Complex Sentences Research Articles

Sample-Adaptive Classification Inference Network

Existing pre-trained models have yielded promising results in terms of computational time reduction. However, these models only focus on pruning simple sentences or less salient words, while neglecting the treatment of relatively complex sentences. It is frequently these sentences that cause the loss of model accuracy. This shows that the adaptation of the existing models is one-sided. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a sample-adaptive training and inference model. Specifically, complex samples are extracted from the training datasets and a dedicated data augmentation module is trained to extract global and local semantic information of complex samples. During inference, simple samples can exit the model via the Sample Adaptive Exit Mechanism, Normal samples pass through the whole backbone model before inference, while complex samples are processed by the Characteristic Enhancement Module after passing through the backbone model. In this way, all samples are processed adaptively. Our extensive experiments on classification tasks datasets in the field of Natural Language Processing demonstrate that our method enhances model accuracy and reduces model inference time for multiple datasets. Moreover, our method is transferable and can be applied to multiple pre-trained models.

Syntactic complexity in second language (L2) writing: Comparing students’ narrative and argumentative essays

This study investigated the distinctive structural characteristics between narrative and argumentative texts and examined the relationships among syntactic measures within each genre. Conducted with 161 Chinese college freshmen, the study employed 14 syntactic complexity measures to analyze 322 essays comprising both narrative and argumentative types. The research questions focused on identifying syntactic measures that differentiate between the two genres and the correlational strength among these measures. Results indicated nuanced differences in syntactic complexity, with argumentative essays demonstrating slightly higher complexity in most measures, particularly in the length of production unit, amount of coordination, and degree of phrasal sophistication. Notably, no significant differences were found in overall sentence complexity or measures of subordination. These findings suggested that these aspects do not distinguish between genres for these second language (L2) writers. Correlations within syntactic measures were also analyzed and revealed strong relationships between certain measures within the same category for both essay types. However, there were some distinct patterns of correlation between the two genres. Implications for L2 writing assessment and future studies were discussed.

Comprehension of complex sentences containing temporal connectives: How children are led down the event-semantic kindergarten-path.

Children up to school age are known to have difficulty comprehending complex sentences with temporal connectives, but the reasons remain controversial. We tested six- to twelve-year-old children to assess how the iconicity of event-language mapping, type of connective, and clause order mediate the comprehension of temporal sentences. Sixty monolingual Greek-speaking children and 15 adult controls completed a picture-sequence selection task in which they judged after- and before-sentences in iconic and non-iconic order. Up to age twelve, children did not reach full adult-like comprehension of the connectives; performance in non-iconic after-sentences was significantly lower than in the other three conditions across all ages. We conclude that neither iconicity, connective, nor clause order can fully explain these findings and propose an account based on the interaction of iconicity and clause order: non-iconic, sentence-medial after requires revision of the initial event representation, resulting in an event-semantic kindergarten-path that children find difficult to overcome.

The knowledge of binding principles in early child grammar: Experimental evidence from 30-month-old toddlers

ABSTRACT We investigated toddlers’ understanding of the hierarchical syntactic configurations that constrain the referential meanings of reflexives and pronouns. In particular, reflexives must co-refer with the c-commanding antecedent within the local domain (Principle A) (e.g., Hei washes himselfi. Johni knows that Billj likes himselfj.), and pronoun reference must be disjoint from its local c-commanding antecedent (Principle B) (e.g., Hei washes himj. Johni knows that Billj likes himi.). French-learning 30-month-olds participated in an eye-tracker task. In Experiment 1 each trial presented a simple sentence containing a reflexive or a pronoun and a target verb (e.g., Il i se i/le j lave. “hei washes himselfi/himj”), while displaying side-by-side pictures depicting self- directed versus other-directed actions of the target verb. Experiment 2 tested the locality conditions of the principles using complex sentences, with the target verb and the reflexive/pronoun appearing in the embedded clause (e.g., Le bébé i voit que le papa j se j /le i lave. “The babyi sees that the dadj washes himselfj/himi”); the pictures were those of Experiment 1, with the patient of the verb being the local antecedent in the embedded clause versus the non-local antecedent in the matrix-clause. Experiment 3 tested the c-commanding requirements of the principles with sentences containing a complex subject, a reflexive/pronoun and a target verb (e.g., Le bébé i du papa j se i /le j lave. “The babyi of the dadj washes himselfi/himj”). In the pictures the patient was the linearly farther versus closer antecedent. Eye-gazes to action images showed adult-like interpretations across sentential structures, demonstrating that binding principles are in child grammar during age two.

