Chitosan Complex Research Articles

The anti-cancer properties of miR-340 plasmid-chitosan complexes (miR-340 CC) on murine model of breast cancer*

MiRNA-340 (miR-340) has been found to have tumour-suppressing effects in breast cancer (BC). However, for clinical use, miRNAs need to be delivered safely and effectively to protect them from degradation. In our previous study, we used chitosan complexes as a safe carrier with anti-cancer properties to deliver miR-340 plasmid into 4T1 cells. This study explored further information concerning the anti-cancer impacts of both chitosan and miR-340 plasmid in a murine model of BC. Mice bearing 4T1 cells were intra-tumorally administered miR-340 plasmid-chitosan complexes (miR-340 CC). Afterwards, the potential of miR-340 CC in promoting anti-tumour immune responses was evaluated. MiR-340 CC significantly reduced tumour size, inhibited metastasis, and prolonged the survival of mice. MiR-340 CC up-regulates P-27 gene expression related to cancer cell apoptosis, and down-regulates gene expressions involved in angiogenesis and metastasis (breast regression protein-39 (BRP-39)) and CD163 as an anti-inflammatory macrophages (MQs) marker. Furthermore, CD47 expression as a MQs immune check-point was remarkably decreased after miR-340 CC treatment. The level of IL-12 in splenocytes of miR-340 CC treated mice increased, while the level of IL-10 decreased, indicating anti-cancer immune responses. Our findings display that miR-340 CC can be considered as a promising therapy in BC.

Casein-quaternary chitosan complexes induced the soft assembly of egg white peptide and curcumin for ulcerative colitis alleviation

Soft assembly of peptide and curcumin (Cur) molecules enables functional integration by finding dynamic equilibrium states through non-covalent interactions. Herein, we developed two soft assembly systems, curcumin-egg white peptides (Cur-EWP) aggregations (AGs) and Cur-EWP-casein-quaternary chitosan (Cur-EWP-CA-QC) nanoparticles (NPs) to comparatively investigate their therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis in mice and elucidate their underlying mechanism. Results revealed that Cur-EWP AGs, despite gastrointestinal tract instability, exhibited a propensity for swift accumulation within the colorectal region, enriching mucus-associated and short-chain fatty acid (SCAF)-producing bacteria, restoring the intestinal barrier damage. Whereas, Cur-EWP-CA-QC NPs, benefiting from their remarkable stability and exceptional mucosal adsorption properties, not only enhanced permeability of Cur and EWP in the small intestine to activate the immune response and boost tight junction protein expression but also, in their unabsorbed state, regulated the intestinal flora, exerting potent anti-inflammatory activity. Soft assembly of peptides and hydrophobic nutraceuticals could synergize biological activities to modulate chronic diseases.

Folate-chitosan Coated Quercetin Liposomes for Targeted Cancer Therapy.

Although quercetin exhibits promising anti-tumor properties, its clinical application is limited due to inherent defects and a lack of tumor targeting. This study aimed to prepare and characterize active targeting folate-chitosan modified quercetin liposomes (FA-CS-QUE-Lip), and its antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo was also studied. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) response surface method was used to select the optimal formulation of quercetin liposomes (QUE-LP). On this basis, FA-CS-QUE-LP was obtained by connecting folic acid chitosan complex (FA-CS) and QUE-LP. The release characteristics in vitro of QUE-LP and FA-CS-QUE-LP were studied. Its inhibitory effects on HepG2 cells were studied by the MTT method. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in vivo were studied in healthy Wistar mice and S180 tumor-bearing mice, respectively. The average particle size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of FA-CS-QUELP were 261.6 ± 8.5 nm, 22.3 ± 1.7 mV, and 98.63 ± 1.28 %, respectively. FA-CS-QUE-LP had a sustained release effect and conformed to the Maloid-Banakar release model (R2=0.9967). The results showed that FA-CS-QUE-LP had higher inhibition rates on HepG2 cells than QUE-Sol (P < 0.01). There was a significant difference in AUC, t1/2, CL and other pharmacokinetic parameters among QUE-LP, FA-CS-QUE-LP, and QUE-Sol (P < 0.05). In in vivo antitumor activity study, the weight inhibition rate and volume inhibition rate of FA-CS-QUE-LP were 30.26% and 37.35%, respectively. FA-CS-QUE-LP exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells, influenced the pharmacokinetics of quercetin in mice, and demonstrated a certain inhibitory effect on S180 tumor-bearing mice, thus offering novel avenues for cancer treatment.

