Complex Territorial System Research Articles

REGULARITIES OF LOCATION AND FUNCTIONING OF TEMPLE AND MONASTERY LANDSCAPES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE CITY

The relevance of this study lies in the need for geographical justification, the need to rethink modern views on the laws of creation and operation of temple and monastery systems in the city structure. The studied territorial systems are considered as a subclass of sacred landscapes. The aim of the article is to study the patterns of location and functioning of temple and monastery landscapes in the structure of the city (on the example of Lutsk). The work uses a transdisciplinary approach, as the study of a complex territorial system which is a sacred landscape certainly requires the abandonment of the usual standard methods, established views, the implementation of new research technologies created at the intersection of several fields of knowledge. The study was conducted using the methods of systems analysis, structural and logical generalization, survey, mapping.
 The concept of temple / monastery landscapes is interpreted by us as natural-anthropogenic or anthropogenic systems, markers of which are religious buildings (church, monastery, cathedral, chapel, etc.) and functionally related areas formed in the structure of abiotic and biotic natural components, complicated by anthropogenic and man-made components associated with religious, cognitive activities of man.
 The sacred nature of temples and monasteries determines their key role in the formation of sacred space and dominance in the environment. Analysis of the geographical patterns of formation and functioning of temple and monastery landscapes shows that they are confined to the power, terrace and watershed types of landscapes, as well as contrasting environments, located near natural water bodies. The nature of vegetation within the studied territorial systems is determined by natural and social factors, in particular the features of relief and the local climate of the territory, the confessional affiliation of the cult building.
 The study of the formation and peculiarities of the functioning of temples and monasteries of Lutsk allowed to identify the following patterns: most temples and monasteries are located in the center and historical part of the city, have a dominant position in relief, built within the floodplain terrace or upper slope; the period from 1991 to the present is characterized by the process of restoration of destroyed temples and monasteries; most of the temples built after 2000 are located within residential buildings, park areas and are not characterized by a dominant (predominant) location.
 The article presents the author's landscape maps of individual territories of Lutsk within which the temple landscape was formed / is being formed. The process of formation and functioning of the sacred territorial system, the marker of which is the Lutsk Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral, is consistent with urban conditions and restrictions and church canons. The designed church in honor of the Mother of God of Khomsk is located within the landscape tract - steep (16°) slopes of the southern exposure on low-power eroded antropogenic modified gray podzolic soils testifies to its inconsistency with urban conditions, restrictions and restrictions.
 Ukrainian legislative and town-planning documentation envisages a number of planning restrictions concerning the peculiarities of the creation and functioning of sacred landscapes and ensures their preservation and use to meet the religious and cognitive needs of society. According to the city zoning plan, the studied territorial systems are located in the area of religious and ceremonial buildings, but in recent years they are actively created in the recreation area, as well as apartment buildings. Naturally, the increase in the population of cities leads to the expansion of their area. Therefore, when building new residential areas, it is advisable to provide for the formation / design within their temple landscapes.
 Keywords: sacred landscape, temple and monastery landscape, Lutsk.

Smart Planning: From City to Territorial System

Actual cities have become smart cities divided by zones. In the past, various innovative actions have been carried out to facilitate smart cities. The projects that were carried out, in response to the needs expressed by inhabitants and driven by individualistic growth, have gone beyond the regulations defined by the urban plan. In fact, territorial contexts reflect the needs of inhabitants, which always shift faster and are more reactive than traditional urban planning tools. The territory is a complex system and it works well if the design choices for its sustainable development are structured and coordinated by a strategic planning tool. The objective of this research is to propose a smart planning process in order to pursue the sustainable development of complex territorial systems. The paper has a particular interest in observing the integrated coastal-marine system as a possible example of real smart development. Smart planning applied to this type of landscape has a positive influence on the development of the environment, landscapes, infrastructure, mobility, services, energy, research, and innovation.