Semantic Augmentation in Chinese Adversarial Corpus for Discourse Relation Recognition Based on Internal Semantic Elements

This paper proposes incorporating linguistic semantic information into discourse relation recognition and constructing a Semantic Augmented Chinese Discourse Corpus (SACA) comprising 9546 adversative complex sentences. In adversative complex sentences, we suggest a quadruple (P, Q, R, Qβ) representing internal semantic elements, where the semantic opposition between Q and Qβ forms the basis of the adversative relationship. P denotes the premise, and R represents the adversative reason. The overall annotation approach of this corpus follows the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB), except for the classification of senses. We combined insights from the Chinese Discourse Treebank (CDTB) and obtained eight sense categories for Chinese adversative complex sentences. Based on this corpus, we explore the relationship between sense classification and internal semantic elements within our newly proposed Chinese Adversative Discourse Relation Recognition (CADRR) task. Leveraging deep learning techniques, we constructed various classification models and the model that utilizes internal semantic element features, demonstrating their effectiveness and the applicability of our SACA corpus. Compared with pre-trained models, our model incorporates internal semantic element information to achieve state-of-the-art performance.

Communicative linguistics through the lens of gestalt theory

Relevance. The relevance of this study is conditioned upon the importance of developing communicative competence, exploring communicative tactics and strategies used in dialogic speech, effective correlation of verbal and nonverbal codes, specifically the coexistence of various syntactic constructions within the text field. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to consider linguistic means, namely syntactic structures of a simple and complex sentence, using a gestalt approach with the allocation of the centre (figure) and periphery (ground). Methodology. The main method of research is theoretical understanding of problems related to communicative activity, using evidence from modern scientific studies, the use of transactional, structural, pragmatic, and linguistic analysis of verbal and nonverbal components during communicative activity. Results. This paper analyses the development of key gestalt structures using the examples of the most used syntactic constructions in communicative practice, specifically predicate and non-predicate simple and complex sentences. The study identified key gestalt structures in dialogic speech (interrogative, emotive, elliptical), with examples of basic syntactic constructions. Attention was focused on the functional use of key speech acts (expressiveness, representation) and communicative tactics (hyperbolisation, increasing and decreasing significance, self-presentation, juxtaposition). The role of nonverbal ways of transmitting information, social factors in the choice of linguistic means in the aspect of communicative load and communicative significance is indicated. Conclusions. Gestalt techniques in communication prove effective for addressing psychological issues and enhancing communicative impact. Keywords: simple sentence; syntactic structure; figure; ground; speech act

Syntactical Features of Proverbs with the Complex Sentence Structure in Chinese

The article addresses the study of the syntactic structure of Chinese proverbs, which have their own grammatical features. The relevance of this study is determined by the linguistic value of folk aphorisms, and the insufficient study of Chinese proverbs with complex sentence structure. The purpose of the article is to identify syntactical peculiarities of complex sentences in the paremiological stock of the Chinese language. The material for this paper was Chinese proverbs with subordination, selected by the method of continuous sampling, from the collection of Chinese folk sayings. The methodology of the study involves recourse to descriptive and interpretive methods, sampling method, as well as structural-semantic, component and contextual analysis. The study of the empirical material revealed that proverbs, as complete units of utterance, are characterized by a structural diversity of predicative parts within the complex. The most numerous of them are complex sentences with the meaning of condition. Some connectives, characteristic of written speech, are not used in oral folk utterances. The absence of the subject of action emphasizes the generalization of the content of proverbs, their different address or temporal orientation.

