Complimentary Food Research Articles

The Effect of Weaning Practices on the Nutritional and Health Status of Saudi Preschool Children.

Background Weaning is a complex procedure that gradually introduces complementary foods to the baby's diet. Solid food should be started between the ages of 6 and 12 months. Weaning is a challenging and crucial stage in an infant's development. Extreme caution should be used during weaning an infant because delaying it can cause issues like sluggish growth, difficulties feeding, malnutrition, and iron deficiency. Objective The current study aims to determine the impact of delayed or early weaning practices on the nutritional status of preschool children in Saudi Arabia. Data was gathered about the time of complementary food introduction, preferred foods in the initial stages, and a child's health compared to those practices. Methodology By convenient sampling, a cross-sectional study was conducted to gather data from 385 parents of Saudi children at preschool age. Questionnaires were shared online. Data were recorded and analyzed on IBM Corp. Released 2012. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Descriptive analysis and multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) tests were performed. Results Only 6.23% of the infants were introduced to complimentary food at optimal age (6 to 12 months), whereas 85% were found to have delayed weaning. As per the BMI, 74.4% of preschool children were severely underweight, 53.6% of infants consumed pureed vegetables early during weaning, and 64% of infants were introduced to eggs and cheese within the first year of life. The timing, pattern, and food items of weaning had a significant (p<0.05) impact on general physical health, as 48.8% of children had pale skin, 46.9% felt tired, 36.5% had swollen joints, and 42% complained of itching and an upset stomach. Conclusion This study couldn't define the direction of significance. Further studies can be done on a larger scale where biochemical tests, and screening can be done on children to find if any significant health problem is prevailing, and the direction of association can be defined.

Determinant of under nutrition among under five children in Ambo town during covid 19 pandemic in 2020. A community-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundAbout 8 to 44% of all child mortality in Africa is associated with undernutrition. To alleviate this problem, it is necessary to determine the magnitude and determinants of undernutrition during Covid 19 pandemic. However, there is scarce evidence in an urban setting like Ambo town. Therefore, this study assessed the magnitude and factors associated with undernutrition among under-five children in Ambo town, west Ethiopia.Methods and patientsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Ambo town from March 01–30, 2020. The child and mother/caregiver socio-demographic characteristics, child illness and health care utilization, and child feeding practice-related data were collected using the standardized tool adopted from similar studies conducted in Ethiopia. Anthropometric measurements of the child were made using a calibrated scale. A systematic sampling technique was employed to select 363 mothers/caregivers of the child as a source of data. Nutritional status indices were generated using ENASMART software. After testing for collinearity, variables with a p-value < 0.25 in binary logistic regression were interred to backward multiple logistic regressions at a level of significance of p < 0.05.ResultsA total of 363 participants were included in this study providing a 100% response rate and providing the following result. The mean (+ SD) age of children was 28.85 (+ 14.17) months and that of mothers/caregivers was 28.12 + 48 years. This study found 16.00%, 25.30%, and 19.00% of the study participants were underweight, wasted, and stunted respectively. Decisions making on major food purchases, who usually care for the child, the age at which the child starts complimentary food, late introduction of complementary food were positively associated with wasting. Diarrhea, birth weight, child age, age at which the child starts complimentary food, consumption of milk and milk product, and who usually care for the child were significantly associated with being underweight. Consumption of milk and milk products, household food security level, and birth weight were independent determinants of stunting.ConclusionThis study identified a high prevalence of undernutrition, especially wasting. Childbirth weight, age, diarrhea, feeding practice, household (HH) food security, Decision making on major food purchases, late introduction of complementary food were found to be the potential determinants of undernutrition. Thus there should be an effort to improve the nutritional status of children in the study area by focusing on these factors.

