System Compliance Research Articles

A Comparison of Proximal and Tracheal Airway Pressures During Pressure Controlled Ventilation.

Airway pressure is usually measured by sensors placed in the ventilator or on the ventilator side of the endotracheal tube (ETT), at the Y-piece. These remote measurements serve as a surrogate for the tracheal or alveolar pressure. Tracheal pressure can only be predicted correctly by using a model that incorporates the pressure at the remote location, the flow through the ETT, and the resistance of the ETT if the latter is a predictable function of Y-piece flow. However, this is not consistently appropriate, and accuracy of prediction is hampered. This in vitro study systematically examined the ventilator pressure in dependence of compliance of the respiratory system (CRS), inspiratory time, and expiratory time during pressure-controlled ventilation by using a small intratracheal pressure sensor and a mechanical lung simulator. Pressures were measured simultaneously at the ventilator outlet, at the Y-piece, and in the trachea during pressure-controlled ventilation with a peak inspiratory pressure of 20 cm H2O and a PEEP of 5 cm H2O while changing CRS (10, 30, 60, 90, and 100 mL/cm H2O) and varying inspiratory time and expiratory time. Tracheal pressures were always lower (maximum 8 cm H2O during inspiration) or higher (maximum 4 cm H2O during expiration) than the pressures measured proximal to the ETT if zero-flow conditions were not achieved at the end of the breathing cycles. Dependent on CRS and the breathing cycle, tracheal pressures deviated from those measured proximal to the ETT under non-zero-flow conditions. Intratracheal pressure and pressure curve dynamics can differ greatly from the ventilator pressure, depending on the ventilator setting and the CRS. The small pressure sensor may be used as a measurement method of tracheal pressure via integration onto an ETT.

Automated code compliance checking through building information modelling

The design, construction and handing over of building projects need to comply with the rules set by the local authorities. However, manual assessment of the drawings and plans against variable and complex sets of rules is quite cumbersome, inconsistent, expensive and prone to human error, resulting in huge delays in construction projects. The aim of this research was thus to develop an automated code compliance (ACC) checking process using building information modelling (BIM). The drawbacks of manual code compliance were assessed through a review of the existing system. These were confirmed by 15 interviews with officials of the Capital Development Authority (CDA) in Pakistan. Feedback on the newly developed ACC system with BIM integration was sought through 30 interviews with customers and CDA employees. While the new programme of the code compliance reduced the time involved from 1 week to 6 h, customers were concerned about the additional expense of engaging an architect to develop a complete set of BIM models. ACC and BIM integration in local municipalities should raise the profile of Pakistan in industry innovations and pave the way to meeting several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Evaluate the compliance of ballast water management system on various types of operational vessels based on the D-2 standard

The transfer of ship ballast water poses significant risks to the aquatic ecosystem and human health. To mitigate the influences of non-native species, ballast water management systems (BWMS) have been installed on international ships to ensure proper treatment of ballast water before discharge. This study investigates whether ballast water discharges managed by BWMS meet the requirements of the D-2 standard for organisms in different size classes. Representative ballast water samples were collected from 28 ships (a total of 20 different BWMS) arriving in Shanghai during the period 2020–2022. Results have shown that two samples (7.1 %) exceeded the D-2 Standard. The compliance rates varied among different vessel types, with cargo vessels achieving a compliance rate of 81.8 %, while LNG vessels and container vessels achieved 100 % compliance. The potential to achieve higher levels of ballast water management will increase as crews improve their skills in operating BWMS and BWMS is further developed.