Analisis Perkembangan Sosial Emosional Anak pada Usia 3-4 Tahun

This study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the social-emotional development of children aged 3-4 years. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to explore social interactions, emotional regulation, and language development of children in their everyday contexts. The research methods involved direct observation, interviews with parents, and participatory observations during children's play activities. The collected data were analyzed using a thematic approach to identify patterns and key themes. The findings of the study revealed that children aged 3-4 years show a growing interest in interacting with peers. They begin to learn simple rules of group play and demonstrate the ability to share toys. Children's language skills also undergo significant development, as they are able to use longer and more complex sentences and express their feelings and thoughts through words. Furthermore, children at this age start developing self-awareness, recognizing their own identities, and understanding their roles within a group. They also begin to learn emotional regulation, although they may still struggle with controlling rapid mood changes. The capacity for empathy also begins to develop, as children show concern for injured or sad peers. This study provides a deeper understanding of the social-emotional development of children aged 3-4 years. The implications of these findings can inform early childhood education and care approaches, emphasizing the importance of positive social interactions, healthy emotional regulation, and the development of empathy skills during this period.

The functions of peripheral combinations of N. M. Karamzin's novella "Natalia, the Boyar's Daughter"

The linguistic description of a literary text involves consideration of its semantic structure, by which, following L. A. Novikov, we understand the system of images of the work and the linguistic means of their embodiment in the author's text. Peripheral combinations play a significant role in the arsenal of artistic techniques of N.M. Karamzin, implemented in sentimental novels, and demonstrate primarily the functions of indicating feelings and states, embellishing speech, author's characterization and poetization of prose text. The subject of the study of the analyzed text of N. M. Karamzin's novella "Natalia, the boyar's daughter" is periphrasis as a special means of creating a semantic structure. The relevance of the work is due to the clarification of the status of the periphrase as an important structural element of the sentimental story. The aim of the work was to clarify the concept of periphrasis in the modern and preceding N. M. Karamzin literary tradition and highlight its functions in the texts of the stories. The methodological basis of the study was the work of Russian linguists of the V. V. Vinogradov school, based on a system-functional approach to the analysis of the language of fiction. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that the periphrasis is the basis of N. M. Karamzin's imagery and implements the functions of speech decoration; characterization, in which the periphrasis contains the author's attitude to the hero; stylistically marked periphrastic combinations serve to separate parts of the story, for example, the author's digression and the main text of the story. The novelty of the research lies in clarifying the functions of the periphrasis as the central means of the semantic structure of the sentimental story. Periphrases are becoming one of the new tools for constructing the semantic structure of a prose work of the emerging aesthetics of sentimentalism. The use of periphrases is included in the concept of reforming the Russian language by introducing elements peculiar to the sentimental style of French salon literature into the text, while generally ordering syntax at the level of a simple and complex sentence.

The syntactic function of comparative units: to get to the truth

Determining the syntactic status of comparative constructions is one of the most controversial issues in the Ukrainian linguistics. Distinguishing between comparative phrases and incomplete subordinate comparative sentences is actively debated. Various linguists offer opposing points of view to the same issue. The aim of the work is to clarify the syntactic functions of comparative constructions (both conjunctive and non-conjunctive) within simple and complex sentences. The material of the study embraced about 200 comparative units, selected from the novel “Nekhvoroshch (verbena)” by Liubov Ponomarenko. Descriptive and comparative methods, elements of functional and component analysis, as well as the method of quantitative calculations were used to perform the research. The article analyses domestic linguists’ points of view to the syntactic functions of comparative constructions. Having analysed the comparative units in Liubov Ponomarenko’s texts, the author presented the list of numerous syntactic functions of conjunctive and non-conjunctive comparatives within a simple sentence (comparative subjects and predicates, attributes, objects and circumstances denoting action mode, measure, degree, and reason, etc.), as well as the structure of subordinate comparatives in complex subordinate sentences (complete or incomplete clauses, the possibility of supplementing the missing member by “borrowing” it from the main part). The article focuses on the most controversial issues of distinguishing comparative constructions and offers the author’s vision of the problem. When determining the status of a comparative unit, the author analyses its structure, semantics, degree of prevalence, the possibility of replacing it with instrumental case, and if there is one of the main parts in a comparative construction, the imaginary substitution of the eliminated subject or predicate is used. The article supports the consideration that phraseological comparisons with the sentence structure perform the common function that is determined by the meaning of this phraseological unit.