Study on the production of edible coatings based on chitosan and inclusion complex of rutin with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for avocado preservation

Study on the production of edible coatings based on chitosan and inclusion complex of rutin with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for avocado preservation

3D Printable Polyelectrolyte Complex‐Integrated Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels with Customizable Mechanical Strength and pH‐Responsiveness

AbstractHerein, a novel 3D printable ink designed for the fabrication of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels is introduced, ingeniously integrating a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan (CS) with a photo‐crosslinkable P(OEGMA‐co‐EGDEMA) polymer. Initially, the carboxyl group of HA is modified with a photo‐labile ortho‐nitrobenzyl group, preventing premature PEC formation during 3D ink formulation. Subsequent UV illumination via digital light processing (DLP) simultaneously triggers the photo‐deprotection of the carboxyl group of HA and the photopolymerization of OEGMA crosslinked hydrogel, together creating a PEC‐integrated IPN hydrogel. Comprehensive characterizations, including NMR, IR, UV/Vis, TGA, DSC, SEM, and mechanical tests are conducted to evaluate the structural, morphological, and rheological properties of these hydrogels. Furthermore, adjustments to the composition of the 3D ink enable the production of hydrogels with a spectrum of mechanical strength and elastic modulus ranging from 1 to 10 kPa. The resultant PEC‐IPN hydrogels display excellent flexibility, compressive strength, high strain tolerance, pH responsiveness, and thermal stability. In essence, the approach seamlessly merges natural polyelectrolytes with technological innovation to refine 3D ink production. This method could mark a pivotal advancement in the realm of 3D materials, unlocking numerous prospective applications.

Encapsulation of roast beef flavor by soy protein isolate/chitosan complex Pickering emulsions to improve its releasing properties during the processing of plant-based meat analogues

During the production of plant-based meat analogues (PBMA), a significant loss of flavor characteristic compounds in meat-flavor essences could be observed. Pickering emulsion-based encapsulation is an effective method to improve their stability. Therefore, a soy protein isolate (SPI)/chitosan (CS) complex Pickering emulsion was fabricated to encapsulate roast beef flavor (RBF) and further applied in the processing of PBMA. Our results indicated that the network structure of emulsions was dominated by elasticity, while hydrogen and covalent bonding interactions played important roles in the encapsulation process. The release rate of flavor compounds gradually increased with the increase of pH value, glutamine transaminase, NaCl content, heating temperature or heating time, while encapsulation significantly reduced the loss of characteristic aroma compounds. In addition, the releasing characteristics of aroma compounds and textural properties of PBMA were greatly improved by treating with RBF-loaded emulsions. Consequently, the emulsions were promising to improve the flavor quality of PBMA.

Fe3O4@SiO2@CSH+VO3− as a novel recyclable heterogeneous catalyst with core–shell structure for oxidation of sulfides

Iron nanoparticles, with low toxicity and many active sites, are among the materials that not only reduce waste along with green chemistry but also increase the separation power and recover the catalyst from the reaction environment. In this study, first, the surface of iron nanoparticles was silanized, and in the next step, the complex of chitosan HCl.VO3 was placed on the surface of Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@SiO2@CSH+VO3−). This nanocatalyst is a novel, recoverable, and potent nanocatalyst with high selectivity for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides. Various physicochemical techniques such as IR, XRD, TGA, SEM, EDX, mapping, TEM, and VSM were used to affirm the well synthesis of the catalyst. Oxidation of sulfides in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as a green oxidant and in ethanol was catalyzed by the Fe3O4@SiO2@CSH+VO3−. All sulfoxides were achieved with high efficiency and in a short time. The notable privileges of this method include facile and economic catalyst synthesis, proper catalyst durability, great performance, simple catalyst isolation, good recovery capability, at least up to 5 times without an index drop in catalytic power.