Practices of Complementary Feeding of Mothers Attending a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in the Northern Part of Bangladesh

Background: Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood are essential to ensure growth and development, and it depends significantly on the pattern of complementary feeding. As Bangladesh is a high burden of infant malnutrition, the present study was designed to assess the practices regarding complementary feeding among mothers attending a tertiary care hospital. Objective: To observe the attitude and practices of mothers regarding complementary feeding. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics in Rajshahi Medical Hospital for one year. A total of 227 mothers of children aged between 6 to 24 months attending pediatric OPD at Rajshahi Medical Hospital were included in this study. Data collection was conducted through a pre-designed questionnaire. After data collection of data, data were analyzed by SPSS 23.0.&#x0D; Results: A total of 227 parents were interviewed. The mean age of the respondents was 26±8.42 (SD) years. Nearly half (45%) of the mothers belonged to lower-middle-income families. Of all, 82% of the mothers knew about the perception of complementary feeding, and about 21% knew the WHO recommended age for complimentary food initiation (at six months). About 71% and 60% had knowledge about iron-rich food and iodized salt accordingly. Half of them knew the appropriate consistency of complimentary food. About 64% of mothers gave complementary foods ≤2 times a day while 36% fed≥3 times a day. Regarding attitude, 78% of mothers approached the necessity of maintaining dietary diversity and variety of food for a balanced diet. In comparison, 52% preferred homemade food, 22% preferred commercially available food, and 26% preferred a combination of both. About 71.8% of mothers believed in different food taboos. In this study, dilution of cow's milk as a complementary food was done by 76% of mothers, while complementary feeding was discontinued by 80%. About 78% and 65% of the mothers reported washing their hands and utensils and baby's hand before feeding the child, 66% of them covered the food after cooking, and 43% reheated the food before serving.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study shed light on existing knowledge, attitude, and practice among mothers attending a tertiary care hospital. But to get the exact scenario, further extensive study is recommended.&#x0D; TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 83-90

Food and nutrition security impacts of resilience capacity: Evidence from rural Ethiopia

Resilience analysis framed on a twin-track approach of harmonizing humanitarian and development interventions is a nascent paradigm to food and nutrition security. This study contributes to the limited empirical literature that assesses the effect of resilience on food and nutrition insecurity modeled as separate variables for policy uptake in Ethiopia. The panel data comes from the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey. We estimated the resilience capacity index by combining factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The study employed kilocalories, food poverty, dietary diversity, food consumption, and multidimensional food security perspectives. Assets ownership, access to social services, and adaptive capacity are the core elements of resilience. We evidenced that resilience capacity enhanced food and nutrition security outcomes. Alternative food and nutrition insecurity measures complement but could not serve as a proxy to each other. The regression results revealed that resilience reduces household food and nutrition insecurity. Nevertheless, the food insecure possesses fewer resources, attributes, and farm assets face extreme poverty and thus benefit less from resilience. Complimentary food and nutrition insecurity measures give a more nuanced description and improve the targeting efficiency of interventions. Farming is no longer the merely or even the principal source of subsistence for many rural households. Issues that require more attention in policies to reinforce resilience capacities in ensuring food and nutrition security include fostering the rural non-farm economy, human capital formation, access to productive assets, and commercialization. Besides, the role of broader agri-food systems change is of utmost importance. Policy measures that enhance growth from below would also go a long way in building resilience for food and nutrition security and break the deeply entrenched cycle of subsistence and vulnerability of smallholder farming. • Integrating alternative food security measures heightens the targeting efficiency. • Resilience protect food and nutrition insecurity in the presence of shocks. • Growth from below would go a long way in enhancing resilience for food security. • Sustainable food and nutrition security need agri-food systems transformation.

Family Characteristics and Anemia in Relation to Preference and Food Variety in Infant Complementary Food

After exclusive breastfeeding periods (6 months), complementary food becomes critical for infant health. To identify the preference and food variety in homemade complementary food, and correlate it with family characteristics and anemia in infant, we conducted a cross-sectional studies. Participants were 51 pairs of infants (6-10 months old) and their mothers in Magelang regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Questionnaires on family characteristics and complimentary food were used. Infant Haemoglobin (Hb) levels measured. This study showed, most mothers selected homemade (64.7%). Almost all infant had anemia (93.9%) and low variation in homemade complementary food (87.9%). The food ingredients used were dominated by rice (72.7%) and vegetables (84.8%). Tubers (3%), nuts (3%), and animal protein sources (15.5%) were least selected. Parental characteristics were not related to the instant or homemade preference (p> 0.05). Higher maternal age (r=0.38; p<0.05) and more food ingredients in homemade complementary food (r=0.92; p<0.05) related to higher Hb level. Since more food ingredients related to lower risk of anemia, enhancing complementary food variation in 6-12 months infant is urgently required. Education for families to assure nutritional sufficiency on 6-12 months infant complementary foods should be easy to access and relevant to the availability of local food ingredients