Construction of Algorithms for English Learners to Read Foreign Literature Based on Machine Translation Technology

The construction of algorithms for English learners to read foreign literature based on machine translation technology involves several key steps. Initially, the algorithm utilizes machine translation to convert the foreign text into English, ensuring accessibility for learners. Next, it employs natural language processing (NLP) techniques to enhance the readability and comprehension of the translated text, such as simplifying complex sentences, clarifying ambiguous phrases, and providing annotations or explanations for cultural or linguistic nuances. Additionally, the algorithm may incorporate adaptive learning mechanisms to personalize the reading experience, adjusting the difficulty level and content based on the learner's proficiency and preferences. This paper explores the development and implementation of algorithms designed to facilitate English learners' comprehension of foreign literature using machine translation technology. Leveraging Probability Path analysis and classification techniques, investigate the effectiveness of various algorithms in improving translation accuracy, fluency, and comprehension for English learners. Through the Probability Path analysis, we delve into the complexities of language structures, translation probabilities, learner interaction, and linguistic adaptation, illuminating the intricate dynamics of machine translation in the context of language learning. Additionally, classification results provide insights into the performance of different algorithms in translating diverse literary genres, showcasing their potential to support English learners in comprehending foreign texts. The findings reveal translation accuracies ranging from 87.8% to 92.0%, with corresponding fluency scores ranging from 4.0 to 4.6. Additionally, algorithms result in comprehension improvements of 23% to 30% for English learners.

Lead News Coverage of Buddhist Monks in The Nation Online Newspaper: A Syntactic Analysis

This research conducts Lead News Coverage of Buddhist Monks in The Nation Online Newspaper: A Syntactic Analysis. It delves into syntactic sentence types, phrase-level structures in subjects and predicates, and word-level structures within the same context. The qualitative study utilizes data collected from The Nation's website over a decade (2013–2023) to analyze sentence types categorized into simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex, revealing a preference for simple (51.79%) and complex sentences (39.29%), indicating a journalistic inclination towards clarity and in-depth information presentation. Phrase-level analysis highlights a dominance of Noun Phrases (43.26%) and Prepositional Phrases (32.01%), underscoring their role in establishing relational context and subjects in sentences. Word-level analysis uncovers a significant use of determiners (44.07%) and nouns (38.45%), emphasizing their essential roles in conveying meaning and specifying noun phrases. The study's findings suggest a strategic balance in The Nation's syntactic choices, reflecting a nuanced approach to ensuring readability while providing comprehensive information, aligning with broader trends in digital journalism. This research contributes to understanding the syntactic strategies in journalism, particularly in the context of online media and its representation of religious figures.

A study of easy-to-read adaptations in climate communication: a corpus analysis

AbstractAccess to clear and scientifically verified information is crucial to understand the scale of the challenge of the climate crisis, allowing policymakers, governments, and individuals to better respond to it. However, for some, including people with cognitive disabilities as well as individuals who have difficulty reading, climate science can be difficult to understand with complex sentence structures and jargon obscuring important environmental information. The aim of this paper is to assess the main linguistic barriers to information about the climate crisis for people with cognitive disabilities and reading difficulties. Using the examples of the Greater London Authority’s Environment Strategy Executive Report and the Northern Ireland Executive Discussion Document on a Northern Ireland Climate Change Bill, and their adaptations into Easy-to-Read as our corpus, we will examine the different morphosyntactic and lexical elements of each text to determine their overall level of complexity, such as sentence structure or vocabulary. Our results show that both Easy-to-Read versions were generally easier to understand than the standard versions. However, the Northern Ireland Easy-to-Read text was more syntactically complex with longer and more complicated sentence structures, owing to its function as a consultation document. We conclude that the main access barriers in the Northern Ireland Easy-to-Read text are related to its morphosyntactic elements, a conclusion supported by our manual analysis of the standard text. More generally, the lexical aspects of both Easy-to-Read texts showed positive results, which suggests that they may be more easily simplified compared to morphosyntactic aspects. However, more systemic and contrastive research is required to confirm our findings, in addition to user testing with people with cognitive disabilities and individuals who have difficulty reading.

