Complex Yarns Research Articles

Bamboo charcoal/phase change material/stainless steel ring-spun complex yarn and its far-infrared/anion-releasing elastic warp-knitted fabric: Fabrication and functional evaluation

In this study, far-infrared/anion-releasing elastic warp-knitted fabrics were successfully fabricated. Firstly, the composition and twist degree of ring-spun complex yarns that were made by rotor-twisting machine and ring-spinning frame were optimized based on twist contraction, hairiness, and tenacity measurements. The shell materials—1-ply bamboo charcoal (BC) roving, 1-ply phase change material (PCM) or the both (BC/PCM), and the core material—BC/stainless steel (BC/SS) wrap yarn, were formed into different compositions of ring-spun complex yarns. Afterward, elastic warp-knitted fabrics were fabricated using the optimized complex yarns as weft yarns, and rubber threads and polyester (PET) filaments as warp yarns. Air permeability, far-infrared emissivity, and anion amount of resulting warp-knitted fabrics were evaluated. Ring-spun complex yarn result shows that, twist contraction rate ratio increased, but hairiness decreased with increase of twist degree. Tenacity of ring-spun complex yarn made by BC roving (Type A) or PCM roving (Type B) first increased and then decreased with twist degree. However, when 1-ply BC and 1-ply PCM rovings were used as shell materials, the tenacity of resulting ring-spun complex yarn (Type C) decreased with twist degrees. Consequently, 12 twists per inch (T.P.I.) was the optimal twist degree for the following fabrication of warp-knitted fabrics. Air permeability, far-infrared emissivity, and anion amount of elastic warp-knitted fabrics composed of BC/SS wrap yarn and BC roving reached 44.35 cm3/s/cm2, 0.94ɛ and 420 counts/cm3, respectively, indicating excellent breathability and far-infrared/anion-releasing health care functions.

Global and Russian Output of Polyester Fibres in 2013

In 2013, the global polyester (PE) fibre output was 46.7 million tons, including 32.3 million tons as complex yarns (textile, technical, monofilament, etc.) and 15.4 million tons as staple fibre and tow, which provided a growth of 8 and 2%, respectively, over 2012. The leading place here belongs to China, which accounted for 72% of the global PE fibre output and for about 90% of the output of the Asian region as a whole. In a few other countries, including the USA and Germany, the output rose perceptibly, by about 4%. In Western Europe, production of nonwovens from PE staple fibre is developed extensively. The situation in Russia, however, is much worse, especially in terms of consumption and output volumes. The share of PE fibres in the total volume of chemical fibres in the country in terms of demand, output, import, and export in 2013 was respectively 60, 40, 70, and 20%. The staple fibre produced was primarily derived from secondary polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the output of textile yarns fell by 30%, and technical yarns were imported fully.

Nylon 6-Polyester 조성비에 따른 분할사의 알칼리 분해거동과 물성 변화

In this research, split-type complex yarn of 20:80, 40:60, 50:50 nylon6/polyester composition ratio was used in order to impose unique sense on split-type complex woven. After treating both split-type complex yarn of each ratio and its produced woven in alkali solution, we got the following results by checking physical properties based on alkali proportion and treatment time. Under the condition of NaOH 20% in this experiment, it took approximately double time 20% loss of weight. The loss of weight became high when polyester proportion of N/P(nylon6/polyester) composition ratio was low, in the same fineness yarn. Even though polyester proportion was low, the loss of weight was low when the fineness was high. N/P division was well processed at about 25% loss of weight under the condition of NaOH 20%, treatment temperature 50℃, and treatment time 60 minutes. The research provides that the loss of weight should be processed around treatment time 24 hours in the case of NaOH concentration 15%, and treatment time 15 hours in the case of NaOH concentration 18%, respectively, in order to achieve N/P woven division ratio of about 70%-80% in industrial fields.

