Complex System Of Relationships Research Articles

The Role of Function in Categories

In the psychological literatures on function, four issues have been important: (1) whether function can be a core property of the concepts that represent categories, (2) whether categories based primarily on function provide support for inductive inference, (3) whether functions guide object naming in children, (4) whether function is best understood as affordances or as design history. In these debates, function is often viewed as an independent unitary property that can exist independently of an object’s physical structure. We propose instead that function is a complex relational system that links physical structure, settings, action, and design history. Furthermore we show that viewing function this way resolves discrepancies in the empirical literatures that address it. In particular we find that function achieves its greatest importance when subjects understand the complex relational systems that underlie it. When subjects do not understand these systems, function’s role in classification, inductive inference, and naming decreases. Viewing function as a complex relational system highlights the need for future explorations into its conceptual structure.

Self-Interest and Cooperation: The Emergence of Multilateral Interdependence in Post-Conflict Eras

This paper covers theories of international cooperation and the treatment they have received from certain commentators and advocates. The first thing that one notices in such an effort however, is the lack of definitional and elementary structure in the field, particularly in James Dougherty and Robert Pfaltzgraff’s Contending Theories of International Relations. We see that concepts such as cooperation, integration, communication, and functionalism, to name a few, become stuffed together in a hodgepodge of proto-theories that at best have the distinction of not being realist. One of the aims of this paper is to stress under what conditions international cooperation and interdependence can emerge. The relevance of the argument owes to the fact that today’s international relations are becoming more aggressive and authoritarian, due to the increased autonomy sought by states (notably in the competitive pursuit of energy resources). Therefore, the need to rekindle the spirit of cooperation that the world witnessed upon the end of the Cold War (which spawned the Partnership for Peace, in particular) is urgent. Interdependence is a complex system of relations that has the merit of being observable in everyday international life. However, theoretical work seems limited to the descriptive and structural/systemic levels. The apparent complexity of the system stems in part from incomprehension concerning causality and consequence. In other words, we find ourselves faced with a chicken-and-egg dilemma about what actually produces interdependence. The inability to test and predict a theory means that it makes for a poor theory. Yet we cannot dispute the prima facie evidence of modern international relations; interdependence, like cooperation, is a fact, even if these principles have been under attack in the era since 11 September 2001. The various attempts at developing a theory of interdependence have on the one hand obscured several similarities and commonalities between theoretical variants (say, between regime theory and neofunctionalism), and on the other hand

Ethnology of religion is a topical sphere of Ukrainian religious studies

The ethnology of religion is a relatively young field of religious studies that emerged as a result of an interdisciplinary study of ethnicity and religion. It is she who studies the great variety of aspects of the interaction and combination of these social phenomena, although, as is well known, religion and ethnicity are the object of attention of various branches of science - religious studies, ethnology, anthropology, ethnography, cultural studies, history, etc. Each of them in their context analyzes their essence, functionality, history, even some specific aspect of their interaction. The emergence of the ethnology of religion as a separate sphere of religious science due to the need for a holistic approach to the study of a complex system of relations "religion-ethnos" in all their diversity of forms, types, types. The synthetics of social phenomena that have arisen as a result of the interaction of ethnicities and religions have prompted to life at first comprehensive studies of these phenomena, and later - a synthesis of the sciences that studied them. The latter is a testimony to the further development of human knowledge, a necessary step towards an in-depth understanding of the relationship between ethnic and religious. These social phenomena throughout history are so closely intertwined that during certain periods of social life significantly influenced the tendencies and directions of the world historical process, determined the character of the formation of its laws.

The Choice of Location and the Possibility of Using it in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

The choice of location is regarded as one of the most important things in distributing economic activities. Therefore, many economists have tried to explain the settlement phenomenon throughout their theories, especially that these countries which are so-called the developing countries; need such studies just like these countries which so-called the development countries. In this study, these theories are related to the locations that have been discussed depending on the settlement known as factors such as raw materials, market, manpower and energy. According to the great importance of settlement theories of 19th century, both capitalists and socialists worlds are represented by the system of the minimum costs whether transfer costs, working costs, the factors of gathered or non gathered population, and the system of complex relationships, the behavior system, settlement of all industrial projects as well as the policies that should be dependable in settlement the projects and the factors which is effect in the economical, social and natural settlement strategy and the possibility of making use of it in Kurdistan Region of Iraq according to these theories and factors in order to avoid falling dawn into the other mistakes. .