Teaching Materials for Reading in a Professional Context to Improve the Reading Skills of English Education Program Students

Students expressed difficulty in dealing with unfamiliar vocabulary and complex sentence structures, which hindered their ability to identify important information and understand the message conveyed in the text. This research aims to develop a teaching tool called Reading for Professional Context that is appropriate to the cultural environment to improve the reading skills of students majoring in English education. This type of research is developed with a research design using the Graves model. The research subjects were two subject matter experts, two teaching materials experts, and two language experts. The trial subjects involved 22 students. Data collection methods use observation, interviews, and questionnaires. Data collection instruments with questionnaire sheets. Data analysis techniques use qualitative and quantitative analysis. The linear regression test is used to see the effect of teaching materials on reading skills. The results, namely the expert assessment, show that the product has excellent qualifications. The results of the linear regression test show that the use of "Reading for Professional Context" teaching materials significantly positively influences students' reading skills. It was concluded that the "Reading for Professional Context" teaching materials could improve students' reading skills. The findings from this research provide valuable insights for English language educators and curriculum developers in designing effective reading teaching materials to improve students' abilities in professional contexts.

A Psycholinguistic Perspective on Sentence Understanding for Second Language Learners

This study delves into the intricacies of second-language sentence comprehension, investigating the impact of psycholinguistic variables. An online sentence comprehension task engaged 100 proficient English speakers with intermediate Spanish proficiency, integrating eye-tracking technology. Assessing sentence complexity, word order, lexical ambiguity, and working memory, the findings highlight higher accuracy in simple declarative sentences, while non-canonical word orders led to significantly prolonged response times. Lexical ambiguity correlated with increased error rates, yet superior working memory capacities were associated with enhanced processing efficiency. The research underscores the necessity for nuanced language instruction, emphasizing metacognitive strategies to address challenges posed by sentence complexity and ambiguity. Despite limitations in sample size and controlled settings, this study lays a foundational framework for future cognitive investigations into second-language sentence comprehension.

Деякі Особливості Складнопідрядних Речень З Підрядними Означальними У Сучасній Кримськотатарській Мові (Структура Та Семантика). Complex Sentences With Subject Symbols In Modern Crimeaan Tatarian Language

Complex sentences with contracted definitions are one of the little-studied types of complex sentences. The lack of thorough research on this topic is due to historical events and the difficult political situation, which led to understudy and fragmentary knowledge of the grammar of Crimean Tatar language in general and other branches of Crimean Tatar philology and led to the decline not only language but also literature. All branches of science that study Crimean Tatar history, culture, and traditions are also affected, and the very existence of qirimli people is under threat. Complex sentences have been studied separately, but it is worth mentioning the work of well-known Turkologists and linguists, such as B. Choban Zade, U. Kurkchi, N.A. Baskakov, I.Kh. Akhmatov, E. Sevortyan, A. Islamov, E. Akmollaev, L. S. Selendili (L.S. Okaz), who became a significant contribution to the development of Crimean Tatar linguistics. In the process of studying the syntax of a complex sentence of the modern Crimean Tatar language, we turned to the following sources: "Tatar tilinin gramatikasy" II qisim (Syntax) "by Asan Islamov (Simferopol: Gosizdat Krimskoy ASSR, 1940) and "Qirimtatar tilinin ameliati". Syntax "by E. Akmollayev (Tashkent:" UKITUVCHI ", 1989). In these works, a complex sentence is studied and its classification is given. In this article we have revealed the features of semantics and structure of complex sentences with subordinate clauses, analyzed the ways and means of their connection, described the problems of punctuation. As a result, we have identified 3 types of complex sentences with contracted definitions depending on the structural features and means of communication. Of course, our study is not final and needs more thorough research in the future.