ГЕОГРАФІЧНИЙ РЕГІОН ЯК ОБ'ЄКТ ТУРИСТИЧНОГО МАРКЕТИНГУ

Geographical and regional-economic studies are explored approaches to studying the content and features of tourism marketing, including its regional aspects. The analysis of scientific publications on the problems of the scientific reflection of regional aspects of tourism marketing is presented. Considered and substantiated expediency of separation the terms “regional tourism marketing” and “marketing of the tourist region”. Are substantiated necessity and expediency of application of the category of the geographic region as a complex territorial system as an integral object of regional marketing in tourism; features and principles of such application are considered. It is emphasized on the necessity of applying the principle of regionalism because system-geographical and regional-economic aspects are one of the foundations of regional tourism marketing. It is noted that in scientific research on the basis of a systematic approach, it is usually necessary to take into account two aspects: ontological and epistemological. It is determined that the region is a socio-geographical system, which first of all represents an interconnected set of various quality elements (nature-population-economy) in conditions of an integral territory. The features of perspective approaches to the geographical deepening of the principles of regional tourism marketing are outlined. The authors state that in accordance with the geographical methodology, the hierarchy of geographical regions is divided: the zonal region-macroregion – mezoregion – microregion – nanoregion. Based on the study, indicated the urgency of the task of applying geographic approaches to the substantiation of the essence and methods of evaluation of tourist resources, identification and substantiation of the marketing essence of the forms of territorial localization of the tourist sphere, a comprehensive analysis of the territorial structure and regional differentiation of the tourist product, substantiation of geoecological norms, analysis and optimization of transport-territorial systems as elements of a tourist product and as elements of the infrastructure of the region.

Indicators-based spatial SWOT analysis: Supporting the strategic planning and management of complex territorial systems

Optimizing the multiple uses of land represents a challenge for today's governments and land managers. In particular, protected area planning should satisfy the demand for multiple land uses, while offering optimal protection of our natural resources. The present research aims at providing park's managers, as well as other stakeholders and decision makers, with a scientifically sound and practical approach to zoning protection levels and supporting the strategic planning phase in nature conservation. This paper thus proposes and tests the development of an indicators-based spatial Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis for a complex territorial system with exceptional multiple values. As a result, key conservation priorities and warning spots are identified to support the subsequent decision-making phase. The innovative value of the research stems not only from the integrated methodological approach based on the combination between spatial analysis, indicators systems and the traditional SWOT analysis, but also from the contextual characteristics and physical extension of the area under investigation. Moreover, the integrated and innovative framework proposed in the paper has also international significance, thanks to the possibility of replicating the research strategy and methodological approach in other contexts.

An integrated framework to assess complex cultural and natural heritage systems with Multi-Attribute Value Theory

Abstract Decisions related to integrated cultural and natural heritage are increasingly complex due to the multiple-use nature of goods and services provided by the environment, the difficulty in monetary evaluation of intangible heritage and the involvement of a large number of stakeholders. Multiple perspectives are thus required to align social and ecological values to promote sustainable solutions for heritage management. In this context, multi-attribute value techniques can be used to synthesize stakeholder preferences because they can accommodate conflicting, multidimensional and incommensurable objectives. The present paper proposes an experimentation employing the Multi-Attribute Value Theory (MAVT), which is a specific Multicriteria Analysis technique, in the domain of collective decisions about public goods. The objective of the work is to provide an integrated framework for planning and design of future actions according to both qualitative and quantitative elements, in order to help and support landscape and urban planners, policy and decision-makers, land managers and public organizations to manage complex territorial systems characterized by multiple values. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first application of multi-attribute value techniques for dealing with intangible heritage characterized simultaneously by natural, cultural, ecological, historical and architectural values. The present contribution has thus an innovative and trans-disciplinary potential and may influence future applications referring to collective decisions about public goods.

Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe: New Paradigms for the Territorial Project and Landscape

The article aims at offering a methodological contribution to the study and project of cultural routes. The cultural routes are analysed considering their nature of complex territorial systems. The potential which cultural routes may develop, if considered as cultural complex and inclusive goods, is the understanding of the interactions with the landscape at the change of socio-economic and cultural contexts crossed. In this sense, cultural routes are tools of development for a landscape project based on the endogenous resources of the territories.

