Complicated History Research Articles

Prognostic nomogram for uncontrolled type 2 diabetes using Thailand nation-wide cross-sectional studies.

Uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and limited hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels examination are a burden in community hospitals in Thailand. The nomogram from the patients' information might be a practical solution to identify a high-risk group of diabetic complications. Thus, this study aimed to establish an effective prognostic nomogram for patients with uncontrolled T2DM. Sequential nationwide cross-sectional studies of T2DM patients in 2018 and 2015 were utilized for development and validation groups, respectively, with this chronological order aiming to capture recent trends during development and assess the nomogram's robustness across diverse timeframes. The predictive outcome was uncontrolled T2DM, defined as HbA1c ≥9%. The model was determined by multivariable regression analysis and established an effective prognostic nomogram. The receiver operating characteristic curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test, and decision curve analysis (DCA) was applied to evaluate the performance of the nomogram. In 2018, 24% of the 38,568 participants in the development group had uncontrolled T2DM (defined as Hba1c ≥9%). The predictive nomogram of uncontrolled diabetes consisted of demographic characteristics, prescription medications, history of diabetic complications, and laboratory results (C-statistic of 0.77). The goodness of fit test and DCA showed good agreement between the result and clinical application for T2DM. The predictive nomogram demonstrates simplicity, accuracy, and valuable prediction to enhance diabetic care in resource-limited countries, including Thailand.

Glycemic control and its associated factors among adult diabetic patients in Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. Chronic hyperglycemia causes vascular complications, mortality, and life-threatening disabilities in low-income countries including Ethiopia. Glycemic control status in diabetic patients is crucial to maintain the blood glucose level at the optimal level and to reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications and mortality. However, there is limited data on poor glycemic control status and its associated factors among diabetic patients in southern Ethiopia, particularly in the study area. Thus, this study aimed to determine glycemic control status and its associated factors using glycated hemoglobin among adult diabetic patients at Nigist Elleni Mohammad Memorial Referral Hospital, Hossana, southern Ethiopia. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 1 to June 30, 2020. A systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit 307 diabetic patients at follow-up. Interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics. Five milliliters of venous blood samples were collected to determine lipid profiles and hemoglobin A1C. Lipid profiles and hemoglobin A1C were measured by Cobas c311 analyzer. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 20. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine associated factors with poor glycemic control status. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The overall prevalence of poor glycemic control among the study participants based on hemoglobin A1C ≥7% was 82.4%. Having a history of diabetic complications (AOR: 7.09, 95%CI: 1.72-29.16), duration of diabetes ≥7 years (AOR: 4.09, 95%CI: 1.38-12.08), insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents (AOR: 0.106 95%CI: 0.02-0.44), lack of self-glucose monitoring (AOR: 8.27, 95%CI: 1.61-42.46), lack of physical exercise (AOR: 5.5, 95%CI: 1.6-18.9) and dyslipidemia (AOR: 2.74, 95%CI: 1.12-6.66) were significantly associated with poor glycemic control. A high prevalence of poor glycemic control status (82.4%) was observed among diabetic patients in this study area, and disease-related factors like duration of diabetes, complication, treatment type and lack of self-glucose monitoring, physical exercise, and dyslipidemia were identified as factors significantly associated with poor glycemic control status. The finding of the current study should be taken into account to conduct a strategic and timely intervention on significantly associated factors to delay diabetic complications and to improve the health outcome of diabetic patients. Routine screening and monitoring of dyslipidemia and providing health education on behavioral factors were the necessary measures that should be conducted to reduce the burden of poor glycemic control status among diabetic patients.

Analysis of faults and pit chains in Noctis Labyrinthus: Implications for early extension and possible magmatic plumbing