THE URGENCY OF ADAPTING THE E-TAX SYSTEM TO TAX COMPLIANCE: INTEGRATION OF SATISFACTION LEVELS

The study investigated whether satisfaction levels play a role as a moderator in the correlation of adapting the e-tax system and tax compliance. The study used a quantitative method that tested e-tax system interactions and satisfaction with tax compliance. The study used survey method by distributing questionnaires through google form to personal taxpayers. The answers of 117 respondents were analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS). The analytical tool used in research is WarpPls. The results showed that the e-tax system improves tax compliance. Moderation test results show that the interaction between satisfaction level and the e-tax system does not significantly influence the behavior of taxpayers using technology. In addition, taxpayers no longer only look at the usability and convenience offered by the digital administration system but consider other factors contained in the use of the system.

THE URGENCY OF ADAPTING THE E-TAX SYSTEM TO TAX COMPLIANCE: INTEGRATION OF SATISFACTION LEVELS

The study investigated whether satisfaction levels play a role as a moderator in the correlation of adapting the e-tax system and tax compliance. The study used a quantitative method that tested e-tax system interactions and satisfaction with tax compliance. The study used survey method by distributing questionnaires through google form to personal taxpayers. The answers of 117 respondents were analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS). The analytical tool used in research is WarpPls. The results showed that the e-tax system improves tax compliance. Moderation test results show that the interaction between satisfaction level and the e-tax system does not significantly influence the behavior of taxpayers using technology. In addition, taxpayers no longer only look at the usability and convenience offered by the digital administration system but consider other factors contained in the use of the system.

An objective metric for Explainable AI: How and why to estimate the degree of explainability

This paper presents a new method for objectively measuring the explainability of textual information, such as the outputs of Explainable AI (XAI). We introduce a metric called Degree of Explainability (DoX), drawing inspiration from Ordinary Language Philosophy and Achinstein’s theory of explanations. It assumes that the degree of explainability is directly proportional to the number of relevant questions that a piece of information can correctly answer. We have operationalized this concept by formalizing the DoX metric through a mathematical formula, which we have integrated into a software tool named DoXpy. DoXpy relies on pre-trained deep language models for knowledge extraction and answer retrieval in order to estimate the DoX, transforming our theoretical insights into a practical tool for real-world applications. To confirm the effectiveness and consistency of our approach, we conducted comprehensive experiments and user studies with over 190 participants. These studies evaluated the quality of explanations by healthcare and finance XAI-based software systems. Our results demonstrate a correlation between increases in objective explanation usability and increments in the DoX score. These findings suggest that the DoX metric is congruent with other mainstream explainability measures. It provides a more objective and cost-effective alternative to non-deterministic user studies. Thus, we discuss the potential of DoX as a tool to evaluate the legal compliance of XAI systems. By bridging the gap between theory and practice in Explainable AI, our work fosters transparency, understandability, and legal compliance. DoXpy and related materials have been made available online to ensure reproducibility.

Dynamic lung aeration and strain with positive end-expiratory pressure individualized to maximal compliance versus ARDSNet low-stretch strategy: a study in a surfactant depletion model of lung injury

