, respectively). A sensitivity analysis of the CSRR was carried out and it shows that it achieves 0.25% sensitivity. The proposed sensor may be a useful substitute for pricey commercial sensors for applications involving water quality because of the inexpensive materials and ease of fabrication.

A Miniaturized, Dual-Port, Multiband MIMO with CSRR DGS for Internet of Things Using WLAN Communication Standards

A compact, dual-port, triband MIMO antenna is designed and tested for three sub-6 GHz WLAN bands for IoT applications. The size and performance of the antenna make it versatile for the emerging IoT applications communicating using the 2.4 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz WLAN frequencies. The single radiating element of antenna geometry includes a pair of modified and optimized rectangular patches. A complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR) structure is incorporated in the ground plane as a defect (defected ground structure) to attain the third operational band. The orientation of the elements, orthogonally arranged, along with DGS, enhances the isolation between the radiating elements keeping it below 18 dB throughout the three operating frequency bands. The size of the final antenna is as small as 0.32 λ 0 × 0.32 λ 0 mm2 build on commercially available and cheap FR4 substrate of thickness 1.5748 mm. A peak gain of 7.17 dBi is attained for the proposed MIMO system. This MIMO antenna also satisfies the diversity parameter requirements including DG > 9.8 , ECC < 0.5 , TARC < − 10 dB, and CCL < 0.5 bits/s/Hz. This makes the proposed antenna a good candidate for IoT applications employing WLAN frequencies.

Electrically small asymmetric coplanar strip‐fed metamaterial‐inspired antenna for WLAN and satellite‐based applications

AbstractThis article presents an electrically small asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)‐fed metamaterial‐inspired antenna for multiband operation. The design employs a simple monopole, a set of rectangular split ring resonator (SRR), an inverted U‐shaped stub, and a rectangular complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR) in the ground plane to realize four operating bands. The antenna operates at 2.46, 5.8, 6.78, and 10.46 GHz with a bandwidth of 270 MHz, 340 MHz,180 MHz, and 1.16 GHz, respectively. The proposed structure has an electrical size of at 2.46 GHz. The experimental results are found to be in close proximity to the simulated ones. The presented electrically small antenna possesses a radian sphere (ka) of 0.68 and achieves an adequate gain of 2.37dBi with requisite radiation characteristics suitable for WLAN and satellite‐based applications.

Real-time transformer oil monitoring using planar frequency-based sensor

Efficient power transfer is highly dependent on the quality of oil which plays a major role in transformer units used for energy distribution. In this work, a meta-surface inspired Complimentary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) structure designed to work at 2.94 GHz, with an engineered slit between its active waveguide and CSRR ground plane is used. A miniaturised pipeline is made to pass through the slit, which carries the sample of transformer oil derived from the actively used transformer. The degraded oil samples are characterised for their dielectric properties (dielectric constant varying from 2.77 to 2.823), viscosity (25.11–27.9 cP), turbidity (1.314–4.709 cm−1), density (819–831 mg/ml) and structural changes, which confirms the structural modifications, as a function of the age of the sample and the ambient effects. Degraded oil samples show the formation of alkenes, alkynes and aromatic compounds from simple hydrocarbons as a result of extended usage. The changes in their frequency responses of the sensor are correlated to the changes in the oil samples at their physical and chemical level. A shift in frequency from about 135.5 to 470.5 MHz for samples with degradation time from 24 h to 504 h is obtained. The proposed technique is non-destructive, since there is no physical contact between the analyte molecules and the sensor itself; thereby maintaining the sensor parameters intact, even if the sensor is used for extended duration of time. A miniaturised, reusable, frequency-based sensor is hence demonstrated to detect the quality of transformer oil, in the real-time setup, for industrial applications.