Исследование языка и фольклора русской культурной зоны

The Finno-Ugric and Turkish population living in the Volga Region made an important impact on the characteristics of Russian language and culture. The importance of this theme was first pointed out by Trubetzkoy (1927) when researching the roots of Russian culture. The comparative and confrontative method of research contributes to the analysis of this very complex system of relationships which aims to compare the similar elements of those languages which are not related and have differing features. N. S. Trubetzkoy pointed out both the importance of the areal linguistic and sociolinguistic researches. The present comparative research aims to illuminate the system of relationships between Russian folk language and folk culture. This relationship has been illuminated in many respects: e.g. by V. V. Kolesov (1999) from the aspect of stylistics, by V. N. Telija (1996) and V. M. Mokienko (1999) from the aspect of phraseology. These researches support the methodological validity of the present approach.

On Friendship: Derrida, Foucault, and the Practice of Becoming

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to question Derrida's approach to the theme of friendship and to set out an alternative reading drawn from the work of Foucault on the care of the self. Derrida's treatment of friendship as aporetic, though faithful to a long tradition of writing on friendship, depends on the use of a formal language that, I argue, exacerbates the difficulties inherent in the theme of friendship. Moreover, it is not clear that the experience of friendship always displays the temporal form given to this aporetic structure. In contrast, Foucault's work suggests that friendship emerges from the complex system of relations that condition who we are and how we can act. Friends are those with whom we work on the historical conditions of our existence, and those with whom we share the practice of becoming who we are.

Modeling the dynamic hypotheses of Gf–Gc theory using longitudinal life-span data

This research uses longitudinal data from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and linear structural equation models (e.g., LISREL) in an evaluation of the structural, kinematic, and dynamic hypotheses of the “theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence.” In a first set of analyses we use linear dynamic models in a formal evaluation of the growth and declines of abilities through latent growth and linear dynamic models. Our first results indicate separate trends over age for different intellectual abilities including broad knowledge, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, and immediate memory. In a second set of analyses we extend these multivariate dynamic structural equation models to explore the age-based leading and lagging indicators. These results indicate a complex system of relationships, with memory losses as an important leading indicator. In a third set of analyses we use confirmatory techniques to test specific aging hypotheses. These results indicate support for both the “general memory loss” hypothesis and the “general slowing” hypothesis, provide some support for the “investment theory” at the adult level, and also suggest a single “general” factor does not describe the complexity of cognitive aging. These result synthesize prior WAIS studies and provide methods for further research on the dynamics of the growth and decline of intellectual abilities across the adult life-span.

DNA preservation: a microsatellite-DNA study on ancient skeletal remains.

To determine the effect of environmental factors on the preservation of DNA, archeological teeth of approximately similar age but greatly differing site milieu were examined for DNA content. The complex relational system of locational milieu of the samples was reduced to its essential and, at the same time, easily measurable factors. These are temperature, humidity, pH value, the geochemical properties of the soil, the amount of postmortal organic substances and the general degree of microbial infestation in the respective soil. The relative DNA content in the samples was established by determining the rate of successful polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications. Differences in quantity and quality of the results are attributed to the respective prevailing environmental factor or to the respective storage conditions. Dryness, low temperature and absence of microorganisms favors the preservation of DNA. The bioapatite of bones and teeth, like the DNA, are preserved under neutral or slightly alkaline conditions. Brief storage at room temperature does not affect the amount of amplifiable DNA but does affect the reproducibility of the results. Long storage outside a lab freezer reduces the amount and the reproducibility of DNA amplifications in ancient specimens.

DNA preservation: A microsatellite-DNA study on ancient skeletal remains

To determine the effect of environmental factors on the preservation of DNA, archeological teeth of approximately similar age but greatly differing site milieu were examined for DNA content. The complex relational system of locational milieu of the samples was reduced to its essential and, at the same time, easily measurable factors. These are temperature, humidity, pH value, the geochemical properties of the soil, the amount of postmortal organic substances and the general degree of microbial infestation in the respective soil. The relative DNA content in the samples was established by determining the rate of successful polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications. Differences in quantity and quality of the results are attributed to the respective prevailing environmental factor or to the respective storage conditions. Dryness, low temperature and absence of microorganisms favors the preservation of DNA. The bioapatite of bones and teeth, like the DNA, are preserved under neutral or slightly alkaline conditions. Brief storage at room temperature does not affect the amount of amplifiable DNA but does affect the reproducibility of the results. Long storage outside a lab freezer reduces the amount and the reproducibility of DNA amplifications in ancient specimens.