Food Habit and Feeding Habit of The Silver Rasbora (Rasbora Argyrotaenia Blkr) In Waters of Sungai Dua Village, Downstream of Komering River, South Sumatra

The research about food habit and feeding habit of The Silver Rasbora (R. argyrotaenia Blkr) in the waters of Sungai Dua Village, Downstream of Komering River, South Sumatra was conducted in December 2016 until November 2017. The aims of this research were to determine food habit and feeding habit of The R. argyrotaenia Blkr in waters of Sungai Dua Village, Downstream of Komering River, South Sumatra. The 94 Samples of fish were collected by using purposive sampling method with six sampling sites. This research was carried out by examining the gut contents of The R. argyrotaenia Blkr. Organisms in gut content were observed and identified, also measured of total length and weight of the The R. argyrotaenia Blkr. Based on the analysis result of gut contents, The R. argyrotaenia Blkr categorized as plankton feeder. Importance Relative Index (IRI) showed the main food of The R. argyrotaenia Blkr is phytoplankton from taxa Diatomae (454.38-3197.31%) and complimentary food is zooplankton from taxa Entomostraca (14.61-423.15%).

Development of Complimentary Food from Soy Bean and Soy by –Products

Shortage of Animal protein has led Researcher to quest for plant protein for children transition to Adult survival. Although total breastfeeding is more convenient and advocated for childhood growth from ages 1 to 6 months. The study aimed to examine the Complimentary foods that was developed from soy bean and soy by –product. The Plant based complimentary food was formulated as follows soydehulled 10 %(SD) , Whole soy10% (SW), soymilk10%(SM) and control dietary(CD) and basal (BA100) . The study considered Growth Response, the weight of the endocrine, the nitrogen retention of the experimental animal the nitrogen retention of the experimental animal The Outcome of the experimental Animals fed with (SD) , (SW), (BA), (SM) and control dietary(CD) basal (BA100%), shows weight gain by 52.47g ,23.99g, 25.57g,38.95g and basal diet loss weight by -0.38g respectively. The performance revealed that plant based complementary foods has potential to promote growth was compared favourable with control dietary but the basal diet (negative control) could not promote growth because it is deficient in amino acid such as tryptophan and lysine. In conclusions plant based complementary food is cheap, available and could replace animal based food that has been linked with some medical ailments such as, c, osteoporosis, high blood pressure a cholesterol and childhood obesity. Soy Plant protein based contain low calories, carbohydrate, and free fatty acid similar to fish protein which is important for people who are allergic to cow protein milk and lactose.

Complimentary Food Practices in Rural Areas (6 Months to 1 Year)

Background: Diet is defined as nutritionally adequate &amp; appropriate intake of food items that also provide the required energy &amp; protein intake by ensuring proper growth and development. Adequate nutrition of the infants &amp; child is essential. Complementary needed practices are included apart from breast milk to meet one's needs. A balanced diet is defined as nutritionally adequate &amp; appropriate intake of food items that also provide energy and protein.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional/observational study is to be conducted by taking approval to meet one’s need; complimentary food practices are included apart from breast milk, from the ethical committee which includes multigravida women as study participants PNC, PEDS ward, AVBRH. The data of sample size is recorded, tabulated analyzed.&#x0D; Results: As many as 43.33% of the mother from the study group has started weaning practices before six months of age. Whereas the standard complementary feeding practices is Dal pain (66.66%) followed by mashed roti/bread (60%) furthermore Dalia (53.33%). The no meals per day were three meals by 36.66% of participants. The typical food being Dal pani, a thin gruel, with most of the participants starting weaning&#x0D; Conclusion: Poor complementary feeding practices are observed in a rural typica e comisfood is Dal pani, a thin gruel, with most participants starting weaning before 6 months of age.