BackgroundPositive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) individualized to a maximal respiratory system compliance directly implies minimal driving pressures with potential outcome benefits, yet, raises concerns on static and dynamic overinflation, strain and cyclic recruitment. Detailed accurate assessment and understanding of these has been hampered by methodological limitations. We aimed to investigate the effects of a maximal compliance-guided PEEP strategy on dynamic lung aeration, strain and tidal recruitment using current four-dimensional computed tomography (CT) techniques and analytical methods of tissue deformation in a surfactant depletion experimental model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).MethodsARDS was induced by saline lung lavage in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated healthy sheep (n = 6). Animals were ventilated in a random sequence with: (1) ARDSNet low-stretch protocol; (2) maximal compliance PEEP strategy. Lung aeration, strain and tidal recruitment were acquired with whole-lung respiratory-gated high-resolution CT and quantified using registration-based techniques.ResultsRelative to the ARDSNet low-stretch protocol, the maximal compliance PEEP strategy resulted in: (1) improved dynamic whole-lung aeration at end-expiration (0.456 ± 0.064 vs. 0.377 ± 0.101, P = 0.019) and end-inspiration (0.514 ± 0.079 vs. 0.446 ± 0.083, P = 0.012) with reduced non-aerated and increased normally-aerated lung mass without associated hyperinflation; (2) decreased aeration heterogeneity at end-expiration (coefficient of variation: 0.498 ± 0.078 vs. 0.711 ± 0.207, P = 0.025) and end-inspiration (0.419 ± 0.135 vs. 0.580 ± 0.108, P = 0.014) with higher aeration in dorsal regions; (3) tidal aeration with larger inspiratory increases in normally-aerated and decreases in poorly-aerated areas, and negligible in hyperinflated lung (Aeration × Strategy: P = 0.026); (4) reduced tidal strains in lung regions with normal-aeration (Aeration × Strategy: P = 0.047) and improved regional distributions with lower tidal strains in middle and ventral lung (Region-of-interest [ROI] × Strategy: P < 0.001); and (5) less tidal recruitment in middle and dorsal lung (ROI × Strategy: P = 0.044) directly related to whole-lung tidal strain (r = 0.751, P = 0.007).ConclusionsIn well-recruitable ARDS models, a maximal compliance PEEP strategy improved end-expiratory/inspiratory whole-lung aeration and its homogeneity without overinflation. It further reduced dynamic strain in middle-ventral regions and tidal recruitment in middle-dorsal areas. These findings suggest the maximal compliance strategy minimizing whole-lung dynamically quantified mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury with less cyclic recruitment and no additional overinflation in large heterogeneously expanded and recruitable lungs.

From East to West: Lessons Learned from China and the UK's Approaches to Environmental Regulation of Multinational Enterprises

Environmental regulations play a crucial role in shaping the operations of multinational enterprises (MNEs), with different countries adopting diverse approaches to ensure sustainable development and reduce environmental degradation. This essay will provide an in-depth comparison of the environmental regulations in China and the UK, focusing on critical aspects of their regulatory frameworks, climate change and carbon emissions policies, corporate environmental reporting requirements, and enforcement and compliance systems. The central argument of this essay is that the differences in ecological regulations between China and the UK have significant implications for MNEs operating in these countries, affecting their compliance costs, operational risks, and opportunities for innovation. By comparing the regulatory landscapes in China and the UK, this essay provides valuable insights for policymakers, business leaders, and other stakeholders in understanding the complexities and implications of multinational operations in different regulatory environments.

A high-precision synchronization system based on custom benchmarks

In order to meet the requirements of high synchronization of information flow for the cooperation among subsystems of spacecraft and of autonomous operation and management of spacecraft, this article proposes a synchronization system design based on a custom synchronization benchmark. This plan provides a custom synchronization benchmark design method and design constraints and proposes synchronization strategies for different system requirements. On this basis, a high-precision synchronization system design scheme is proposed. By conducting tests, the synchronization error compliance of the synchronization system is verified based on custom benchmarks. This design does not rely on the availability of GPS signals, and the synchronization system design is triggered by the requirement for synchronization accuracy. This method can be applied to spacecraft onboard systems and ground testing systems with extensive application value.

Enterprise standardization and convergence of large-volume infusion pump drug libraries.

With the implementation of a new electronic health record (EHR) system across Mayo Clinic, a project was approved to standardize and converge 9 region-specific large-volume infusion pump (LVP) drug libraries for Baxter SIGMA Spectrum pumps. The objectives of the project were to (1) develop recommendations for identified variances in practice, (2) consolidate regional drug libraries into a converged enterprise library, (3) improve the drug library management process, and (4) maintain or exceed previous Dose Error Reduction System (DERS) compliance for infusions administered. Harmonization efforts with infusion pumps decreased the number of drug libraries maintained, reduced content maintenance time, and increased readiness for smart infusion pump-EHR interoperability. Seven of the 8 regions for which change in DERS compliance was assessed showed improved compliance relative to baseline in the 30-day postwashout period. Furthermore, when comparing pre- and postimplementation DERS compliance, the number of regions meeting the minimum compliance rate of 95% increased from 5 to 6 regions. The project improved the drug library management process, allowed for DERS compliance to be accurately compared across regions, and ensured that patients across the enterprise receive the same standard of care with the administration of intravenous medications.