Glutenin-chitosan 3D porous scaffolds with tunable stiffness and systematized microstructure for cultured meat model

A glutenin (G)-chitosan (CS) complex (G-CS) was cross-linked by water annealing with aim to prepare structured 3D porous cultured meat scaffolds (CMS) here. The CMS has pore diameters ranging from 18 to 67 μm and compressive moduli from 16.09 to 60.35 kPa, along with the mixing ratio of G/CS. SEM showed the porous organized structure of CMS. FTIR and CD showed the increscent content of α-helix and β-sheet of G and strengthened hydrogen-bondings among G-CS molecules, which strengthened the stiffness of G-CS. Raman spectra exhibited an increase of G concentration resulted in higher crosslinking of disulfide-bonds in G-CS, which aggrandized the bridging effect of G-CS and maintained its three-dimensional network. Cell viability assay and immuno-fluorescence staining showed that G-CS effectively facilitated the growth and myogenic differentiation of porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells (PSCs). CLSM displayed that cells first occupied the angular space of hexagon and then ring-growth circle of PSCs were orderly formed on G-CS. The texture and color of CMS which loaded proliferated PSCs were fresh-meat like. These results showed that physical cross-linked G-CS scaffolds are the biocompatible and stable adaptable extracellular matrix with appropriate architectural cues and natural micro-environment for structured CM models.

Preparation of an Antibacterial Composite Aerogel for Biomedical Purposes Based on an Alginate–Chitosan Complex and Calcium Carbonate

Preparation of an Antibacterial Composite Aerogel for Biomedical Purposes Based on an Alginate–Chitosan Complex and Calcium Carbonate

Stabilization of food emulsion by polysaccharides and protein-polysaccharide complexes: a short review

Emulsions are heterogeneous systems consisting of two immiscible liquids, widely used in the food industry as the basis for some products (mayonnaise, sauces, etc.) and components for the production of functional food products containing systems for targeted delivery of biologically active substances (vitamins, nutraceuticals, flavonoids, etc.). From a thermodynamic point of view, emulsions are unstable systems with excessive surface energy; therefore, they are characterized by rapid destruction through phase separation. For the solution to this problem, emulsifiers are used, amphiphilic molecules of various natures that reduce surface tension, i.e., possess surface activity. However, most of these stabilizers are synthetic and toxic products, which significantly limits their use in the food industry. Natural biopolymers, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as well as their complexes, are amphiphilic macromolecules that combine both polar and hydrophobic fragments, have surface-active properties, low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility, thus they can be considered as promising stabilizers for food emulsions. A special place among polysaccharides is occupied by chitosans and alginates, which, in addition to other advantages mentioned above, are accessible and cheap materials. The purpose of this work was a brief overview of the prospects for using chitosan, sodium alginate and protein-polysaccharide complexes as stabilizers for emulsions and foams for food application. The article discusses the possibility of using chitosan, sodium alginate, propylene glycol alginate, as well as various protein-polysaccharide complexes as stabilizers for heterogeneous food systems, foams and emulsions, which are the basis of many food products. In addition, special attention is paid to the prospects for the introduction of polysaccharide-based emulsifiers into industrial production and the problems that must be solved for the successful development of emulsions stabilized by biopolymers, which are the basis for thecreation of food products, are discussed

Soy conglycinin amyloid fibril and chitosan complex scaffold for cultivated meat application

This study addresses the critical need in cultivated meat production for suitable scaffolds that support the growth and differentiation of muscle cells. We explore the synergy of soy conglycinin (7S) amyloid protein fibrils and chitosan to create three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds, specifically designed for this application. By varying the molecular weight and deacetylation degrees of chitosan, we employed a controlled temperature water annealing method to produce these complex scaffolds. The formation mechanism of the 7S-chitosan scaffolds was elucidated through molecular simulation and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Characterization of the scaffolds revealed pore sizes within the 50–250 μm range, porosities from 71% to 78%, and compressive moduli varying between 4.8 and 15.3 kPa, dependent on the chitosan's deacetylation degree and molecular weight. Notably, these scaffolds maintained structural integrity in refrigerated Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) for up to three months and effectively supported the growth and differentiation of C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells without necessitating additional cell adhesion enhancements. Their mechanical properties, comparable to natural muscle tissue, and compatibility with high-temperature sterilization processes, underscore their potential as innovative solutions in the field of cultivated meat production.

Chitosan and neem gum-based polyelectrolyte complex for design of allantoin loaded biocomposite film: In-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo characterization