Exclusive Breast Feeding Affects the Behavior of Picky Eater in Preschool Children

Introduction: Picky Eater is characterized by a little eating behavior, choosing the preferred food, reducing the amount of food, and being worried to try other foods. Objectives: The aim was to determine the factors associated with picky eater behavior in preschool children Methods: The design of the study was cross-sectional design. The sample obtained 132 mothers of preschool children with simple random sampling in South Sumatera. The Independent variables were interaction when eating, mother's eating behavior, complimentary food, history of exclusive breastfeeding, and birth weight while the dependent variable was picky eater behavior. Data were analyzed by chi-square and regression logistic. Results: The results were obtained that the history of exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.001; OR=3.149) was the most influential factor with picky eater behavior in preschool children. Interaction when eating, mother's eating behavior, and complimentary food were other factors that influenced picky eater behavior. Conclusions: Parents need to pay attention to the behavior of picky eaters in children seriously because the worst things disrupted growth and development in children due to lack of adequate nutritional intake. Parents can stimulate by making interesting food and teach to eat good food through direct examples because children will imitate what parents do.

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Leaves of Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedoL.) Populations from Morocco

This study was aimed at determining the phenolic composition and the antioxidant activity of leaves ofArbutus unedopopulations belonging to seven Moroccan locations. Antioxidant activity is evaluated using two methods: scavenging effect on DPPH and scavenging effect on ABTS radicals. TheArbutus unedoleaf extracts displayed average values of 61.95 mg GAE, 3.60 mg QE, and 0.15 mg CE per g of dry weight (DW) in polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins contents, respectively. All extracts exhibited a strong antioxidant effect on both assays, presenting mean IC50values of 4.22 in DPPH assay and 4.86 μg/ml in ABTS assay. Significant variability (P&lt; 0.0001) was showed among surveyed populations; samples from the Chefchaouen location (CH) was revealed the highest total phenolic content (107.67 mg GAE/g DW) and the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50 values of 0.80 and 1.56 μg/ml, in DPPH and ABTS tests, respectively). The phenolic profile achieved by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS was dominated by gallic acid, Gallic acid glucose derivative, and Galloylquinic acid derivative. A significant negative correlation (P&lt; 0.05) was observed between the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity. These results provide thatArbutus unedoleaves should be considered as a promising source of natural antioxidants, and as ingredients in complimentary food and nutraceutical products.

Physical properties of complementary food powder obtained from upcycling of Greek yogurt acid whey with kodo and proso millets

AbstractAcid whey from Greek yogurt manufacturing currently lacks an efficient utilization system posing serious environmental problems. Millets are underutilized healthy alkaline grains that can be used for neutralizing acid whey and enabling efficient upcycling. The objective of this study was to characterize the spray‐dried powder of feed containing acid whey, kodo and proso millets. Adding millets to acid whey increased the efficiency of spray‐drying process by increasing the yield. The obtained powder was of free‐flowing character with high water solubility and dispersibility. The constructed matrix was found to have potential to be used as a shelf‐stable complementary food.Practical ApplicationsThe practical application of this paper is to provide solution to the Greek yogurt manufacturing companies to problem of improper handling and disposal of acid whey. Addition of millets to acid whey helps the spray‐drying process to generate high yield resulting in a complementary food matrix. The study was able to prove that acid whey‐millet complimentary food powder that is shelf stable and has a free‐flowing characteristics. The reconstitution properties of formulation were also found to be similar to commercial baby food powder. The produced complementary food can also help in solving the problem of undernutrition because of its potential nutritional health benefiting properties.

Biochemical profile, non-enzymatic antioxidants and functional attributes of raw and thermally processed West African Mud Creeper, Tympanotonos fuscatus var radula (Linnaeus, 1758)

BackgroundOne of the many relevant factors that influence mollusc consumption is the quality of its meat. The meat of Tympanotonos fuscatus var radula has been traditionally used as a subsistence food source with high-quality nutritious culinary delicacy. The study assessed the biochemical profile, non-enzymatic antioxidants and functional attributes of T. fuscatus var radula from a brackish Creek in Southwest Nigeria.ResultsProtein formed the highest percentage both in raw and steamed samples with the mean values of 47.61 g/100 g and 46.04 g/100 g respectively. The total mineral content was higher in raw sample (237.40 mg 100 g−1) than in steamed sample (201.05 mg 100 g−1), in the decreasing order of phosphorus > sodium > calcium > potassium > magnesium. Raw sample had the highest proportion of energy contribution, which was from protein (PEP = 53.1%), while the least energy contribution was from fat (PEF = 3.1%) in steamed sample. The cholesterol content of raw T. fuscatus var radula was 0.15 ± 0.01 mg/100 g, being reduced by steaming to 0.12 ± 0.02 mg/100 g, while a nonsignificantly lower percentage of oleic was also observed in steamed sample (0.98 ± 0.01%). After steaming, the values of TBA, ascorbic acid and DPPH increased from 0.22 to 1.41 mg/100 g, 15.31 to 20.54 mg/100 g and 65.11 to 84.6%, respectively. Relatively, higher mean values of water absorption capacity (198.13%), oil absorption capacity (292.59%), and foam capacity (6.90%) were recorded in raw sample, while steamed sample was better in foam stability (33.33%) and emulsion stability (51.51%).ConclusionsT. fuscatus var radula is a good source of nutrition, rich in protein and because of its good functional physiognomies, the steamed edible part will be highly desirable for preparing complimentary food.