Effect of Yarn Folding on Comfort Properties of Hemp Knitted Fabrics

The operation of folding provides a complex yarn differing to an appreciable degree from single components. Although the characteristics of folded yarns have been the subject of many investigations, there is a serious lack of study concerned with the influence of yarn folding on comfort properties of clothing materials. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of yarn folding on both thermal and tactile comfort of plain knitted fabrics. In addition to the structural characteristics of the yarns and knitted fabrics, the transport properties, deformation behavior and surface properties of the knitted fabrics were investigated. The results obtained indicated that the influence of yarn folding on thermal and tactile comfort properties of clothing materials is mainly positive. These effects were caused by the modification of yarn packing density which further influenced the air volume distribution as well as the fiber and yarn mobility within the fabric.

Polyester Fibres in 2012

In 2012, the global polyester (PE) complex yarn and staple fibre production was 43.3 million tons, i.e., 7% higher than in the preceding year, with increased volumes of all major types of products. The increment was the highest in China, USA, Latin America, and Eastern Europe. The production continues to fall perceptibly in Western Europe, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and elsewhere. New parent feedstock capacities for PE fibre production are emerging essentially in the Asian region, mainly in China. PE fibre production and consumption in Russia remains extremely low, falling much below the global level on all counts. In spite of staple fibre output growth by 18%, the volumes and quality of this fibre are far from the optimal, and production of textile fibres is very low and of technical fibres is altogether absent. Because of this, import makes a weighty contribution (73%) to the consumption of all types of PE fibres. The outlook for their production growth in the country, judging by the strategy developed for the period until 2030, is so far bleak.

Evaluation on manufacturing technique and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of functional complex fabrics

Modern technology has advanced swiftly, and thus, people have higher and higher demands for functional textiles. In order to have textiles with electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) and far infrared emissivity, in this research, we fabricated three types of bamboo charcoal/metal (BC/M) complex yarns with metal wires as the core yarn and bamboo charcoal textured yarn as the wrapped yarns, with a rotor twister machine. Two manufacture parameters for the complex yarns were rotor speed (8000 rpm) and wrapped number of the BC/M complex yarns (4 turns/cm). BC/M complex woven fabrics were made of cotton yarn (warp yarn) and BC/M complex yarns (weft yarns), using a loom machine. The surface resistivities of BC/M complex woven fabrics were first measured. Then, EMSE evaluation was performed to test BC/M complex woven fabrics with different lamination angles. The BC/M complex woven fabrics exhibited higher surface resistivity than other woven fabrics by 1.71 × 1010 Ω/Sq; and the EMSE was 50–60 dB when the lamination number was 6 at incident frequencies between 1.83 and 3 GHz, which was satisfactory.

Vascular Implants Reinforced with Natural Silk Yarns

In the course of this research work woven synthetic prosthesis reinforced with natural silk yarns was designed and manufactured. Biomechanical properties of surgical natural silk were studied during designing of the structure of the walls of the prosthesis. The experiment gave good data of elasticity and strain properties in a process of laboratory testing of samples of natural fibers. The previous practical experience was also used, for example, various vascular prostheses made from polyurethane complex yarns and polyester monofilaments. As a result, the authors of the scientific work proposed a combined wall structure of vascular prosthesis, consisting of polyester, polyurethane, and natural silk surgical yarns. After the implantation of the synthetic prosthesis reinforced with natural silk yarns, these natural silk yarns completely dissolve in the body for several years. Living tissue is gradually growing into the walls of synthetic prosthesis, replacing dissolved natural silk yarns. Experimental tests confirmed that a modulus of elasticity of innovative prosthesis is close to modulus of elasticity of natural blood vessels. The innovative structure of blood vessel prosthesis combined with such parameters can provide a long-term normal hemodynamics.