Noctis Labyrinthus has been a region of disputed origin due to its complexity and poor understanding of how various processes and mechanisms may have combined to form it. The surface is an integrated record of intensive tectonic activity expressed by a multiple extended sets of dip-slip faults oriented in different directions, and thought to have acted on this region over its history. These faults are always coalescent to pits and pit chains displaying a complicated geological history in the region. To understand this geological history, we mapped the surface features in Noctis Labyrinthus using the High-Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) onboard Mars Express ND2 nadir channel basemaps, and we adapted the Digital Terrain Map (DTM) from the Mission Experiment Gridded Data Record (MEGDR) of Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) onboard Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) for the topography. We have investigated the spatial distribution and trend of fault systems, the pit chains' morphology, and the correlation between these two types of features. Our results show three fault systems: i) NS and NNE-SSW, ii) EW and ENE-WSW, and iii) NNW-SSE and NW. The analysis of the faults trending, cross-cutting correlation and the superimposition led to identify multiple intersections between these faults that have been alongside with the reactivations of some inherited faults. We interpreted the first system of fault to be related to coeval lateral extension, generated by regional stress tensor, which is probably related to the slight bending of Valles Marineris within two phases of bidirectional extension. The second system of faults has been generated by the radial oblate stress tensor related to the formation of the small shield volcanoes in Syria Planum. However, the third system is likely related to the external driving process, probably in the Tharsis province. We classified pits in four evolutionary stages based on their morphometric attributes. We believe that the formation of the pit chains in Noctis Labyrinthus is related to a surface collapse after a pressure drop related to the magma chamber deflation associated with Syria Planum volcanic province. We propose a deformational model based on early extension and magmatic plumbing as driving processes for the formation of Noctis Labyrinthus.

Frequency and determinants of lipid management target achievement in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes.

This study aimed to clarify the real-world status of lipid management in outpatients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) following the 2022 revision of the Japan Atherosclerosis Society Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. It also aimed to evaluate characteristics associated with the failure to achieve management targets. In this post-hoc analysis of a multicenter, cross-sectional study, we included Japanese outpatients with T2DM undergoing primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) who provided fasting blood samples. The frequency and determinants of achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) targets were assessed. Among 223 participants with a mean age of 67 and mean HbA1c of 7.1%, 61 had no history of peripheral arterial disease, microvascular complications, or smoking. Out of the 223 participants, 64.1% (95% CI: 57.6-70.1%) achieved the LDL-C target. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, being female (odds ratio [OR] 3.139, P = 0.0011), having diabetic nephropathy (OR 2.868, P = 0.0021), smoking (OR 2.292, P = 0.0281), and non-use of statins (OR 4.857, P < 0.0001) were independently associated with non-achievement. For non-HDL-C, 65.6% (95% CI: 58.1%-70.6%) of patients met the target. Having diabetic neuropathy (OR 2.428, P = 0.0054), smoking (OR 2.008, P = 0.0478), and non-use of statins (OR 2.277, P = 0.0112) were identified as factors associated with non-achievement. Low achievement rate of revised lipid management targets for ASCVD primary prevention in T2DM was unveiled. Assessing comorbidities, encouraging smoking cessation, and prioritizing statin use are considered.

A Cross-Sectional Study Exploring Postpartum Depression at a Tertiary Care Center in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India.

Background Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant public health concern globally characterized by a spectrum of mood disturbances ranging from mild mood swings to severe depressive episodes initiating within four weeks post childbirth and potentially persisting up to 12 months. Besides affecting the mother, it also affects the mental health and development of the babies born to affected mothers. Despite its considerable burden and potential adverse effects on both maternal and child well-being, PPD often goes undetected and untreated. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2024 to March 2024 at a tertiary care center in Gorakhpur to assess PPD in 280 postpartum women. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score≥ 10 was used to confirm depression. Data collection involved a pretested, structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The prevalence of PPD was 12.14%. Age and education were significant sociodemographic risk factors (p < 0.05). In psychosocial factors, adverse life events (p < 0.001), wishing for a male child but giving birth to a female (p = 0.01), domestic violence (p = 0.005), relationship issues, an alcoholic spouse (p = 0.01), and poor in-law relations (p < 0.001) were found to be linked to PPD. Obstetric factors such as complicated antenatal history, physical illness, cesarean section, complicated intranatal history, and postpartum complications were also found to be important factors. Conclusion PPD affects many women, emphasizing the need for effective measures. Initiatives like the appointment of healthcare counselors and PPD screening programs in healthcare settings are essential to detect and support affected mothers.