Research on the Actual Sentence Partition and Translation of Chinese Cultural Landscape Discourses Based on Natural Language Processing Technology

In recent years, ChatGPT has been extensively applied across various fields, with translation being one of them. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology on the translation process. The research method involved utilizing the concept of Actual Sentence Partition (ASP) within the framework of Function Sentence Perspective (FSP). ASP, introduced by V. Mathesius, the founder of the Prague School, divides sentences into the point of departure and the nucleus of an utterance, providing insights into their communicative and semantic characteristics. Conversely, Formal Sentence Division (FSD) solely focuses on marking grammatical elements without identifying the correct ASP, resulting in ambiguity and inaccuracy. In Chinese discourse, incomplete sentences are commonly observed, including the omission of known information and the use of multiple clauses. Consequently, when translating from Chinese to English, it is crucial to appropriately visualize the hidden information in Chinese and analyze Chinese discourse using ASP to reconstruct its equivalent in English. The findings of this study emphasize the significance of ASP in translation. By understanding the ASP, translators can better comprehend the intention and meaning behind Chinese discourse, ensuring a more accurate and faithful representation in English. Therefore, the application of ASP in translation serves as a valuable tool for bridging the linguistic and cultural gaps between languages. In conclusion, ASP, as a pivotal concept in FSP, offers a comprehensive framework for understanding and translating complex sentence structures in Chinese discourse. By utilizing ASP, translators can capture the communicative and semantic nuances of Chinese sentences, leading to more accurate and effective translation outcomes..

Biomedical text readability after hypernym substitution with fine-tuned large language models.

The advent of patient access to complex medical information online has highlighted the need for simplification of biomedical text to improve patient understanding and engagement in taking ownership of their health. However, comprehension of biomedical text remains a difficult task due to the need for domain-specific expertise. We aimed to study the simplification of biomedical text via large language models (LLMs) commonly used for general natural language processing tasks involve text comprehension, summarization, generation, and prediction of new text from prompts. Specifically, we finetuned three variants of large language models to perform substitutions of complex words and word phrases in biomedical text with a related hypernym. The output of the text substitution process using LLMs was evaluated by comparing the pre- and post-substitution texts using four readability metrics and two measures of sentence complexity. A sample of 1,000 biomedical definitions in the National Library of Medicine's Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) was processed with three LLM approaches, and each showed an improvement in readability and sentence complexity after hypernym substitution. Readability scores were translated from a pre-processed collegiate reading level to a post-processed US high-school level. Comparison between the three LLMs showed that the GPT-J-6b approach had the best improvement in measures of sentence complexity. This study demonstrates the merit of hypernym substitution to improve readability of complex biomedical text for the public and highlights the use case for fine-tuning open-access large language models for biomedical natural language processing.

AZƏRBAYCAN DİLİNDƏ BUDAQ CÜMLƏNİN MÜƏYYƏNLƏŞMƏSİNDƏ ƏVƏZLİKLƏRİN ROLU

The Role of Pronouns in Determining a Branch Sentence in the Azerbaijani Language Summary The article deals with the role of pronouns, especially demonstrative pronouns, in determining branch sentence types in the Azerbaijani language. It is shown that the demostrative pronouns, which act as a template, are of great importance in the definition of subordinate complex sentences. Branch clauses are named according to clause members that are omitted or marked with demonstrative pronouns in the main clause. Thus, the demostrative pronouns that determine the branch sentence type are analyzed by dividing them into two parts according to the corresponding types of subordinate compound sentences. In the first type, the main clause comes first, and the demostrative pronouns used here have a template function, while in the second type, the branch clause comes first, and in the second main clause, the demostrative pronouns are evaluated as the equivalent of connecting words expressed by interrogative pronouns. Key words: Azerbaijani language, subordinate complex sentences, main sentence, dependent sentence, demonstrative pronouns

A Pragmatic Study on English Listening Comprehension from the Perspective of Grice’s Conversational Implicature Theory in High School

For high school students, English listening is a crucial part of English examinations. Over the years, researchers all over the world have made significant contributions to the study of English listening, and they have found that conversational implicature theory can be applied to listening instruction to make students understand the implicit meaning of conversations. But previous studies have usually failed to summarize the main features of conversations that violate the principle of cooperation and lack corresponding suggestions for listening instruction. In this paper, the high school English listening texts related to travel will be studied from the perspective of conversational implicature theory. With careful analysis, the characteristics of the listening text are summarized. The text always adds new information, reject invitation euphemistically or using complex sentences by violating cooperative principle. In addition, a quantitative analysis of the text on the theme of "travel" that violates the cooperative principle is carried out, which leads to corresponding teaching suggestions: teachers should introduce relevant pragmatics knowledge in listening teaching, and students are obliged to pay attention to the accumulation of cultural knowledge when learning English.