High-Sensitivity Grooved CSRR-Based Sensor for Liquid Chemical Characterization

In this work, a new complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR)-based sensor is proposed to sense chemical concentrations. A groove is created in the dielectric ring region of the CSRR to place the hollow tube containing the material under test (MUT). By placing the MUT in the region of high field concentration, higher sensitivity is achieved. The proposed novel and simple design alleviates the requirement of complex fluidic channels and space needed to place the MUT. The fabrication process is also simple with efficient utilization of the sensor’s sensitive region. The CSRR is excited uniquely through a transmission line with periodically placed capacitive gaps in series. By placing the capacitive gaps, effective negative permeability and permittivity are simultaneously achieved, and the structure exhibits metamaterial [composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL)] left-handed behavior. Greater coupling of electromagnetic energy from the transmission line to the resonator is achieved by increasing the capacitive gap widths, which renders higher sensitivity. The main sensing parameter is the shift in the frequency of the transmission coefficient notch arising due to the placement of chemicals of varying concentrations throughout the ring region in the hollow tube. The sensor dimension is 4 cm (0.012 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda {g}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 cm (0.012 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda {g}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda {g}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> being the guide wavelength. The large sensing bandwidth obtained is 1320 MHz that corresponds to high sensitivity of 14.66 MHz/unit change in concentration and 21.44 MHz/unit change in permittivity. The sensor is cheap and small, and the sensing process is simple offering instantaneous results.

Compact CPW fed Four Port MIMO Antenna for UWB applications with Wi-Fi/ISM/WLAN Band Notch Characteristics

A compact UWB with WLAN notch-based four-element CPW fed MIMO/diversity antenna is presented in this paper. Multiple elements facilitate the design to transmit and receive the signal from all directions enhancing the channel capacity and diversity performance. The inverted L-shaped stub attached to the ground enhances the impedance bandwidth (10 dB) and provides the UWB response. Plus and cross-shaped decoupling structure is accomplished to diminish the surface current and enhances the isolation between antenna elements and it is more than 20.2 dB from port-1 to port-4 without affecting the impedance bandwidth and radiation pattern. A complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR) in the radiator is utilized to eliminate the Wi-Fi/WLAN band. The |S11| of UWB MIMO antenna varies from 3.26 GHz to 14 GHz which can be utilized in portable, Radar, Satellite, and wireless applications. The simple decoupling structure is used to correlate and isolate the antenna elements, therefore acceptable ECC and CCL parameters are achieved.

Dual notched conformal patch fed 3-D printed two-port MIMO DRA for ISM band applications

Abstract This article explores and develops a two-port MIMO Dielectric Resonator Antenna. The proposed antenna consists of two rectangular DRAs on the X-axis, fed by a trapezoidal conformal patch on the Y-axis. The proposed antenna may be 3D manufactured using a normal 3D printer and both DRAs are integrated with the substrate to minimise mounting error and improve mechanical strength, which were previously the typical constraints in DRAs. Rectangular Complimentary Split Ring Resonators (R-CSRRs) and Circular Complimentary Split Ring Resonators (C-CSRRs) enable the proposed antenna to be band-notched. The R-CSRRs control the 5–5.75 GHz range, whereas the C-CSRRs control the 4.4–4.8 GHz band, which are the commercial band. By keeping both ports orthogonal, the isolation between them was lowered to less than −15 dB in the operational bands. Later, with the substrate cavity, isolation drops to −19 dB for the operational bands. The suggested antenna is MIMO capable and covers the 3.4 GHz of ISM band (3.4–6.8 GHz). The antenna has a 4 dBi, 3.7 dBi and 6.9 dBi gain in the first, second, and third resonance frequencies. Excellent MIMO capabilities and ease of construction and feeding make this 3D printed antenna suited for the ISM band.

Complimentary Split Ring Resonators Design On Patch Mikrostrip Antenna For Reducing Ads-B Antenna Dimension

Microstrip Patch Antenna works for Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) and antenna frequency resonances at 1.09 GHz. Microstrip Patch Antenna dimension has big shape for antenna micostrip resonancing frequency at 1.09 GHz. In order to Solve this problem, metamaterial is chosen and Complimentary Split Ring Resonators (CSRRs) is the one of metamaterial technique. Complimentary Split Ring Resonators CSRRs is derived from a Split Ring Resonator (SRR) compliment. Early dimension of Microstrip antenna substrate and patch are calculated by Equation that dimension of substrate is 137x130 mm and dimension of patch is 85x65. Dimension of SRR that compliment forms to CSRRs is 9x6 mm for SRR inner ring and 13x10 mm for outer ring. Microstrip antenna VSWR is 1.134 and VSWR increases to 22,73 when CSRR is etched on antenna patch. In order to decrease antenna VSWR, optimation is applied by substrate and patch dimension iteration. Substrate and patch dimension Iteration is enlarge and reduce antenna substrate and patch width and length.  Optimation result is VSWR that VSWR comes to 1,559 and substrate and patch dimension is reduced to 27,9% and 14,1%.