IJCM_332A: Factors affecting quality of life among antenatal women seeking health care in tertiary care hospitals of Mangaluru

Background: QOL is defined as “individuals’ perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns.” Pregnancy is a physiological state associated with several emotional and physical changes, and the antenatal period is the moment of preparation of the woman for the childbirth and maternity. Thus, poor quality of life can have adverse effects on mother and the fetus. In order to develop methods to improve the quality of life of pregnant women, the factors affecting it should be understood; and our study aims at providing such understanding. Methodology: A hospital based Cross-sectional study of the pregnant women seeking antenatal health care in Government Lady Goschen Hospital and KMC, Attavar. The data collection was done from 14-03-16 to 31-03-16 using a questionnaire consisting of 4 parts-participant details, WHO QOL- BREF, QIDS and modified Kuppuswamy scale. Results: The study was done among 195 pregnant women, and the mean QOL-BREF score was found to be 73.60. 60.5% participants belonged to lower socioeconomic status, and had a lower QOL in physical, psychological and environmental domains. 54.6% participants showed symptoms of depression and had a lower QOL in physical domain. Other factors like parity, history of abortion and complications in the current pregnancy did not show a significant association with QOL score. Conclusion: The QOL of antenatal women seeking health care in tertiary health care setup was found to be good. The factors that significantly affected the quality of life were depression and lower socio-economic status. They had a negative impact on the quality of life.

The Politics of Land and Belonging in North Pakistan

Pakistan’s mountainous north borders China. Deepening bilateral ties, together with increasing investments from within Pakistan, have amplified local anxiety over loss of control over resources. A complicated history left the area with multiple land tenure systems. Much of this region, today known as Gilgit-Baltistan, is disputed with India. Consequently, it has a constitutionally liminal status and its people do not enjoy equal citizenship rights. With the construction of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, a major part of the global Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese influence has been entangled in local histories and political economies.

Frequency of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma in Transurethral Resection of Prostatectomy Done for Benign prostatic Enlargement and Correlation with Serum Level of PSA

Background: Around the world, transurethral resection of the prostate, or TURP, is the most often used surgical procedure for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The current study is designed to evaluate the Frequency of prostatic Adenocarcinoma in transurethral resection of prostatectomy and its correlation with serum levels of PSA. Methods: The Retrospective study was conducted in the Histopathology Lab of Dr. Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital Islamabad which is an PMDC-approved and ISO-9001-certified hospital. The data for this study was obtained by including consecutive cases of transurethral resection prostatectomy received for analysis in the histopathology lab during the study period. The data was retrieved from Histopathology record files. The slides were viewed and the diagnoses were confirmed. The patient’s serum PSA levels were retrieved from pre-operation hospital medical records. The Patients who presented to the histology lab for diagnosis were reassessed using a Questionnaire based on Performa divided into different sections such as socio-demographic data, reasons, History of Diseases, PSA level, Age, and complications. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS Version 21. Results: In 53 patients 11 were of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma, 14 were benign prostatic hyperplasia and 28 were prostatitis. with number and percentage. Prostate Specific Antigen value was different in patients. The highest reported value was 28ng/ml. The mean was 2.68 ng/ml. Most cases were present between the age group of 50-60 years with 32.1% Prostatic adenocarcinoma frequency was higher in the older age group levels above 4ng/ml were seen in prostatitis and BPH. Conversely, there were cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma with less than/ml PSA levels Conclusion: PSA levels were raised, above 4ng/ml in 8 cases while low in 3 cases of Prostatic adenocarcinoma. PSA levels were also raised in a case of prostatitis and two cases of BPH. We conclude that PSA levels although suggestive are not entirely specific for prostatic adenocarcinoma.

POLAND SYNDROME: A CASE REPORT

Poland syndrome is a rare but serious condition that can affect a child's development and quality of life. Understanding the clinical features of this syndrome and the risk factors that can cause it is essential for timely diagnosis and treatment. However, there is currently a limited number of scientific studies on this pathological condition, so further research in this area is relevant and requires attention. The aim of the study was to review the literature, clinical features of Poland syndrome in a child and to analyse the risk factors that can lead to the onset of this condition.Results of the study. Premature placental abruption is a condition in which the placenta, an organ that forms during pregnancy to provide nutrition and oxygen to the fetus, detaches from the uterine wall before the onset of labour. It disrupts the balance between the forces of the uterine and fetal muscles, which can lead to thrombosis, bleeding and other complications for both mother and fetus. This condition can be observed in any trimester of pregnancy and requires the attention of doctors for timely diagnosis and treatment. Poland syndrome is a congenital anomaly characterised by chest and muscle defects, as well as other developmental defects. According to the Foucras classification, there are three or four degrees of severity, depending on the level of asymmetry and deformation of the chest. Hypoplasia of the chest muscles, cardiovascular anomalies, hand and finger abnormalities are among the complications that can accompany CP. A clinical study revealed severe chest asymmetry and motor disorders in a child diagnosed with Poland syndrome (incomplete form). The risk factors for premature placental abruption in the mother were a history of previous pregnancy complications and a viral urogenital infection.Conclusions. Studying the clinical features of Poland syndrome and the risk factors leading to its occurrence is important for the timely diagnosis and treatment of this condition in children. Understanding these aspects can help improve the quality of life of patients and prevent complications.

