Pulmonary thromboembolism continues to be an infrequent but serious complication of gynecologic surgery and pregnancy. The record of each patient with such a complication treated in two community hospitals during the 10 year period prior to 1976 was examined in detail. An attempt was made to identify weaknesses in past management and suggest changes to improve future care. Embolism will continue to occur unexpectedly and be of such magnitude as to cause death before effective treatment can be instituted. Patients at risk can often be identified and prophylactic anticoagulants and antibiotics are appropriate in selected cases. An understanding of the pathology of embolism and principles of genital sepsis combined with vigorous treatment will save some patients who now would die. If the risks are appreciated, anticoagulants may be used in pregnant patients who are closely monitored. These patients must be alerted to the dangers of both embolism and the treatment.