Extended vector fitting for subharmonics, harmonics, interharmonics, and supraharmonics estimation in electrical systems

The growth and integration of renewable energy and control systems in the utility grid represents a challenge for the electric power industry. Power quality monitoring plays a critical role in modern electrical systems for both standards compliance and system security reasons. This paper presents a novel technique for estimating subharmonics, harmonics, interharmonics, supraharmonics, and DC offset in electrical systems. This extended spectral fitting (ESF) approach is a combination of the numerical Laplace transform (NLT) and a modified vector fitting (VF) which we have denominated extended vector fitting (EVF). In this novel approach, it is assumed that frequencies of the harmonics and supraharmonics are known poles and that frequencies of the subharmonics and interharmonics are unknown poles in the frequency domain (FD), resulting in a rational approximation that considers known poles and unknown poles. The advantages of the proposed methodology are demonstrated (1) for synthetic test signals and (2) in an AC-DC-AC converter simulation. Results show that the ESF approach can fully decompose a signal into the aforementioned components with a high degree of accuracy.

Airway and Transpulmonary Driving Pressure by End-Inspiratory Holds During Pressure Support Ventilation.

The precision of quasi-static airway driving pressure (ΔP) assessed in pressure support ventilation (PSV) as a surrogate of tidal lung stress is debatable because persistent muscular activity frequently alters the readability of end-inspiratory holds. In this study, we used strict criteria to discard excessive muscular activity during holds and assessed the accuracy of ΔP in predicting global lung stress in PSV. Additionally, we explored whether the physiological effects of high PEEP differed according to the response of respiratory system compliance (CRS). Adults with ARDS undergoing PSV were enrolled. An esophageal catheter was inserted to calculate lung stress through transpulmonary driving pressure (ΔPL). ΔP and ΔPL were assessed in PSV at PEEP 5, 10, and 15 cm H2O by end-inspiratory holds. CRS was calculated as tidal volume (VT)/ΔP. We analyzed the effects of high PEEP on pressure-time product per minute (PTPmin), airway pressure at 100 ms (P0.1), and VT over PTP per breath (VT/PTPbr) in subjects with increased versus decreased CRS at high PEEP. Eighteen subjects and 162 end-inspiratory holds were analyzed; 51/162 (31.5%) of the holds had ΔPL ≥ 12 cm H2O. Significant association between ΔP and ΔPL was found at all PEEP levels (P < .001). ΔP had excellent precision to predict ΔPL, with 15 cm H2O being identified as the best threshold for detecting ΔPL ≥ 12 cm H2O (area under the receiver operating characteristics 0.99 [95% CI 0.98-1.00]). CRS changes from low to high PEEP corresponded well with lung compliance changes (R2 0.91, P < .001) When CRS increased, a significant improvement of PTPmin and VT/PTPbr was found, without changes in P0.1. No benefits were observed when CRS decreased. In subjects with ARDS undergoing PSV, high ΔP assessed by readable end-inspiratory holds accurately detected potentially dangerous thresholds of ΔPL. Using ΔP to assess changes in CRS induced by PEEP during assisted ventilation may inform whether higher PEEP could be beneficial.

Automatic Health and Safety and Production Safety Monitoring System

The article is devoted to the use of the original automatic system for compliance with occupational health and safety rules at work, description of its principle of operation and functionality of utility.

Safety Issues in the Development of an Innovative Medical Parallel Robot Used in Renal Single-Incision Laparoscopic Surgery.