Production of Complementary Food for Infants Made from Sweet Potatoes, Soybeans, Maize and Guinea Corn

The transition from breastfeeding to family or complementary food is challenging for most mothers. This is a critical period of growth during which nutrient deficiencies and illnesses contribute globally to higher rates of under-nutrition among children less than five years of age. This study was carried-out to compound an indigenous complementary food that is nutritious, cheap, and with considerable shelf life. Blends of soya beans, sweet potato, yellow maize and guinea corn flours were mixed in proportions and proximate analysis was carried out to determine the nutritive and preservative quality. Carbohydrate (80.33-84.72 g) was 123% more and protein (3.43-4.26 g) was 26.6% less than commercially available complimentary food. More research is needed in this area to achieve our goal.

Workshop Menu MP-ASI untuk Menjaga Status Gizi Balita di Kota Mataram

Basic Health Research Data 2018 states that the prevalence of malnutrition in infants is 18.8%. MPASI, complimentary food to breast milk, is food or drink containing nutrients, given to babies or infants aged 6-24 months, and given in stages according to the age and digestive capacity of the babies or infants to meet their nutritional needs other than breast milk. This dedication aims to improve the nutritional status of infants under five years old by providing nutrition education to mothers of children under five related to the provision of complementary feeding recommended by WHO. The method used is counseling to 30 mothers of toddlers in Mataram City. The results of the community service activity show that there is an increase related to participants’ knowledge of complementary foods, solving problems for children who do not want to eat, and an increase in commitment to make complementary foods according to those recommended by WHO. The conclusion of this dedication is an increase in knowledge and willingness of mothers to provide food in accordance with WHO recommendations.

Composition, functional and nutritional quality of marama (Tylosema esculentum) storage root.

Marama root is known to be the major source of nutrition for the first settlers (the Herero, Tswana and Khoisan people) of Sub-Sahara Africa, but it is not yet domesticated. The potential of Marama (Tylosema esculentum) root in food and nutrition security may pave way for the domestication of the plant in Sub-Saharan Africa. Marama storage roots collected from two locations, Omipanda and Okomumbonde in Namibia were analysed and compared to commercial potato and waxy potato tuber as well as sweet potato root. Fresh weight (FW) marama roots had mean water content, crude protein, fat, ash, and starch content of about 866, 24, 2, 22, and 56g/kg root, respectively. Marama root showed higher total soluble solids (4.3°) compared to potato, waxy potato and sweet potato. The swelling index (3g/g) and water absorption capacity (1.5g/g) of marama root were close to those of sweet potato, but lower than those of the potato and waxy potato. The soluble and insoluble dietary fibre of marama root (4.8, and 15%, db, respectively) were higher than those of the commercial potatoes; and the in vitro- starch digestibility of marama root was close to those of potatoes. Marama root has potential as prebiotic and its food value is similar to sweet potato in functional properties and nutritional composition. The high soluble solids of marama root can enhance the energy density of complimentary food, but will require compositing with high protein legume flour. There is a prospect of a protein-energy dense composite flour from a blend of the bean and root.