Studiu istoric al unei case urbane stil „Arta 1900”

This paper aims to answer a series of questions resulting from the presence of incomplete and superficial documentation gathered over time in the context of rehabilitation and restoration of historic houses in Turda, some of which are classified as monuments. Therefore, the following questions are considered: What is the value of a historical study in the context of an intervention? What is the structure of a historical study of a building? Who is in a position to carry out such a study and to impose permissions and restrictions? How can the research results be used? Does the history of one building illustrate wider policies of the Austro-Hungarian authorities to urbanise and modernise smaller towns in the realm? Although, this study is dedicated to a single building, located in the historical centre of the town, its detailed study and the reconstruction of its historical and architectural path can provide clues concerning the implementation of urban policies of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in provincial context. The building was classified as a historical monument, but its aspect today reflects its complicated history and the many unfortunate and misguided interventions it has undergone. It has also been neglected by existing research, and thus, its position within the „Art 1900” [Art Nouveau] has not been explored. Consequently, the present research attempts to make the most of the data recorded sporadically in various sources covering the history of Turda. On the other hand, the lack of conservation strategies for this type of heritage, reflected in a coherent legislative framework, has led until recently to a lax and confusing approach at the local administration level as well, as evidenced by the series of renovations and rehabilitation inappropriate to the original style, carried out by the local authority, owners or tenants over time. Good documentation forwarded to the authorities and current owners can, therefore, help these buildings and act as a method of educating the public, providing guidance concerning the value, functionality, and capacity of heritage to create more value for local communities.

From Labor Sit-Downs to Civil Rights Sit-Ins: A Genealogy of Liberal Civil Disobedience

Abstract Liberal views of civil disobedience that emerged in the 1960s and ’70s can only be properly interpreted with recourse to the complicated history of the early civil rights movement's selective appropriation of the labor sit-downs of the 1930s. This essay addresses the messy but basically successful effort by civil rights sit-inners and the lawyers who defended them to circumvent the repressive state and legal response—especially the US Supreme Court ruling in National Labor Relations Board v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation (1939)—that the 1930s sit-downers garnered. My reexamination of the sit-ins places influential liberal ideas about civil disobedience in a fresh light. In his influential theory of civil disobedience, John Rawls mirrored key features of the politically and legally savvy strategy of delinking the lunch counter sit-ins from the workplace sit-downs. The result was a somewhat restrictive view of civil disobedience that sidelined matters of economic justice.

Left atrial strain in patients with β-thalassemia major: a cross-sectional CMR study.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association of left atrial (LA) strain parameters with demographics, clinical data, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) findings, and cardiac complications (heart failure and arrhythmias) in a cohort of patients with β-thalassemia major (β-TM). We considered 264 β-TM patients (133 females, 36.79 ± 11.95 years) consecutively enrolled in the Extension-Myocardial Iron Overload in Thalassemia (E-MIOT) project. Moreover, we included 35 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (14 females, mean age 37.36 ± 17.52 years). Reservoir, conduit, and booster LA functions were analysed by CMR feature tracking using dedicated software. Compared to the healthy control group, β-TM patients demonstrated lower LA reservoir strain and booster strains, as well as LA reservoir and booster strain rates. However, no differences were found in LA conduit deformation parameters. In β-TM patients, ageing, sex, and left ventricle (LV) volume indexes were independent determinants of LA strain parameters. The number of segments with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) significantly correlated with all LA strain parameters, with the exception of the LA conduit rate. Patients with cardiac complications exhibited significantly impaired strain parameters compared to patients without cardiac complications. In patients with β-TM, LA strain parameters were impaired compared to control subjects, and they exhibited a significant correlation with the number of LV segments with LGE. Furthermore, patients with cardiac complications had impaired left atrial strain parameters. Clinical relevance statement In patients with β-thalassemia major, left atrial strain parameters were impaired compared to control subjects and emerged as a sensitive marker of cardiac complications, stronger than cardiac iron levels. • Compared to healthy subjects, β-thalassemia major patients demonstrated significantly lower left atrial reservoir strain and booster strains, as well as left atrial reservoir and booster strain rates. • In β-thalassemia major, ageing, sex, and left ventricular volume indexes were independent determinants of left atrial strain parameters, while left atrial strain parameters were not correlated with myocardial iron overload. • An independent association between reduced left atrial strain parameters and a history of cardiac complications was found in β-thalassemia major patients.