Polypropylene Fibres in Global and Russian Markets

Polypropylene (PP) fibres and yarns are sometimes called polyolefin (PO) when, along with PP, reference is made to polyethylene (PE), which comprise a minor part of them or fibres based on ethylene and propylene polymers. Currently, in terms of global production volume, PP fibres occupy the second place among all types of chemical fibres, lagging much behind polyester fibres [1], but taking part in realization of a growing raw material potential (Fig. 1) that will maintain the trend toward rising demand and capacities of the original polymer for a foreseeable period [2]. In Europe, to which PO fibres owe their origin, they comprise, according to European Textile Polyolefin Association data, 45.2 % of the chemical fibres produced [3]. On the average, about 12 % of the PP granulate produced is processed into fibres and yarns in the world, including Russia, although higher figures are often cited in some sources, which depends on specific regions, the range of products manufactured there, technological direction, level of development of the processing branches, and other factors. In 2011, all polyolefins (PO) of most widespread types of fibre products (Table 1), primarily film yarns, registered growth (+3 %) [4]. Outputs of complex yarns, which include BCF carpet tow, monofilament, and spunbond, attained a high level in Western Europe, China, USA, and Africa, and India, Canada, and South America recorded the highest growth rate. Large PP staple fibre production plants are concentrated in Western Europe, USA, and China (the growth rate relative to 2010 was the highest in the latter). In addition to spunbond, the most actively growing textile products from PP are film yarns (raffia) where China, Western Europe, Africa, Turkey, USA, South America, and Eastern Europe remain the leaders in terms of production volume, and South America, Japan, and Africa, in terms of growth rate in 2011 (+9, +7, and +5 %, respectively). From an analysis of Table 1 we find that a marked decline in production of all types of PO fibres in USA and Mexico. In USA, for example, complex yarn production capacity shrunk by 6 % over the past five years [5], and production of other yarns remained practically at the same level (Table 2). Let us describe in some more detail the situation in the European market since it significantly affects the Russian market. The share of PP fibres in the demand for all types of textile raw material in Europe is 38.9 % and in chemical fibre output is 44.3 % [3]. In this continent, 24.1 % of PP granulate is used for producing fibrous materials (Fig. 2). In the above-noted figures the share of polyethylene is minuscule. New PP spunbond production capacities are being actively introduced in Europe, especially in its eastern part, primarily in Russia where the annual growth rate is the highest in the world, and in Turkey (Table 3). In the context of the European Commission Directive 94/62/EC, PP spunbond must substitute PE film for making packages because it has the best performance properties (high strength, attractive exterior look, and wide-ranging decorative possibilities), reduces deleterious effect on the environment, the packages are capable of being used in a variety of ways and of undergoing secondary processing. Production of PP spunbond has been rising steadily: since 2010 the number of applications from different continents rose to 23 for installation of high-efficiency plants with total capacities of 400,000 tons/yr, which will meet in the period 2012-2015 the rising demand for this relatively light and strong material [6]. Appearance of new plants in South Africa, China, South America, and Indonesia is contributing to the growth of PP spunbond output in these regions. Among the known methods of nonwoven materials (spunlaid, airlaid, carding, spunlace, etc.) production, spunbond is the most popular right now. It accounts for almost one-half of the global production of all types of nonwoven materials (NM), more than 36 % of which is manufactured from PP (Fig. 3). In output volume, the second place belongs to NM produced by carding technique (cloth making from staple fibre) with an output of 3.4M tons in 2012 [4]. Needle-