Courtiers and Poets: An International Network of Literary Exchange in Late Fourteenth-Century Italy, France, and England

“Courtiers and Poets: An International Network of Literary Exchange in Late Fourteenth-Century Italy, France, and England.” This essay examines the role of an international group of literate court officials on the movement of Italian literature through France and into England in the late fourteenth century. Appreciating the English poetry of the period-as exemplified by Geoffrey Chaucer's-as the end product of a complex system of relations, Hanly investigates the socio-cultural forces that gave rise to this system. He hypothesizes that the noble and ecclesiastical courts of late medieval Italy, France, and England served as a conduit for the movement of Italian humanist works, and thereby seeks to represent late medieval courts not merely as centers of artistic production but as actual loci of exchange. The essay examines archival and other manuscript evidence in tracing the activities of several potential

Zróżnicowanie struktur wymieralności populacji z mezolitu, neolitu i wczesnych okresów epoki brązu z terenu Europy Środkowej i Ukrainy: Próba nowego podejścia metodycznego

The analysis of the mortality structure was based on the following premises: (1) the mortality structure may be derived from frequency distribution of the categories of the age at death and, (2) the mortality structure may be considered as a complex relational system which ought to be investigated on both the elementary and synthetic levels. In the first case, particular trait is analysed in view of the mean age at death. In second case, there are analysed the linear combinations of elementary traits (here, by use of the principal components method).

Justice and deserving in the family: Introduction

The family, as Emler and Abrams note in this issue, represents a highly important arena for the allocation of benefits and burdens, and so for distributive justice. Indeed, every manner of noncomparable resource is exchanged. Yet, as Williamson and Clark show, also in this issue, social norms, perhaps more implicit than expicit, prohibit us from keeping track of the many exchanges that occur. The extent to which we do keep track, and what we keep track of, may vary by relationship stage, couple orientation (Desmarais and Lerner), and by individual orientation (Williamson and Clark) with important consequences for both the level and source of partners' satisfaction. Further, the allocation of benefits and burdens must serve multiple goals. As partners in this most complex relational system, family members must accommodate not only to needs for nurturance, affection, and personal development but to extensive instrumental and economic responsibilities as well. The diverse goals incorporated within the relationship have important consequences for the justice principles used. Reciprocally, as the article by Steil and Makowski suggests, the justice principles used have implications for the way the partners feel about themselves, each other, and the decisions that are made. Traditionally, as a vast literature has now shown, and as several of the papers in this issue affirm, the distribution of benefits and burdens, of economic responsibilities, and opportunities for personal development and nurturance has been unequal. The paper by Emter and Abrams suggests that men and women, regardless of their ideology, are fully prepared for this pattern early on. Is gender then the overriding determinant of deserving in the family? Or as the authors ask, is entitlement activity and benefit specific? Buunk and Van Yperen also address the inequality issue. They ask whether or not women who find themselves overbenefited find this less satisfying than do overbenefited men. They

Dialogic Imagination in the Book of Deuteronomy

One of the profoundest insights into the syntax of narrative is the complex system of relationships between reporting and reported speech worked out in programmatic form by Voloshinov-Bakhtin in a number of groundbreaking studies (for example, in English translation, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language by V.N. Voloshinov and The Dialogic Imagination by Bakhtin). Interesting literary insights into texts that have been studied and interpreted over centuries and even milennia now await the application by present-day scholars of Bakhtin's theories. The Book of Deuteronomy offers a unique opportunity within the Bible of applying the reported/reporting speech approach of Bakhtin. The entire book of thirty-four chapters consists of a series of reported speeches of Moses framed with only about fifty-six verses by the reporting speech of the Deuteronomic narrator. The dynamic relationship of these two voices in the book provides one with a reading of Deuteronomy that significantly departs from the predominant scholarly view.

The Media in a Soviet Industrial City

The system for the generation and transmission of information to the populace is characterized by and large by the same features as the preceding one. To persuade oneself of this it suffices to glance at Figure 12, in which once again we have a complex system of relationships whose core is IP — P — A, including three principal entities — a system open in many directions and comprising exactly the same kind of "field of force." In this one the role of K [communicator] is played by the body of propagandists, and so forth. (1) By virtue of this, our fairly detailed examination of the mass media system renders it unnecessary for us now to go into an equally detailed examination of the MOPS [mass oral propaganda system].

Spatial Organization of Movements by Auxiliary School Pupils

The direction and amplitude — or volume — of movements are spatial parameters; the proper observance of these parameters determines the precision of a person's motor activity. In the process of forming spatial orientation, the child always proceeds from perception to elementary analysis of his own motor actions, and then to orientation in surrounding space, which requires the reinforcement of a complex system of relations between movements and words (I. M. Sechenov, B. G. Anan'ev, E. F. Rybalko, A. V. Zaporozhets, A. Ia. Kolodnaia, and others).