Robotic-assisted single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is becoming an increasingly widespread field worldwide due to the benefits it brings to both the patient and the surgeon. The goal of this study is to develop a secure robotic solution for SILS, focusing specifically on urology, by identifying and addressing various safety concerns from an early design stage. Starting with the medical tasks and protocols, the technical specifications of the robotic system as well as potential; hazards have been identified. By employing competitive engineering design methods such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Risk assessment, and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), a safe design solution is proposed. A set of experiments is conducted to validate the proposed concept, and the results strongly support the development of the experimental model. The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method is applied to validate the mechanical architecture within a set of simulations, demonstrating the compliance of the robotic system with the proposed technical specifications and its capability to safely perform SILS procedures.

The Effect of Tax System Modernization on Taxpayer Compliance Based on Law in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to find out: The Impact of Modernization of the Tax Administration System, Tax Sanctions, and Individual Taxpayer Compliance. This study uses a quantitative approach and compares causes in different situations. 100 respondents were used in the incidental sampling technique of sampling. Questionnaires with closed questions were used to collect data. To obtain accurate results, the instrument was first tested for validity and reliability before distributing the questionnaires. In addition, the requirements of the regression test for hypothesis testing are used in conjunction with the traditional assumption test, namely the normality test, multicollinearity test, and heteroscedasticity test. Correlation coefficient test, coefficient of determination test, partial regression test, and simultaneous test are types of hypothesis testing used. According to the findings of the study, the modernization of the tax administration system benefits taxpayers significantly and positively. (2) Taxpayer compliance is not affected by tax sanctions. (3) Taxpayer compliance is positively and significantly influenced by taxpayer awareness. (4) Taxpayer compliance is positively and significantly influenced by the modernization of the tax administration system, tax sanctions, and awareness of the taxpayers collectively.

Pengaruh Pemahaman Self Assessment System, Sosialisasi Pajak, dan Pelayanan Fiskus terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi pada Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Jakarta Tanah Abang Satu Tahun 2018 – 2020

The purpose of this study is to discuss the impact of understanding the self-assessment system, tax socialization, and tax services on individual taxpayer compliance. The main question of this study is how the self-assessment system, tax socialization, and understanding of tax services affect individual taxpayers' tax compliance. This study was conducted at KPP Pratama Jakarta Tanah Abang Satu using data collection techniques using library data and quantitative methods with field research conducted using questionnaires and interviews. To find out the reality, researchers conducted multi-person interviews with a total of 72 respondents. Based on research results from 2018 to 2020, a self-assessment concept was developed. The system has a significant positive impact on taxpayer compliance, tax socialization has a significant positive impact on taxpayer satisfaction, and Fiscus services have a significant positive impact on taxpayer tax compliance and understanding of the self-assessment system. With a positive impact, tax socialization and financial services have a significant impact. impact. At the same time, it will have a positive effect on the compliance of individual taxpayers of KPP Pratama Jakarta Tanah Abang Satu.

THE INFLUENCE OF PERCEPTIONS OF TAX SYSTEM EFFECTIVENESS, TRUST IN THE GOVERNMENT, AND PERCEPTIONS OF CORRUPTION ON TAX COMPLIANCE MEDIATED BY TAXPAYER AWARENESS (Study on MSMEs Taxpayers of Grobogan Regency)

The research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the taxation system, trust in the government, and the perception of corruption in taxpayer compliance with taxpayer awareness as an intervening variable. The data was collected by disseminating a direct questionnaire to the Grobogan Regency MSMEs Taxpayer. This research type is quantitative with the number of respondent a total of 100 Grobogan Regency MSMEs recorded at Primary Tax Office Service in Blora. The data obtained is processed using the assistance of IBM SPSS version 25. The result of this study is that taxpayer compliance can be positively and significantly influenced by the perception of the effectiveness of the tax system and taxpayer awareness of taxpayer compliance. Still, trust in the government and corruption perception cannot influence taxpayer compliance. Taxpayer awareness can be influenced positively and significantly by the perception of the effectiveness of the tax system and trust in the government. Still, the awareness of taxpayers cannot be influenced by the perception of corruption. Taxpayer awareness can mediate the effect of the perception of the effectiveness of the taxation system and trust in the government on taxpayer compliance. In contrast, the awareness of taxpayers is unable to mediate the effect of corruption perception of taxpayer compliance.