Present and future polyethylene terephthalate fibres*

In 2011, polyester fibres retained high growth rates: staple fibre 7% and complex yarn 6%; their output was 14.4 and 24 million tons, respectively. The major growth occurred in China 83% for yarn (208∙103 tons) and 82% for staple fibre (789∙103 tons). By the end of 2013, the global growth of PE complex yarn is expected to rise over 2011 by 35.6% and of staple fibre by 16.1%. The dynamics of global demand shows dominance of China whose share in the global textile balance by 2020 will be 66% for yarns and about 47% for staple fibre. Over the same period their demand will fall in Western Europe and rise a little in CIS countries and Russia. Belarus companies, as before, remain flag bearers in polyester production in CIS countries, but their growth is proceeding differently: Mogilevkhimvolokno is gradually reducing fibre output and taking a fancy toward products they are not specialized for (food PET, preforms, etc.) and Svetlogorskkhimvolokno, on the contrary, steeply raised PE textile yarn production capacity (to 38.5∙103 tons/yr). In Russia, PE fibres, mainly staple, continue to be made from wastes of regenerated PET, a substantial quantity of which is procured for import, and endless negotiations are being conducted on large-scale indigenous production.

Properties and manufacture technique of the functional bamboo charcoal/metal complex fabrics

Functional textiles of far infrared emissivity and electromagnetic shielding are attracting increasing attention, thus in this research we fabricated the bamboo charcoal/metal complex yarns with stainless steel wires or copper wires as the core yarn and bamboo charcoal polyester textured yarn as the wrapped yarn, using a rotor twister machine. The two manufacture parameters were rotor speed (7000–11,000 r/min) and wrapped number (2–7 turns/cm), and the bamboo charcoal/metal complex yarns which had optimum breaking strength and elongation became the weft yarns of the bamboo charcoal/metal complex woven fabrics. After the complex woven fabrics were tested in tensile strength and tensile strain, they were changed with different lamination numbers for the tests of the far infrared emissivity, anion density and air permeability. When the core yarn was 80 ìm stainless steel wires, the complex woven fabrics had the optimum tensile strength and air permeability of 364.8 N and 174.8 cm3/s/cm2. When the lamination number was 2, the complex woven fabrics had the optimum far infrared ray emissivity of 0.94.

Bending and tensile properties of cotton/metal wire complex yarns produced for electromagnetic shielding and conductivity applications

Recently, there has been a growing interest in protective textiles that are produced in order to reduce detrimental effects that arise from electric and magnetic fields on biological organisms and particularly on human health. The main goal of this investigation is to develop conductive metal-based yarns with desirable properties. For the purpose of this study, by using copper and stainless steel wires and cotton yarns, core spinning technique was applied in order to manufacture hybrid yarns in modified ring spinning machine. Physical behaviour of complex yarns consisting of cotton yarn and metal wire was evaluated by investigating bending rigidity, tensile and hairiness properties of the samples.

Investigation of Polyacrylic/Metal Wire Composite Yarn Characteristics Manufactured on Fancy Yarn Machine

There has been increasing interest in the development and use of conductive materials in recent years. Paralleling advancements in different scientific disciplines, there has been considerable progress in the textile area in terms of fabrication of smart fibers with special functionality such as electrical conductivity. Metal-based composite yarns and conductive yarns that can be used to develop smart textiles and electrotextiles are being increasingly considered for fabrication of conducting textiles. In this study, polyacrylic (PAC)/metal wire composite yarns were produced on a fancy yarn machine to be used in possible smart textile applications. Wires with different types and diameters were obtained using core spinning and wrap spinning techniques to form a complex yarn. Physical properties of the yarns produced were measured and evaluated in terms of yarn hairiness, tenacity and count. The electrically conductive yarns can be used to fabricate knitted or woven fabrics for applications in areas of personal protection, health, defense, communication and electronic automation.

Manufacturing Technique and Deodorization Effectiveness against Ammonia Gas of Bamboo Charcoal/Spandex Complex Knitted Fabrics

This research creates bamboo charcoal/spandex (BC/S) complex yarns from spandex and bamboo charcoal polyester textured yarn. In order to manufacture a BC/S complex yarn with better mechanical properties in tensile strength and strain, the expanded multiples of the spandex are changed, as are the wrap counts of the BC/S complex yarn and the speed of the rotor twister. The resulting spandex has a maximum breaking strength of 4.52 g/d when the expanded multiple is 3.5, and the BC/S complex yarn has a wrap count of 2 turns/cm. Furthermore, the maximum breaking elongation is 24.57% when the expanded multiple is 3.5, and the wrap count is 4.5 turns/cm. This paper also explores the ammonia gas adsorption properties (deodorization) of BC/S complex yarn, and discovers that polyester knitted fabric is capable of deodorizing 39% of NH3, while 1.2% bamboo charcoal/polyester knitted fabric can deodorize 53% of NH3, and BC/S complex knitted fabric can deodorize 55%-61% of NH3.