A Miniaturized CSRR Loaded 2-Element MIMO Antenna for LTE Band

A miniaturized 2 x 1 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is presented in this paper. The designed antenna contains two circular patches with Complimentary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) that are etched in the ground which has a profound effect on antenna size reduction. It also helps in the reduction of isolation between two antennas. The maximum isolation between the two antennas is -84.62 dB at 2.8 GHz. The size of an antenna becomes more compact i.e., 40 x 20 x 1.6 mm3 after incorporating CSRR. The maximum gain of the designed antenna is 5.8 dBi at 4.3 GHz and the minimum reflection coefficient is -35.15 dB at 1.63 GHz. The operating band of an antenna is wide from 1.3 GHz to 4.3 GHz which covers Bluetooth, WiMax, and LTE applications. The proposed antenna is useful for various wireless applications.

Broadband Bandpass Filter for UWB Networks with Multiple In-Band Transmission Zeros

Proposed in this manuscript is a broadband bandpass filter (BPF) with dual in-band transmission zeros (TZs) and elongated stopband for application in ultra-wideband (UWB) networks. The basic structure is developed on the principle of broadside coupling of microstrip-to-coplanar waveguide (CPW). Semi-elliptical microstrips on the top are arranged in back-to-back manner and coupled to the open circuited CPW in the ground. The basic BPF is of 3rd order with good insertion/return loss. To this basic BPF structure multiple defected ground structures (DGS) in the shape of complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR) are appended to place dual Tzs within the passband and later dumbbell-shaped DGS are engraved in the CPW to widen the stopband. Also, an approximate equivalent lumped element circuit model is developed and its frequency characteristics matched against full-wave EM simulation. The proposed dual notched BPF is finally fabricated and is found to occupy a compact area of 13.6 × 6.75 mm2.

Reduced Cross-Polarization Patch Antenna with Optimized Impedance Matching Using a Complimentary Split Ring Resonator and Slots as Defected Ground Structure

An innovative method is proposed to improve the cross-polarization performance and impedance matching of a microstrip antenna by integrating a complimentary split ring resonator and slots as a defected ground structure. An equivalent circuit model (ECM) enables the design take into consideration the mutual coupling between the antenna patch and the Defected Ground Structure. The input impedance and surface current density analysis confirms that the integration of a CSRR within a rectangular microstrip patch antenna leads to uniform comparative cross-polarization level below 40 dB in the H-plane, over an angular range of ± 50°. Introducing parallel slots, as well, leads to a reduction of spurious antenna radiation, thereby improving the impedance matching. Measurements conducted on a fabricated prototype are consistent with simulation results. The proposed antenna has a peak gain of 4.16 dB at 2.6 GHz resonating frequency, and hence is good candidate for broadband service applications.

High-efficiency compact SRR–CSRR–SIW antenna based on CRLH-TL

A high-efficiency compact split-ring resonator (SRR)–complimentary split-ring resonator (CSRR)–substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) rectangular resonator antenna based on a composite right/left-handed transmission line is presented in this paper. A four-element rectangular CSRR structure is etched on the front of the antenna, and a four-element rectangular SRR structure is loaded on the back of the metal to correspond with each other, thus forming a composite right/left-handed transmission line structure. By meandering technique, a rectangular CSRR is etched on the front of the metal surface to reduce the frequency and realize the miniaturization of the antenna. Combined with SIW rectangular resonator, the high-efficiency compact antenna is finally realized. Simulation and experimental results show that the −10 dB impedance bandwidth of the SRR–CSRR–SIW rectangular resonator antenna is 5.26∼5.29 GHz (1.14%) and 9.07∼9.15 GHz (0.88%). The resonance frequency is 5.26 and 9.11 GHz. The gains are 5.33 and 5.25 dBi. The antenna can be widely used in WLAN and WiMAX.