Convolutional Neural Network for Identification of Personal Protective Equipment Usage Compliance in Manufacturing Laboratory

Data from the Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) Ketenagakerjaan Indonesia from 2019 to 2021 shows that the number of work accident victims who claimed Work Accident Insurance (Jaminan Kecelakaan Kerja / JKK) continues to increase. The high number of work accidents is mostly caused by unsafe behavior at work sites, one of which is in terms of compliance with the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). One tool that is considered important as a step in reducing work accidents is an identification system for compliance of personal protective safety equipment use that can detect PPE used by visitors or workers. This study develops an automatic identification system that is built using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to identify the use of PPE in the manufacturing technology laboratory. The CNN models used are the 4th and 5th versions of You Only Look Once (YOLO) which are then compared based on two methods: train from scratch and transfer learning. The dataset used for building the detection system has 11,579 images consisting of six classes of PPE objects. Overall performance of the proposed models shows very good results. Moreover, the comparison result among the three models shows that YOLOv5 transfer learning has the best performance with the best precision (94.2 %), recall (91.8 %), and mAP (88.6%).

A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Lung Volume Recruitment in Adults with Neuromuscular Disease.

Rationale: Clinical care guidelines advise that lung volume recruitment (LVR) be performed routinely by people with neuromuscular disease (NMD) to maintain lung and chest wall flexibility and slow lung function decline. However, the evidence base is limited, and no randomized controlled trials of regular LVR in adults have been published. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of regular LVR on respiratory function and quality of life in adults with NMD. Methods: A randomized controlled trial with assessor blinding was conducted between September 2015 and May 2019. People (>14 years old) with NMD and vital capacity <80% predicted were eligible, stratified by disease subgroup (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease or other NMDs), and randomized to 3 months of twice-daily LVR or breathing exercises. The primary outcome was change in maximum insufflation capacity (MIC) from baseline to 3 months, analyzed using a linear mixed model approach. Results: Seventy-six participants (47% woman; median age, 57 [31-68] years; mean baseline vital capacity, 40 ± 18% predicted) were randomized (LVR, n = 37). Seventy-three participants completed the study. There was a statistically significant difference in MIC between groups (linear model interaction effect P = 0.002, observed mean difference, 0.19 [0.00-0.39] L). MIC increased by 0.13 (0.01-0.25) L in the LVR group, predominantly within the first month. No interaction or treatment effects were observed in secondary outcomes of lung volumes, respiratory system compliance, and quality of life. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Regular LVR increased MIC in a sample of LVR-naive participants with NMD. We found no direct evidence that regular LVR modifies respiratory mechanics or slows the rate of lung volume decline. The implications of increasing MIC are unclear, and the change in MIC may represent practice. Prospective long-term clinical cohorts with comprehensive follow-up, objective LVR use, and clinically meaningful outcome data are needed. Clinical trial registered with anzctr.org.au (ACTRN12615000565549).

Reporting of the results of internal investigations

This study examines whether internal investigations conducted as a result of cooperation between the company and prosecutors may conflict with the rights of individuals in criminal proceedings. It demonstrates how the post-Enron era emphasized the importance of internal investigations as a component of corporate criminal compliance systems worldwide, leading to more frequent cooperation between companies and prosecutors in launching internal investigations. The purpose of this publication is to show that they have led to abuse against individuals, who, because internal investigations are private and largely unregulated, do not have the same guarantees as in criminal proceedings. This article aims to critically evaluate the regulations that have been introduced in this area and to demonstrate the need for legislative changes in the countries which allow such cooperation but have not considered the risks that arise from the nature of internal investigations.