Development of dadih powder as a complementary food to prevent children from stunting in West Sumatra, Indonesia

This research aims to produce pasteurized dadih powder and the best condition for its production for the formula of supplementation. Besides, it is aimed at developing formula complimentary food, and it is used as local food to prevent children from stunting. The characteristics of dadih were analyzed by biochemical and daily intake converted into percentages. Dadih powder was analyzed with proximate and the total of lactic acid bacteria. The nutritional composition formula is analyzed by using Nutrisurvey Programme. Based on the result, it is recommended that the dadih powder should be given daily to the children at the age of 6-8 months. Furthermore, about 126 children were measured by using “anthropometric evaluation” to find out whether the children belonged stunting. The electronic scale was used to know the bodyweight of the children, and the recumbent length was taken by using length board. Each piece of equipment has a precise standard in which 0,1 kg is matching to 0,1 cm. The calorie in 100 g of dadih consists of 95.51 kcal with 31.8 g protein, 34.11 g fat, and 29.6 g carbohydrate. The formula of complementary food was recommended ad daily intake for children under two years of age based on their need: energy of 200 to 250 kcal and 6 to 8 grams of protein. Dadih powder was obtained by freezing technology and the use of vacuum heating to stabilize the powder. The nutritional composition of the dadih powder was standardized according to nutrition recommended to children under two years. Based on the anthropometric measurement of the nutritional status of children, there were 15.9 % stunting, 10.3 % underweight, and 3.2 % wasting.

Quality evaluation of sweetpotato-based complementary food

Complementary Food (CF) was developed using locally available food raw materials (millet, soybean and sweetpotato) to tackle infant malnutrition especially in rural areas. Four different samples of CF were formulated using different ratios of millet flour (MF), sweet potato flour (SPF), soybean flour (SBF); A (55% MF, 30% SPF and 15%SBF), B (50% MF, 30% SPF and 20%SBF), C (45% MF, 30% SPF and 25%SBF), and D (40% MF, 30% SPF and 30% SBF). Commercial complementary food (Nutribom) was used as control sample. The proximate and functional properties of the formulated CF were determined. The following range of values were obtained for all the complementary samples, moisture (2.98-9.05%), protein (5.06-13.19%), fat (2.50-8.71%), fibre (0.13-2.19%), ash (1.26-2.31%) and carbohydrate (55.6-57.6%). The protein, fat and fibre contents of the complementary food increased while moisture, ash and carbohydrate contents reduced with an increase in the level of SBF. The water absorption capacity, swelling power, and bulk density of the complimentary food samples ranged between 28.00 and 43.67 ml/g; 2.86 and5.22 (g/g) and 0.69and 0.81 g/ml, respectively. The functional properties of the complementary food increased when compared with the control. The complementary food blends that could be regarded as appropriate formulation based on the exhibited quality attributes evaluated was sample B which contained 50, 30 and 20% of MF, SPF and SBF, respectively. This product can serve as an alternative to commercial weaning food to prevent protein-energy malnutrition, which may help in the growth and development of children among the poor populace.&#x0D; Keywords: Complementary foods, functional properties, proximate properties and minerals contents

Malting quality of seven genotypes of barley grown in Nepal.

There has been very limited work on the malting quality of barley grown in Nepal. This work used completely randomized experiment for seven barley genotypes, namely Xveola‐45, Coll#112‐114/Muktinath, Xveola‐38, Solu uwa, NB‐1003/37‐1038, NB‐1003/37‐1034, and Bonus, collected from Hill Crop Research Program (Dolakha, Nepal) to study the effect of genotypes on the chemical composition and functional properties of barley and malt. Barley was steeped for 24 hr followed by 72 hr germination in room temperature (25 ± 3°C). Germinated barley was dried (45°C/6 hr, 50°C/4 hr, 55°C/8 hr, 70°C/1 hr, 80°C/3 hr) in a cabinet drier. Multistage dried barley was then ground to pass through a 250 µm screen. Among the chemical composition, protein and reducing sugar were affected by genotype (p < .05) in barley except for β‐glucan. Functional properties, particularly bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, and viscosity, were affected by genotype (p < .05) in barley, whereas except for density, all the parameters were different (p < .05) for malt. The highest diastatic power among all genotypes was recorded for solu uwa (329.25 ºDP) followed by Muktinath (271.15 ºDP). There was no significant change (p < .05) in a protein of all genotypes after malting, whereas β‐glucan and viscosity significantly decreased (p < .05) for all genotypes after malting. The remaining parameters for all genotypes were not affected (p < .05) by malting. Solu uwa had higher enzymatic activity, whereas Xveola‐38 and Muktinath were found to be better for complimentary food preparation.