Complimentary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) As A Viscometer For Engine Oils

A viscometer is a tool used to determine the strength of a fluid to shear or tensile stress. Meanwhile, engine oils are used to reduce friction and wear during operation and often deteriorate by the dynamic process with the combined effects of working conditions, contaminations and wear conditions. Therefore, the precise characterization of viscosity is important in the analysis of numerous engineering situations that consume engine oils that associate the functionality or performance of vehicles and machinery. This work aims to investigate the Complimentary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) as a viscometer for engine oils. The antenna using radiation path such as CSRR is commonly used to measure the dielectric property of substances. Hence, this approach is applied to identify the dielectric properties of engine oils and establish the correlation between viscosity and dielectric properties. Eight engine oils from Shell were tested based on their margins in the terms of kinematic viscosity. Each oil was tested and repeated three times before the mean values were determined along with the frequency of 1-9GHz. The findings show no convincing and solid correlation between the two variables due to the small dielectric constant variation of engine oil with different viscosity. However, future works using current resonator will be applied in other applications associated with different material properties to build a predictive model. In addition, future work can consider sweeping in low frequency that might show positive results.

Miniaturised UWB MIMO antenna with improved isolation and band notch capability at 5.5 GHz

A two-element planar UWB-MIMO monopole antenna is proposed utilising complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR) slot to obtain high isolation and notch at 5.5 GHz. The UWB-MIMO system comprises of two identical monopole antennas designed to achieve miniaturized size of 18 x 30 mm2. A T-shaped parasitic stub is employed to attain superior isolation among the antenna elements. CSRR slot is etched to achieve notch in WLAN range at 5.5GHz and additionally to improve impedance matching a rectangular slot was inducted on the radiators. The projected design hovers over the range 3.3GHz-14.64 GHz and attained high isolation of ≤-20 dB for 3.3 GHz-12.4 GHz and-16dB for rest of the band. The antenna system is simulated and fabricated to analyze the performance in terms of reflection coefficient and radiation pattern. The outcome testifies that the proposed design is a vastly miniaturized structure with all the capabilities of being a appropriate candidate for UWB-MIMO systems.

Effective Microstrip Feed Line Length in Ultra-Wideband Responses and Wireless Applications

In this article, an effective feed line technique is used instead of DGS (Defected Ground Structure) and CSRR (Complimentary Split Ring Resonator) which are commonly used for achieving UWB (Ultra-Wideband Applications) responses. A classical antenna is designed for 2.4GHz frequency with a feedline of 180° electrical length. The resonance of proposed antenna responses as UWB and it has interesting current distributions through the patch antenna. This paper avoided all aspects of existing techniques which are proposed to achieve UWB.

A Multiband Antenna Stacked with Novel Metamaterial SCSRR and CSSRR for WiMAX/WLAN Applications.

This paper presents an innovative method for the design of a triple band meta-mode antenna. This unique design of antenna finds application in a particular frequency band of WLAN and WiMAX. This antenna comprises of a square complimentary split ring resonator (SCSRR), a coaxial feed, and two symmetrical comb shaped split ring resonators (CSSRR). The metamaterial unit cell SCSRR independently gains control in the band range 3.15–3.25 GHz (WiMAX), whereas two symmetrical CSSRR unit cell controls the band in the ranges 3.91–4.01 GHz and 5.79–5.94 GHz (WLAN). This design methodology and the study of the suggested unit cells structure are reviewed in classical waveguide medium theory. The antenna has a miniaturized size of only 0.213 × 0.192 × 0.0271 (20 × 18 × 2.54 mm3, where is the free space wavelength at 3.2 GHz). The detailed dimension analysis of the proposed antenna and its radiation efficiency are also presented in this paper. All the necessary simulations are carried out in High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) 13.0 tool.

Defective ground structure and complimentary split ring resonator loaded compact wideband antenna for radiolocation applications

A wideband compact antenna with wo Bandwidth enhancement techniques intended for radiolocation applications is presented. Defective ground structure (DGS) is used to enhance the bandwidth and complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR) has been used to generate the bandwidth at the lower frequency of the antenna which brings compact nature. A coax feed patch antenna radiating at X-band frequency of 10 GHz is loaded with DGS and CSRR. Proposed antenna with a bandwidth of 3.4 GHz has shown a considerable enhancement in the antenna bandwidth when compared with the antenna with CSRR alone which is having a bandwidth of 1.15 GHz and a basic patch antenna whose bandwidth is 0.91 GHz. Proposed antenna is having omni directional radiation pattern with a gain of 5.01 dB and without any null in the coverage area. A great increase in the current fields can be observed that the field currents by loading the patch and ground with CSRR and DGS respectively. The patch currents have increased from 2.76 v/m to 3.25 v/m and the ground currents have increased from 0v/m to 2.45 v/m. Proposed antenna has been realized and its performance is measured using vector network analyzer, a near match in between the simulated result and measured result is observed.