A model for assessing the systemic vulnerability in landslide prone areas

Abstract. The objectives of spatial planning should include the definition and assessment of possible mitigation strategies regarding the effects of natural hazards on the surrounding territory. Unfortunately, however, there is often a lack of adequate tools to provide necessary support to the local bodies responsible for land management. This paper deals with the conception, the development and the validation of an integrated numerical model for assessing systemic vulnerability in complex and urbanized landslide-prone areas. The proposed model considers this vulnerability not as a characteristic of a particular element at risk, but as a peculiarity of a complex territorial system, in which the elements are reciprocally linked in a functional way. It is an index of the tendency of a given territorial element to suffer damage (usually of a functional kind) due to its interconnections with other elements of the same territorial system. The innovative nature of this work also lies in the formalization of a procedure based on a network of influences for an adequate assessment of such "systemic" vulnerability. This approach can be used to obtain information which is useful, in any given situation of a territory hit by a landslide event, for the identification of the element which has suffered the most functional damage, ie the most "critical" element and the element which has the greatest repercussions on other elements of the system and thus a "decisive" role in the management of the emergency. This model was developed within a GIS system through the following phases: 1. the topological characterization of the territorial system studied and the assessment of the scenarios in terms of spatial landslide hazard. A statistical method, based on neural networks was proposed for the assessment of landslide hazard; 2. the analysis of the direct consequences of a scenario event on the system; 3. the definition of the assessment model of systemic vulnerability in landslide-prone areas. To highlight the potentialities of the proposed approach we have described a specific case study of landslide hazard in the local council area of Potenza.

Assessing the efficiency and the criticality of the elements belonging to a complex territorial system subject to natural hazards

Abstract. The effects of natural hazards can be mitigated by the use of proper "pre-event" interventions on "key" elements of the territory, that is on elements that are mostly vulnerable to a given catastrophic scenario and whose loss of functionality can cause damages on people, property and environment. In this respect, methodologies and tools should be studied to support decision makers in the analysis of a territory, in order to point out such elements. In this work, vulnerability is taken into account under two aspects: "physical vulnerability", which measures the propensity of a territorial element to suffer damage when subject to an external stress corresponding to the occurrence of a natural phenomenon; "functional vulnerability", which measures the propensity of a territorial element to suffer loss in functionality, even when that is caused by the loss of functionality of other territorial elements. In the proposed modeling approach, vulnerability is represented through the use of a graph-based formalization. A territorial system is represented as a complex set of elements or sub-systems. Such elements have differentiated and dedicated functions, and they may be functionally interconnected among them. In addition, vulnerability is defined through the use of two different variables, namely the criticality and the efficiency. Focusing the attention on the temporal phases corresponding to the occurrence of a calamitous event, the first one measures the service demand of an element, whereas the efficiency is a measure of the service that can be offered by such an element. The approach presented is largely independent from the natural risk considered. Besides, the tools introduced for the vulnerability analysis of the territorial system can also be used to formalize decision problems relevant to the location of the available resources for emergency management. A specific case study pertaining to the hydrological risk in the Val di Vara area (Italy) is presented.

Modeling the vulnerability of complex territorial systems: An application to hydrological risk

One of the goals of urban planners is to define and to evaluate strategies to mitigate the effects of natural hazards. Adequate methodologies and models should be studied to support their decisions. In this work, an approach to evaluate the overall “systemic” vulnerability of a territory to extreme natural phenomena is presented. This approach is able to support decision makers in evaluating the key preventive planning actions to be exploited on a territory, taking into account both the specific possible damage that is likely to impact the different single relevant elements and the reduction in functionality of the overall territorial system caused by damage to a specific element. To achieve this goal, a graph-based approach is introduced to model the influences that each element may have on the functionality of the overall territorial system. The nodes of the graph represent all the relevant elements in the territory, whose failure or breakdown can seriously influence the functionality of the whole territorial system. The links represent the influences among the functionalities of these elements. An iterative algorithm to compute the consequent systemic vulnerability is also described. In the conclusive section, a case study pertaining to the hydrological risk in the Valle Roja Area located near the North-West coast of Italy is presented.

REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR AND COMMUNICATION IN BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRDS

Previous studies of Blue-throated Hummingbirds (Lampornis clemenciae) showed that males have elaborate songs and females also sing. Here we report complex territorial systems, sexual behavior, and communicatory repertoires of both sexes. Males typically defended territories along streams throughout the reproductive season. Time budgets revealed that males allocated more time to vocalizing in territorial advertisement than in more energetically costly activities such as chases. Both observations and playback experiments indicated that two vocalizations have different roles in territorial advertisement. Strings of chips served in long distance territorial advertisement, while the lower amplitude song, more prevalent early in the season, attracted females and also repelled males from the immediate area. Agonistic interactions included long chases, some with vocalizations. During close range encounters an array of postures and sounds occurred. Females defended territories against other females during a brief period preceding egg laying. Sexual interactions were unusually intricate, consisting of a series of activities in which the female played an active role. She delivered loud calls advertising sexual readiness and performed aerial displays. Males competed with other males for access to females. We observed four presumed copulations, all preceded by a song fragment from the male. The vocal repertoire included at least 16 different sounds, all with different functions, an unusually large number for a nonoscine. Male songs were the most complex sounds. Behaviors that differed from many other hummingbirds that have been studied included strong reliance on vocal signals, lack of male aerial displays, and female advertisement of sexual readiness. These attributes may be linked to reduced sexual dichromatism and related to the species' preference for wooded riparian habitats.

Winter territoriality in migrant Black RedstartsPhoenicurus ochrurusin the Mediterranean area

The social organization and territoriality of a colour-ringed population of Black Redstarts Phoenicurus ochrurus was studied in a mountain area of southern Spain during 4 winters. A total of 28 adult males and 112 grey birds (females and juvenile males) was colour-ringed. These showed a complex territorial system: 5 adult males defended stable territories, 6 adult males and 1 grey bird temporarily defended different territories throughout the winter while most of the birds were non-territorial. Grey birds were observed less frequently than adult males in the area. Territorial and non-territorial birds seemed to be resident in the area; many being recorded after 40 days during the same winter. Territoriality was correlated with plumage and body size. However, size was age-dependent but within the group of adult males, there was no difference in either size, body mass or fat score suggesting no short-term benefits of being territorial. However, the survival rate seems to be higher for adult males than for grey birds according to the control of ringed birds in a subsequent winter. It is suggested that territoriality in adult males is a consequence of competition for certain resources (food or shelter areas) and this might affect the survival of different categories of birds.

New technologies and transformation of regional structures in Europe: The role of the milieu

The past few years have witnessed substantial progress in the study of regional structural changes. The debate on regional disparities has been dominated by the snowbelt/sunbelt problematic, the core to periphery redistribution of economic activities, and the crisis of old industrial areas. Since the beginning of the 1970s, the emergence of new spaces of production as a result of high–technology industries, the rise and decline of regions and metropolitan areas, the urban–rural shift, the profound change in migration pattern, the increasing obsolescence of production structures in the old industrial regions, and the new geography of innovation, have represented the main features of the current processes of transformation of spatial structures in the European Economic Community. These divides have recently received intensive research attention, but the traditional literature is structured around the opposition between the convergence hypothesis and the divergence hypothesis. The main purpose of this paper is to study the reversal spatial trends in the EEC's regions. and to propose an alternative approach based on the concept of innovative milieu .The paper is organized around three issues. Regarding the first issue, we propose an extensive review of the literature on the nature of reversal spatial trends in Europe and discuss the various theoretical explanations. Due to the impact of new technologies on spatial Structures, we examine in the second issue locational patterns of high–technology activities. Finally, the difficulties in proposing an overall explanation of the reversal trend, which is more complex than the movement from the rich and industrialized regions towards peripheral and rural areas, lead us to develop the notion of innovative milieu. From this point of view, the spatial reversal may be understood as an endogenous dynamics, generated by the milieu, i.e., a complex territorial system of formal and informal networks, made up of economic and technological interdependencies, capable of initiating synergetic and innovative processes.