Mysterious Widdringtonia wallichii (Cupressaceae) and the correct scientific name for the Clanwilliam cedar

We review the complicated nomenclatural history of the Clanwilliam cedar. Much of this centres around the application of the name Widdringtonia wallichii Endl. ex Carrière. We are unable to identify any original material of this name and designate a neotype to fix its application as it appears to have been originally intended and as it is currently understood. We also confirm that the correct name for the Clanwilliam cedar is W. cedarbergensis J.A.Marsh.

Lunar rock investigation and tri-aspect characterization of lunar farside regolith by a digital twin

Yutu-2 rover conducted an exciting expedition on the 41st lunar day to investigate a fin-shaped rock at Longji site (45.44°S, 177.56°E) by extending its locomotion margin on perilous peaks. The varied locomotion encountered, especially multi-form wheel slippage, during the journey to the target rock, established unique conditions for a fin-grained lunar regolith analysis regarding bearing, shear and lateral properties based on terramechanics. Here, we show a tri-aspect characterization of lunar regolith and infer the rock’s origin using a digital twin. We estimate internal friction angle within 21.5°−42.0° and associated cohesion of 520-3154 Pa in the Chang’E-4 operational site. These findings suggest shear characteristics similar to Apollo 12 mission samples but notably higher cohesion compared to regolith investigated on most nearside lunar missions. We estimate external friction angle in lateral properties to be within 8.3°−16.5°, which fills the gaps of the lateral property estimation of the lunar farside regolith and serves as a foundational parameter for subsequent engineering verifications. Our in-situ spectral investigations of the target rock unveil its composition of iron/magnesium-rich low-calcium pyroxene, linking it to the Zhinyu crater (45.34°S, 176.15°E) ejecta. Our results indicate that the combination of in-situ measurements with robotics technology in planetary exploration reveal the possibility of additional source regions contributing to the local materials at the Chang’E-4 site, implying a more complicated geological history in the vicinity.

The Possibilities of U.S. Imperial History

It is an honor and pleasure to have my essay discussed by such accomplished and thoughtful colleagues, from whom I continue to learn so much. In setting out to respond to their reflections, I would like to begin by stressing my original essay's tremendous debt to the work of scholars, intellectuals, and political actors who have approached histories of U.S. power in the world from a critical stance, as the piece's long footnotes—about which I have received much good-natured ribbing—were crafted to highlight. Despite occasional efforts to deny or minimize this rich, complicated intellectual history, there is a vibrant, long-standing conversation here—a conversation that is, in fact, my essay's main subject and theme, and without which it simply could not exist.

How to End a War: Remnants of Hope and Terror in Danny Ramadan’s The Foghorn Echoes

In the novel, The Foghorn Echoes (2022) by Danny Ramadan, readers are introduced to two young men, Hussam and Wassim, who love each other but whose lives are forever changed by a terrible event. Though this event marks the beginning of their end, they are met with several encounters that continue to separate them, as they grapple with what it means to be queer in Syria and what it means to be refugees elsewhere. Both their stories, told back and forth between the two young men, reveal the cruel optimism that is situated in the relationship between the good life and the queer struggle of romantic life. In other words, their desire for a better life as queer refugees becomes cruel when it becomes an obstacle in and of itself. For Hussam, readers witness this devastating blow as he is haunted by the death of his father and then by his separation from Wassim, as he struggles to build a better life in the nation-state of Canada. Wassim, on the other hand, has become a refugee in his own homeland, in this case, Syria during the Civil War, and he comes to view himself as a problematic object. Through both of their lives, it is revealed that the reality of queer Syrian refugees is inseparable from the complicated and oppressive histories that mark them such as the war and their forbidden love, whether they remain in the homeland or seek to build a good life somewhere else.

Factors related to sleep quality in hospitalized antepartum women: A cross-sectional study.