Presently, the preference for chitosan (CS) and gum polysaccharides in biomedical applications including drug delivery and wound healing has been extensively documented. Despite this, the demerits of CS and gum polysaccharides such as poor mechanical properties, degradation rate, swelling, etc., limit their applications for designing biocomposite films for drug delivery. Therefore, the anticipated work aims to design a CS and neem gum polysaccharides (NGP) polyelectrolyte complex-based allantoin (AT)-loaded (CS/NGP-AT) biocomposite film for improved wound healing. In brief, CS, NGP, and CS/NGP-AT-based biocomposite films were prepared using the solvent-casting method, and in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo characterizations were performed to assess the performance of these biocomposite films compared to their counterparts. In this, diffractogram and thermogram analysis assured the conversion of crystalline AT into an amorphous form. The optimized CS/NGP/AT-3 formulation exhibited controlled water absorption, appropriate water uptake capacity, good water retention ability, excellent water vapor transmission rate, controlled degradation rate, enhanced mechanical properties, cell and blood biocompatibility, etc. Furthermore, it offered improved antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potential. The optimized film provided a modified release (88.3 ± 0.3 %) of AT from the film for up to 48 h. Wound healing experiments on rats and their histopathology studies confirmed a significantly higher rate of wound recovery within 14 days compared to the control and CS/NGP film, attributable to the combined effects of CS, NGP, and AT. In conclusion, the fabricated CS/NGP-based biocomposite film presents promising prospects as an excellent candidate for wound healing applications.

Injectable hydrogel with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties for postoperative tumor wound care.

Clinically, tumor removal surgery leaves irregularly shaped wounds that are susceptible to bacterial infection and further lead to excessive inflammation. Injectable hydrogel dressings with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties have been recognized as an effective strategy to care for postoperative tumor wounds and prevent recurrence in recent years. In this work, we constructed a hydrogel network by ionic bonding interactions between quaternized chitosan (QCS) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-Zn complexes which were coordinated by EGCG and zinc ions. Because of the synergistic effect of QCS and EGCG-Zn, the hydrogel exhibited outstanding antimicrobial capacity (>99.9% inhibition), which could prevent infections caused byEscherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the hydrogel was able to inhibit the growth of mice breast cancer cells (56.81% survival rate within 72 h) and reduce inflammation, which was attributed to the sustained release of EGCG. The results showed that the hydrogel was effective in inhibiting tumor recurrence and accelerating wound closure when applied to the postoperative tumor wounds. This study provided a simple and reliable strategy for postoperative tumor wound care using antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory injectable dressings, confirming their great potential in the field of postoperative wound dressings.

Exploring Interactions and Properties of the Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose–Chitosan Biopolymer Complex

The complex of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and chitosan (CH) in aqueous solution can be used for biomedical applications and is very beneficial for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and disease treatment. This article presents elaboration and properties of the complex of two polysaccharides with opposite charges of CMC/CH in aqueous solutions. The electrical conductivity under the influence of increasing concentrations of the CMC/CH mixtures from (0.5 to 10) g l−1 and increasing temperatures from 288.15 to 318.15 K is investigated. The reduced conductivities, , energy of activation , the Gibbs free energy of conductivity , and the activations parameters of the enthalpy () and entropy () are estimated.

Chitosan‑iodine complexes: Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity

Bacterial infections have always been a major threat to public health, and the development of effective antibacterial substances from natural polymers is crucial. 2-Aminoisonicotinic acid (AN) was grafted onto chitosan by 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide-mediated coupling reactions, and then modified chitosan‑iodine (CSAN-I) complexes were prepared by solvent-assisted grinding. The samples were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, confirming that CSAN-I complexes had been successfully prepared. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis indicated that the chemical modification of chitosan and iodine complexation reduced the thermal stability; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that 81 % of the iodine in CSAN-I complex was in the form of triiodide ions. The iodine contents of three CSAN-I complexes (CSAN-I-1, CSAN-I-2 and CSAN-I-3) were 1.59 ± 0.22 %, 3.18 ± 0.26 %, and 5.56 ± 0.41 %, respectively. The antibacterial effects were evaluated in vitro, and the results indicated that CSAN-I complexes had strong antibacterial activities against both E. coli and S. aureus. In particular, CSAN-I-3 exhibited the best antibacterial effect. In addition, CSAN-I-3 was nontoxic to L929 cells with good cytocompatibility. Therefore, CSAN-I complexes can be considered as promising candidates for wound management in clinical applications.

Efficiency of using chitosan complex in feeding technology for broiler chickens under conditions of increased stocking density

Efficiency of using chitosan complex in feeding technology for broiler chickens under conditions of increased stocking density

Effects of oregano essential oil Pickering emulsion and ZnO nanoparticles on the properties and antibacterial activity of konjac glucomannan/carboxymethyl chitosan nanocomposite films.