Evaluation of the Function and Manufacturing Technique of Bamboo Charcoal Complex Yarns and Knitted Fabrics

To satisfy the many requirements of our daily life, complex textiles that are both functional and beneficial have been successfully designed and developed. This research investigates the design of bamboo charcoal/spandex (BC/S) complex yarns, fabricated with a blend of spandex and bamboo charcoal polyester textured yarn, which possess superior elastic recovery. The expansion multiples of the spandex was 1.5–3.5, the wrap counts are 2 −4.5 turns/cm, and the speed of the rotor twister was 4000-12000 rpm. When the speed of the rotor twister was between 4000 and 12000 rpm, the expansion multiple was 1.5 and the elastic recovery rate was maintained at 93% or above. Furthermore, the far infrared emissivity of BC/S complex knitted fabric was over 0.9, but descended with the lamination number. The BC/S complex knitted fabric also contained an anion count of 356 anions/cc.

Evaluation of bamboo charcoal/stainless steel/TPU composite woven fabrics

Composite woven fabric satisfies what people require. Bamboo charcoal (BC) has been identified as a multifunctional material that has far-infrared ray, anions, deodorization and etc. BC fibers and yarns were made of bamboo charcoal powders and have further become a pervasive materials used in textile industry. In this study, cotton yarns, stainless steel/cotton (SS/C) complex yarn, bamboo charcoal/cotton (BC/C) complex yarns were woven into the plain, twill and Dobby composite woven fabrics. The warp yarn was composed of cotton yarns, and the weft yarn was made up of BC/C and SS/C complex yarns with a picking ratio of 1:1 and 3:1. Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) film was then attached to the composite woven fabrics, forming the BC/SS/TPU composite woven fabrics. Tests of electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE), far-infrared emissivity, anions, water resistance, and water vapor permeability measured the single-layer, two-layer and four-layer composite woven fabrics, obtaining a far-infrared emissivity of 0.95 by 39.8 counts per minute, an anion count of 149 amount/cc, an EMSE of −11.87 dB under frequency of 900 MHz, a surface resistivity of 8×10−6 Ω/square, a water resistance of −8219 mmH2O, and water vapor permeability of 989 g/m2·h and 319 g/m2·24 h in accordance with JIS L 1099 A1 and ASTM E96 BW.

Preparation and evaluation of artificial bone complex material: chitosan/ polylactic complex braids

Polymer has been widely applied in the biomedical field. In this study, degradable polylactic complex yarns are twisted and braided by a 16-spindle braid machine; therefore, a polylactic complex braid fabric, an artificial bone material, was prepared. Different experimental parameters were conducted to examine the complex braid fabric’s mechanical property. chitosan was coated onto the polylactic braid as a membrane. The modified chitosan produced a functional group existing on its surface. This polylactic complex braid was immersed in the simulated body fluid to observe Hap. When the modified chitosan/polylactic complex braid was immersed in the simulated body fluid for 21 days, the overall hydroxyapatite was in sphere shape as previous studies had argued.