This study investigated the sleep quality and its psychological correlates among hospitalized antepartum women. A cross-sectional correlation study design and convenience sampling were conducted in the gynecological ward of a medical center in northern Taiwan. A total of 101 hospitalized antepartum women were recruited. A self-administered structured questionnaire including demographic profiles, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Antepartum Hospital Stressors Inventory (AHSI), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used for the study. Bivariate and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the data. A majority of the participants had poor sleep quality (82.8%), based on the global PSQI score. Sleep quality correlated with age, marital and employment status, parity, method of conception, multiple gestation, history of pregnant complications, anxiety symptom and hospital stressors which explained 21% of the variance in sleep quality. This study found a high prevalence of poor sleep quality in hospitalized antepartum women. Anxiety symptom was a significant predictor of sleep quality. Healthcare providers should be encouraged to assess sleep and emotional status in antepartum women during hospitalization and provide them appropriate interventions to improve sleep and reduce anxiety symptoms and hospital stressors.

Pre‐impoundment fish migrations in the Mobile Basin, Alabama

AbstractAssessing the status of several migratory fishes in the Mobile River Basin, Alabama, has been complicated due to a general lack of historical data on their life history, habitat requirements, and distributions. Whether distributions were restricted by natural or man‐made barriers to migration is difficult to answer because few scientific collections were made before dams were built, and the earliest dams were built at the largest biogeographic barrier in the basin: the geological fall line. Therefore, we used what information was available, including anecdotal information, primarily records from archived newspapers and government reports, to describe the ranges of six migratory species prior to the construction of dams in the Mobile Basin. We describe the complicated history of Alabama Shad Alosa alabamae and show that range declines may have been masked by the stocking of American Shad Alosa sapidissima in the late 19th century. We show that Gulf Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi probably migrated well above the fall line in the Coosa River, and may have been sympatric with Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. We found no records of Alabama Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus suttkusi above the fall line. American Eel Anguilla rostrata migrated above the fall line in every Mobile Basin river before dams were built. Finally, Paddlefish Polyodon spathula may have once occurred above the fall line in at least two rivers, but they persist today in impounded reaches in the coastal plain, unlike some other species. We hope that future work will continue to consider archival sources of information to re‐trace the histories of imperilled species.

Revisiting Ediacaran to early Cambrian depositional history of western North China: did it remain passive until the mid-Paleozoic?

Whether the North China Block (NCB) remained in extension from its cratonization to the mid-Paleozoic is questionable. Here, we conduct a synthesis of zircon U–Pb data of Statherian–Ordovician sandstones to provide a historical review of provenance changes in the western NCB through time. In contrast to typical NCB basement sources characterized by c. 2.7–1.8 Ga ages with spectral peaks at c. 2.5 and 1.9 Ga during much of c. 1.8–0.45 Ga, Ediacaran to Cambrian Stage 3 succussions contain abundant zircons with Meso- to Neoproterozoic ages. The exotic provenance, further verified by southeastward palaeo-flow, implies sources from the western Bainaimiao arc terrane (BAT), where basement rocks with suitable ages exist. Hence, the BAT should have evolved at the NCB margin before c. 0.56 Ga, but after rifting of the NCB (until c. 773 Ma). This event led to a craton-wide stratigraphic break during the Mesoproterozoic–Ediacaran. The presence of 521–515 Ma detrital zircons in Cambrian Stage 3 strata indicates subduction onset of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean before c. 515 Ma, coincident with the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary paraconformity. A sequence of depositional shifts triggered by the tectonic activities of the BAT unveils a complicated plate reorganization history of the northern NCB, contesting the view that the NCB remained passive from the Statherian. Supplementary material : Figures S1, S2 and Tables S1 and S2 are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7040743

What is governance? Projects, objects and analytics in education

ABSTRACT The term ‘governance’ is one of the most widely applied concepts in education policy and research. Yet its meaning has changed over space and time both analytically and normatively. This history is a complicated one marked by both shifts and continuations in the politics of language and the development of unique intellectual histories and conceptual and empirical turns in the field of education. In this paper we systematically delineate the different meanings ascribed to governance within education with a focus on its polyvalence as a political project, empirical object and research analytic. Specifically, we highlight the various complementarities and tensions flowing from this rich and evolving language. We conclude by calling for more education researchers to reflect on this complicated history and attendant language as part of their framings and interpretations of governance.