Green and environmentally friendly natural bio-based food packaging films are increasingly favored by consumers. This study incorporated carboxylated-cellulose nanocrystal stabilized oregano essential oil (OEO) Pickering emulsion and ZnO nanoparticles (ZNPs) into konjac glucomannan (KGM)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) complexes to develop active food packaging films. The effects of OEO Pickering emulsion and ZNPs on the physical, structural, and antimicrobial activities of the nanocomposite films were evaluated. The OEO Pickering emulsion had a droplet size of 48.43 ± 3.56 μm and showed excellent dispersion and stability. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction analyses suggested that the interactions between the Pickering emulsion, ZNPs and KGM/CMCS matrix were mainly through hydrogen bonding. SEM observations confirmed that the Pickering emulsion and ZNPs were well incorporated into the KGM/CMCS matrix, forming tiny pores within the nanocomposite films. The incorporation of the OEO Pickering emulsion and/or ZNPs obviously increased the light and water vapor barrier ability, thermal stability, mechanical strength and antimicrobial properties of the KGM/CMCS nanocomposite film. Notably, KGM/CMCS/ZNPs/OEO Pickering emulsion films exhibited the highest barrier, and mechanical and antimicrobial activities due to the synergistic effect between the OEO Pickering emulsion and ZNPs. These results suggest that KGM/CMCS/ZNPs/OEO Pickering emulsion films can be utilized as novel active food packaging materials to extend the shelf life of packaged foods.

Chitosan complex usage efficiency when broiler growing in conditions of high stocking density

Chitosan complex usage efficiency when broiler growing in conditions of high stocking density

Removal of DB71 Dye from Water Using Shrimp-shell Chitosan

Chitosan is a natural-derived polymer which has been used for water treatment due to its biodegradability. In this study, chitosan adsorbent was successfully fabricated from shrimp crust. The chitosan adsorbents were characterized using FTIR, SEM, and Zeta potential analysis. The experimental results indicated that fabricated chitosan in this study has similar properties to standard chitosan from Sigma-Aldrich which contains functional groups such as -OH, -CH, C-O-C, saccharide rings and amide groups I, II, III. Furthermore, the surface morphology of the adsorbent is moderately flat and the pHPZC was 7.2. Chitosan in flake forms could adsorb DB71 dye in water with a concentration of 35 ppm at the efficiency of 100%. The optimal conditions for the dye removal were at 0.2 g/L of concentration and contact time of 60 minutes. The dye is well adsorbed by chitosan in acidic environment with optimal pH of 3. The main mechanisms of dye adsorption onto the chitosan adsorbent maybe ion exchange or complexation.&#x0D;

Структура и надмолекулярное упорядочение L- и D-аспарагината хитозана

Chitosan (CS) with a viscosity-average molecular weight of 200 kDa and a deacetylation degree of 82 mol%, produced by Bioprogress Ltd. (RF) has been used in this work. Aqueous solutions of enantiomeric salt complexes of CS with L- and D-aspartic acid (AspA) have been obtained at an equimolar CS:AspA ratio, in terms of amino groups. Powders of CS·L-(D-) AspA salts have been isolated from the corresponding solutions by evaporation of water and stored in a desiccator at zero humidity. It has been established that under such conditions a water-soluble salt form of the polymer with lamellar light beige particles 0.05–1.0 mm in size is formed. Using the methods of elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry, the chemical interaction of CS with L-(D-)AspA in aqueous solution and condensed state has been evaluated, and the chemical structure and supramolecular ordering of these enantiomeric salts have been studied. It has been established that, according to the classification of K. Ogawa et al., the formula unit CS·L-(D-)AspA corresponds to non-hydrated salts of type I, in which water molecules are replaced by acid anions. IR spectroscopy confirmed the donor--acceptor polymer–acid interaction and revealed a developed system of intermolecular and intramolecular contacts. One- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy showed the interaction of pairs of atomic nuclei between H3–H6 of the polymer and 2Hβ or Hα of the acid, H1 or H2 and Hα, H1 and H3–H6, due to the spatial proximity of protons in repeating monomer units, in the “bend” chain segments removed along the chain, and in neighboring macromolecules. For CS·L-AspA, additional resonances have been identified between H2 and H3–H6 of the polymer, for CS·D-AspA these have been between H1 or H 2. X-ray diffractometry has revealed a highly ordered orientation of macrochains and a high crystallinity degree, untypical for CS salts. The salt complex CS·D-AspA, in contrast to CS·L-AspA, is characterized by a smaller amount of crystallization water, a more ordered supramolecular structure, and a more developed system of intermolecular and intramolecular contacts.