A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF RISK FACTORS FOR MALNUTRITION AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN A SEMI URBAN AREA ADJOINING INDORE (MADHYA PRADESH)

Background: Childhood malnutrition is a multi-dimensional problem. The prevalence of malnutrition among children in developing countries is very high. An increase in household income is not sufficient to reduce childhood malnutrition if children are deprived of food security, education, access to water, sanitation and health services. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of malnourished children between 3 to six years of age and to ascertain the risk factors of childhood malnutrition in a semi urban adjoining Indore (Madhya Pradesh, Central India.&#x0D; Objective: The objective of this case control study was to determine the risk factors for malnutrition among preschool children in a semi urban area adjoining Indore (Madhya Pradesh).&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A case-control study was carried out among preschool children, aged between three to six years, attending the Anganwadi centres and their mothers in a semi urban area of Tehsil &amp; district Indore of Madhya Pradesh, India from 1 st April to 30th June 2019. Case was a child with moderate to severe malnutrition with z-scores &lt; −2SD from the median of WHO reference. Control was a child without malnutrition with z-scores between -2SD and +2SD and the age matched with case’s. Face to face interviews with the respective child’s mother and measurements of the respective child’s weight and height were carried out. Information on socio-economic characteristics, household food security status, child’s dietary intake, caregiver’s practices and resources were enquired. A total of 1140 children (380 cases and 760 controls) were selected by multistage cluster sampling technique. A semi-structured risk factors questionnaire was used to identify the risk factors for malnutrition among children.&#x0D; Results: The majorities (45.8 and 45.5%) of the children in the study were in the age group of 3.0 to 4.0 years in case and control groups respectively. There was a slight preponderance of illiterate parents among cases in comparison to the controls. Largely, 87.4% of the children belonged to poor socio-economic status in the case groups compared to 82.4% in the control group. After adjusting for the confounders, underweight status was significantly associated with socio- economic status of the parents (aOR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.06, 3.96), birth weight &lt; 2000 g (aOR: 25, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.59), recurrent diarrhoea (aOR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.56, 4.83), recurrent cold and cough (aOR: 3.88, 95% CI: 1.96, 7.67), worm infestation (aOR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.19, 3.38) and pre-lacteal feed given (aOR: 3.64, 95% CI: 2.27, 5.86).&#x0D; Conclusion: Parental education, childhood illness, short birth interval, open defaecation, type of weaning and complimentary food given to children were some of the significant determinants of underweight that were found in the study. Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaigns alleviating food habits and taboos and promoting birth spacing is the need of the hour for preventing the occurrence of malnutrition among preschool children.&#x0D; Keywords: Malnutrition, Anganwadi centres, preschool children, pre-lacteal feed, socio-economic characteristics, Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

Complementary Feeding Practices Among Mothers of Rural Bangladesh; A Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Study

Background. In developing countries, inadequate knowledge and cultural practice on complementary feeding (CF) is one of the main reasons for malnutrition.&#x0D; Objective: This study aimed to document the knowledge, attitude, and practices pertaining to CF among the mothers of rural area in Bangladesh.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A communitybased cross-sectional study was conducted in upazila health complex, kachua, Chandpur from July to December, 2017. A total 408 mothers of the babies aged 6-24 months and children under six months were included. Data were collected from the mothers/caregivers of the children in a pretested semi-structured data collection sheet and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Appropriate statistical tests were done. Statistical significance was considered if p value was &lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results: Knowledge regarding recommended CF practice only 50.8% but feeding should be started at 6 months of age (52.9),thick consistency (40.2%), adequate quantity( 61.8%), and appropriate quality (62.3%) cases. Knowledge in recommended appropriate timing and consistency varied significantly with maternal education. Frequency of CF was not appropriate in many cases. Most common first complimentary food was thick dal with rice/roti, khichuri rice 166(40.7%). One hundred twenty four (30.4%) mothers did not properly clean their hands before feeding and 138(33.8%) of mother used bottle for feeding, force full feeding (56.9%) and environment during feeding playing 72.5% and roaming around 25.5%.&#x0D; Conclusion: CF knowledge and practices are far gap from ideal in our country. Awareness building in the community may change improper feeding practices need health education.&#x0D; KYAMC Journal Vol. 11, No.-1, April 2020, Page 26-31