Manufacture technique and electrical properties evaluation of bamboo charcoal polyester/stainless steel complex yarn and knitted fabrics

There are derivative problems of electromagnetic wave radiation accompanying the advances of science and technology nowadays and secure protections are also emphasized gradually. To shield these electromagnetic wave radition jeopardizing people’s health, in this study, stainless steel wires were the core yarn and bamboo charcoal polyester textured yarns were the wrapped yarn. The bamboo charcoal polyester/stainless steel (BC/SS) complex yarns were manufactured using a rotor twister machine. The BC/SS complex knitted fabrics were woven with the complex yarns employing a circular knitting machine. Three manufacture parameters were the wrapped amount of the complex yarn (2 to 6 turns/cm), the lamination amount of the knitted fabrics (1 to 6 layers) and lamination angles of the knitted fabrics (0°/0°/0°/0°/0°/0°, 0°/45°/90°/−45°/0°/45°, and 0°/90°/0°/90°/0°/90°). The knitted fabric exhibited the lowest surface resistance 32.3 Ω/sq. Optimum electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) was 45 dB when the knitted fabrics were with 0°/45°/90°/−45°/0°/45° laminating in 0.51 GHz.

Manufacturing Technique and Physical Property of Metal Wires/ PP Nonwoven Selvedges Complex Ply Yarns and Knitted Fabrics

In this study, nonwoven selvedges served as core yarn which was wrapped with stainless steel wires. Core yarn was added with functional materials such as stainless steel wires or copper wires or both. Functional polypropylene nonwoven selvedges (PNS) complex ply yarns were made using a rotor twister machine. The wrapped density of stainless steel wires was changed as 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 turns/cm and the speed of rotor twister was set at 8000 rpm. Shown in the mechanical property test of complex ply yarn, when speed of rotor twister was at 8000 rpm; wrapped density was 2.5 turns/ cm; and functional materials were copper wires and stainless steel wires, complex ply yarns made of polypropylene nonwoven selvedges (PNS) had the maximum breaking force as 47.76N and maximum breaking elongation as 47.93%.

Mechanical Evaluation of the Production of Bamboo Charcoal/ Stainless Steel Complex Yarns and Knitted Fabrics

In this study, bamboo charcoal/ stainless steel complex yarns was made of stainless steel wires and polyester bamboo charcoal filaments using a rotor twister machine. The stainless steel wires served as the core yarns while the polyester bamboo charcoal filaments served as the wrapped yarns. The speed of rotor twister was set as 7000 to 11000 rpm and wrapped counts were 2 to 7 turns/ cm. Bamboo charcoal/ stainless steel complex yarns were with the tenacity as 3.08 g/d when manufacture parameters were speed of rotor twister as 8000 rpm and wrapped counts as 4.0 turns/ cm; moreover, when speed of rotor twister was at 7000 rpm and wrapped counts was 5.0 turns/cm, bamboo charcoal/ stainless steel complex yarns received the tensile strain as 24.91%. According to tensile strength test for knitted fabrics, when wrapped count was 4 turns/ cm, the knitted fabrics had its tensile strength as 214.49 N, and the vertical tensile strength was higher than the horizontal one. When the wrapped counts of bamboo charcoal/ stainless steel complex yarns was 6 turns/ cm, the knitted fabrics attained its tensile strain at 236.87%.

Tensile properties of GF-polyester, GF-nylon, and GF-polypropylene commingled yarns

Commingled yarns for composite applications consist of combination of high-performance filaments and matrix-forming thermoplastic filaments that have quite different tensile characteristics. The commingling process mixes these filaments along with introduction of nips and open sections alternately along the length of commingled yarns. Thismakes the tensile behavior of commingled yarns to be quite different from that of constituent individual filaments. This article describes the effects of commingling on axial and nonaxial strengths of commingled yarns. The nonaxial performance of commingled yarns is evaluated in terms of ratio of loop strength or knot strength to the axial tensile strength. This may be used as an effective tool to understand the response of commingled yarns to negotiate curvatures and complex yarn paths during textile preforming process, particularly during formation of multiaxial weaves, knits, or braids. The nonaxial tensile testing of commingled yarns like knot and loop tensile tests gives an idea about the mixing of the filaments in the cross section. Commingled yarns in knotted or looped form retain almost 55%-60% of the axial tensile strength.